Strangely enough, music is no fun at all for some people. About four percent of the population is what scientists call “amusic”, people who are amusic are born without the ability to recognize or reproduce musical notes. Amusic people often cannot tell the difference between two songs. Amusics can only hear the difference between two notes if they are very far apart on the musical scale.
As a result, songs sound like noise to an amusic. Many amusics compare the sound of music to pieces of metal hitting each other. Life can be hard for amusics. Their inability to enjoy music set them apart from others. It can be difficult for other people to identify with their condition. In fact, most people cannot begin to grasp what it feels like to be amusic. Just going to a restaurant or a shopping mall can be uncomfortable or even painful. That is why many amusics intentionally stay away from places where there is music. However, this can result in withdrawal and social isolation. “I used to hate parties,” says Margaret, a seventy-year-old woman who only recently discovered that she was amusic.
By studying people like Margaret, scientists are finally learning how to identify this unusual condition.
Scientists say that the brains of amusics are different from the brains of people who can appreciate music. The difference is complex, but it doesn’t involve defective hearing. Amusics can understand other nonmusical sounds well. They also have no problems understanding ordinary speech. Scientists compare amusics to people who just can’t see certain colors.
Many amusics are happy when their condition is finally diagnosed. For years, Margaret felt embarrassed about her problem with music. Now she knows that she is not alone. There is a name for her condition. That makes it easier for her to explain. “When people invite me to a concert, I just say, No, thanks, I am amusic,” says Margaret. “I just wish I had learned to say that when I was seventeen and not seventy. ”
1. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about amusics?A.They are born without the ability to recognize musical notes. |
B.They prefer to make metal noise rather than listen to music. |
C.They hate music and often keep off places where there is music. |
D.They are set apart from others as they fail to enjoy music. |
A.By sort and compare some data. | B.By carrying out a lot of experiments. |
C.By drawing on research results of others. | D.By studying people with amusic. |
A.detective | B.acute | C.imperfect | D.artificial |
A.her problem with amusic had been diagnosed earlier |
B.she hadn't felt embarrassed about her problem |
C.her amusic problem could be cured as soon as possible |
D.there could be a better name for her condition |
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【推荐1】Human beings are extremely diverse in many ways. People differ in opinions, races, nationalities, lifestyles and so on. Yet we are all human species, we feel pain and joy despite the differences. Today, it is impossible for any group of people to live without interacting with others outside their group.
Diversity creates richness in opinion. Some problems can’t be solved by a homogenous (同种类的) group of people.
Diversity makes us compassionate (有同情心的) about others. When we interact and try to understand others, we won’t judge them. This instead makes us compassionate about others.
Diversity is a growing trend. Today, there is no country in the world that has only natives living there.
A.Millions of people move every day. |
B.They are in search of good lifestyles. |
C.Diversity opens up new market chances. |
D.Diversity requires us to respect each other. |
E.We are then able to love and help one another. |
F.Cultural diversity, therefore, is very important today. |
G.Those require people from different backgrounds to work together. |
【推荐2】
One of the primary problems of being a human being is: Try as you might to come across in a certain way to others, people often perceive (感知、理解)you in an altogether different way.
One person may think, for example, that by offering help to a colleague, she is coming across as generous. But her colleague may interpret her offer as a lack of faith in his abilities. Just as he misunderstands her, she misunderstands him: She offered him help because she thought he was overworked and stressed. He has, after all, been showing up early to work and going home late every day. But that's not why he's keeping strange hours; he just works best when the office is less crowded.
These kinds of misunderstandings lead to conflict and resentment (怨恨)not just at work, but at home too. How many fights between couples have started with one person misinterpreting what another says and does? He stares at his plate at dinner while she's telling a story and she assumes he doesn't care about what she's saying, when really he is admiring the beautiful meal she made.
Most of the time, Halvorson says, people don't realize they are not coming across the way they think they are. “If I ask you," Halvorson told me, "about how you see yourself—what traits (特点)you would say describe you—and I ask someone who knows you well to list your traits, there's a big gap between how other people see us and how we see ourselves.”
This gap arises from some quirks (习惯)of human psychology. Most people suffer from what psychologists call "the transparency illusion"—the belief that what they feel, desire, and intend is crystal clear to others, even though they have done very little to communicate clearly what is going on inside their minds.
