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组卷网 > 高中英语综合库 > 主题 > 人与社会 > 科普与现代技术 > 科普知识
题型：完形填空 难度：0.15 引用次数：811 题号：16141768

‘Small Data’ Are Also Crucial for Machine Learning

Many people relate “artificial intelligence” with “big data.” There’s a reason for that: some of the most prominent AI breakthroughs in the past decade have relied on enormous data sets. Image _________ made great progress in the 2010s thanks to the development of ImageNet, a data set containing millions of images hand sorted into thousands of categories. More recently, GPT-3, a language model, was trained on _________ online texts to produce humanlike text in Jan, 2021. So it is not surprising to see AI being tightly connected with “big data” in the _________ imagination. But AI is not only about large data sets, and research in “small data” approaches has grown extensively over the past decade. The so-called transfer learning serves as an especially _________ example.

Also known as “fine-tuning,” transfer learning is helpful in settings where you have _________ data on the task of interest but abundant data on a related problem. You need to first train a model using a big data set and then retrain slightly using a smaller one related to your _________ problem. A research team working on German-language speech recognition, _________, showed that they could improve their results by starting with an English-language speech model trained on a larger data set. Then, they used transfer learning to _________ that model for a smaller data set of German-language audio.

Small data approaches such as transfer learning are more _________ than more data-intensive methods. They can promote progress in areas where little or no data exist, such as in forecasting natural hazards that occur relatively __________. In this context, small data approaches will become increasingly important as more organizations look to diversify AI application areas and invest in previously __________ fields.

Despite the progress in research, transfer learning has received relatively little __________. While many machine learning experts are likely familiar with it at this point, the existence of techniques such as transfer learning does not seem to have reached the awareness of the broader space of policymakers in positions of making important decisions about AI funding and __________.

As long as the success of small data technique like transfer learning is __________, resources can be allocated to support their widespread use. In that case, we can help correct the popular __________ regarding the role of data in AI and foster innovation in new directions.

1.
A．standardB．classificationC．qualityD．acquisition
2.
A．writtenB．limitedC．spokenD．abundant
3.
A．moralB．visualC．literaryD．popular
4.
A．complicatedB．interestingC．promisingD．distinguished
5.
A．extraB．differentC．availableD．few
6.
A．personalB．specificC．technicalD．potential
7.
A．in additionB．or ratherC．in particularD．for example
8.
A．adjustB．inventC．followD．check
9.
A．definiteB．advantageousC．complexD．precise
10.
A．remotelyB．severelyC．ultimatelyD．rarely
11.
A．underexploredB．underestimatedC．underpopulatedD．underqualified
12.
A．guidanceB．respectC．supervisionD．visibility
13.
A．publicationB．adoptionC．trackingD．polishing
14.
A．celebratedB．evaluatedC．recognizedD．diversified
15.
A．challengeB．concernC．fearD．misunderstanding
21-22高一下·上海·期末 查看更多[3]
更新时间：2022-06-26 10:37:08 |
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【知识点】 科普知识 信息技术 说明文

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科普知识 信息技术 说明文
完形填空(约410词) | 困难 (0.15)
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【推荐1】Though people have discussed the relationship between science and nature for many years, there is no consensual(统一的) explanation. While some view science as a powerful tool in ______ nature’s source of power, others view it as a danger. One example is Barry Commoner’s article, Unraveling(解开) the DNA Myth, which explains the recent developments in DNA technology and expresses ______. Another example is Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, The Birthmark. It is a tale about a famous scientist, Aylmer, who seems to be unraveling nature’s deepest secrets one by one. Despite all of his ______ and vast understanding of science, Aylmer is unable to direct that knowledge into ______ free from nature’s grasp. He was unable to rid his wife of her birthmark and, in the end, killed her.

Despite the different presentations of the concepts, though time separated the two men, both pieces express a similar view on the relationship between science and nature. Both pieces suggest that nature is ______ and holds wonders, secrets, and powers that many scientists constantly dream about discovering. Although there is a gap of one hundred and sixty years, Commoner still shares and gives evidence to Hawthorne’s beliefs that there is a unique ______ in nature that cannot be discovered or understood through science and that the ______ to uncover nature’s secrets are ______ and can lead to disaster. According to Commoner, nature’s universal power continues to prevent and control their discoveries. Commoner criticizes and ______ doubt on the true power of science.

As Commoner’s article suggests, nature only allows science to have limited power and success. Both men believe that complete trust in science is ______, however wonderful and groundbreaking some scientific discoveries are. Commoner believes that people only seem to focus on the few achievements, while avoiding and ignoring all of the laws. For example, “most clones exhibit developmental failure before or soon after birth”. By stressing all of the ______ and shortcomings of science, he conveys the notion that nature’s secrets are well kept and far from being understood and ______ by man. The government and private companies have invested billions of dollars in mapping the human genome, but we still have no ______ for it. Such a discovery is useless, however interesting it might be.

Commoner’s article clearly represents science as weak and useless, but more importantly, dangerous. It gives evidence to support the suggested dangers ______ with science’s attempts to discover nature’s power. If the result is not ______ dangerous, it can still have harmful side effects.

1.
A．buildingB．definingC．showingD．uncovering
2.
A．concernsB．viewsC．findingsD．achievements
3.
A．interestsB．ambitionsC．discoveriesD．thoughts
4.
A．preventingB．earningC．destroyingD．breaking
5.
A．mysteriousB．powerfulC．fantasticD．special
6.
A．prosperityB．perfectionC．improvementD．integrity
7.
A．beliefsB．experiencesC．actionsD．attempts
8.
A．disappointingB．meaningfulC．uselessD．significant
9.
A．throwsB．expressesC．holdsD．casts
10.
A．improperB．unbelievableC．dangerousD．unwise
11.
A．reformsB．failuresC．experimentsD．changes
12.
A．controlledB．digestedC．sharedD．applied
13.
A．questionB．doubtC．hopeD．use
14.
A．providedB．suppliedC．associatedD．compared
15.
A．directlyB．especiallyC．definitelyD．necessarily
2019-10-31更新 | 1014次组卷
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完形填空(约370词) | 困难 (0.15)
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【推荐2】Molecular biologist Elizabeth Blackburn shared a Nobel Prize for her research on telomeres (端粒)—structures at the tips of chromosomes (染色体）that play a key role in cellular aging. _____ she was frustrated that the important health implications of her work weren’t reaching beyond academia.

So along with psychologist Elissa Epel, she has published her findings in a new book ______ a general audience -- laying out a scientific case that may give readers________ to keep their new year's resolutions to not smoke, eat well, sleep enough, exercise regularly，and _______stress.

The main message of The Telomere Effect, being published Tuesday, is that you have more control over your own aging than you may imagine. You can actually _______ your telomeres—and perhaps your life—by following sound health advice, the authors argue, based on a review of thousands of studies.

“Telomeres listen to you, they listen to your _______，they listen to your state of mind，” said Blackburn, president of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolia, Calif.

Telomeres sit at the end of the strands of DNA, like the _______ caps on shoelaces. Stress from a rough lifestyle will shorten those caps, making it more likely that cells will ______ dividing and essentially die.


Too many of these cells accelerate_______，the pair say. This doesn’t cause any particular disease, but research suggests that it speeds up the time when whatever your genes have in store will occur -- so if you’re _______ to heart disease，you're more likely to get it younger if your telomeres are shorter, said Epel, director of the University of California, San Francisco’s Aging, Metabolism and Emotions Center.

“We can provide a new level of specificity and tell people more precisely with clues _____from telomere science, about what exactly ______ is related to long telomeres, what exact foods are related to long telomeres, what aspects of sleep are more related to long telomeres,” Epel added.

Other researchers in the field praised Blackburn and Epel’s efforts to make telomere research relevant to the general public, ______ several warned that it risked ______ the science.

“I think it’s a very difficult thing to prove that lifestyle can affect telomere length and therefore lifespan,”said Harvard geneticist and anti-aging researcher David Sinclair. “To get cause-effect in humans is _____，so it’s based on associations.”

1.
A．HenceB．FurthermoreC．ButD．And
2.
A．referred toB．addressed toC．aimed atD．informed of
3.
A．implicationB．warningC．appealingD．motivation
4.
A．cut down onB．contribute toC．lay emphasis onD．add to
5.
A．enhanceB．lengthenC．shortenD．simplify
6.
A．extinctionB．behaviorsC．instinctsD．attitudes
7.
A．influentialB．inevitableC．progressiveD．protective
8.
A．initiateB．neglectC．ceaseD．maintain
9.
A．human healthB．human agingC．human resolutionD．psychological stress
10.
A．relevantB．sensitiveC．reluctantD．dedicated
11.
A．emergingB．sufferingC．profitingD．suspending
12.
A．illnessB．geneC．smokingD．exercise
13.
A．thoughB．becauseC．soD．or
14.
A．overestimatingB．oversimplifyingC．underestimatingD．over-viewing
15.
A．impropriateB．impossibleC．irrelevantD．imaginary
2019-11-04更新 | 247次组卷
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完形填空(约390词) | 困难 (0.15)
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【推荐3】Since 1960, considerable scientific researches have been done on chimps in their natural habitats. Astonishingly, scientists have found out that the social______of Chimps are very similar to humans. Chimps will______in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to______one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly______to share food with their children. who are able from a young age to gather their own food?

In the laboratory, chimps don't______share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull   ____—he just doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.

Human children,______, are extremely cooperative From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this____   in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see a worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.

There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally______in young children. One is that these______appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave______. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence______in children before their general cognitive skills, at least when compared with chimps In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the______world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.

The core of what children's minds have and chimps' don't is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can______what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a "we", a group that intends to work toward a(n)______goal.

1.
A．structuresB．policiesC．behaviorsD．responsibilities
2.
A．conflictB．cooperateC．offendD．negotiate
3.
A．trustB．contactC．isolateD．help
4.
A．declineB．manageC．attemptD．oblige
5.
A．curiouslyB．reluctantlyC．naturallyD．carelessly
6.
A．in turnB．at randomC．with careD．in advance
7.
A．all in allB．as a resultC．in no caseD．on the other hand
8.
A．cooperativenessB．availabilityC．interrelationshipD．attractiveness
9.
A．cultivatedB．motivatedC．possessedD．stimulated
10.
A．attitudesB．instinctsC．experiencesD．coincidences
11.
A．creativelyB．formallyC．sociallyD．competitively
12.
A．developsB．decreasesC．changesD．disappears
13.
A．abstractB．invisibleC．imaginaryD．physical
14.
A．inferB．adaptC．absorbD．balance
15.
A．realisticB．sharedC．specificD．ambitious
2019-11-09更新 | 751次组卷
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