Because the perceived assume they are transparent, they might not spend the time or effort to be as clear and forthcoming about their intentions or emotional states as they could be, giving the perceiver very little information with which to make an accurate judgment. The perceiver, meanwhile, is dealing with two powerful psychological forces that are warping (歪曲)his ability to read others accurately.
Chances are that you "I'm kind of hurt by what you just said” face probably looks an awful lot like your "I'm not at all hurt by what you just said" face. And the majority of times that you've said to yourself "I made my intentions clear," or “He knows what I meant," you didn't and he doesn't.
Passage outline | Supporting details |
A primary problem | People's understanding; of your behavior often original intention. |
Typical | ♦A colleague may feel you don't ♦You think your colleague overworks, but he believes he can be more effective when left ♦A wife may feel angry about her husband being absent-minded while she is telling a story at dinner, but actually his |
Explanations of the problem | ♦ Most of the time, people don't ♦ Your ♦ Most people believe others know them well, so they tend to ignore the clear ♦ Without enough information about the perceived, the perceiver often |
Conclusion | ♦ It is likely that there is a |
【推荐3】The flight of butterflies has so far been somewhat of a secret to researchers, given their unusually large and broad wings relative to their body size. Now researchers at Lund University in Sweden have studied the aerodynamics (空气动力) of butterflies in the wind tunnel (风洞). The results suggest that butterflies use a highly helpful clap technique, therefore making use of their unique wings. This helps them rapidly take off when escaping natural enemies.
The researchers studied the wingbeats of freely flying butterflies during takeoff in the wind tunnel. During the upward process, the wings cup, creating an air-filled pocket between them. When the wings strike each other, the air is forced out, resulting in a backward strong stream of air that pushes the butterflies forward. The downward wingbeat has another function: the butterflies stay in the air and do not fall to the ground.
The wings’ striking was described by researchers almost 50 years ago, but it is only in this study that the theory has been tested on real butterflies in free flight. Until now, it has been generally believed that butterfly wings are aerodynamically inefficient. However, the researchers suggest that the opposite is actually true.
“That the wings are cupped when butterflies clap them together, makes the wing clap much more effective. It is an elegant mechanism that is far more advanced than we imagined, and it is fascinating,” says biology researcher Per Henningsson, who studied the butterflies’ aerodynamics. “The results of the study could help inspire improved performance and flight technology in small unmanned aircraft,” he continues.
In addition to studying the butterflies, the researchers designed mechanical wings that are modeled on real ones. The shape and flexibility of the mechanical wings as they are cupped and folded confirm the efficiency. Their measurements show that the pushing force created by the flexible wings is 22 percent higher and the efficiency 28 percent better compared to if the wings had been rigid.
1. What does the researchers’ study focus on?A.The butterfly’s body size. | B.The butterfly’s escape technique. |
C.The butterfly’s flying principle. | D.The butterfly’s frequency of wingbeats. |
A.To circle steadily in the air. | B.To form an air pocket. |
C.To release their additional energy. | D.To empty the air pocket for forward force. |
A.They might draw public attention. |
B.They could be used to test the findings. |
C.They’d show results in line with popular belief. |
D.They helped avoid experimenting on live butterflies. |
A.Butterfly Adapts Itself to the Wild Survival |
B.Butterfly Wing Clap Explains Secret of Flight |
C.Flexible Wings Boost Aircraft Making Industry |
D.New Discoveries Are Made Based on Aerodynamics |
【推荐1】Almost everyone gossips. And a new study finds that people spend about 52 minutes per day, on average, talking to someone about others who are not present
But here’s the surprise: Despite the assumption that most gossip is trash talk, the study finds the majority of gossip is nonjudgmental chat.
“People love to talk about others,” says Jeremy Cone, a psychologist at Williams College. “Think about your own conversations with a family member or friend: You talk about everyday things that keep you connected. You share your daughter got her driver’s license or your uncle has a kidney stone. Much of it is just documenting facts.”
Of course, the study also finds that some gossip is negative or mean-spirited. About 15% of the gossip included some type of negative judgement.
But even negative gossip can serve a purpose, as more research has found.
“I think gossiping can be a smart thing to do,” says Elena Martinescu who has studied gossip in the workplace. “It allows people to keep track of what’s going on and form social connection with other people.”
Research has shown that gossip can help build group cohesion (凝聚力) and cooperation. “When you gossip, you can keep track of who is contributing to the group and who's being selfish,” Martinescu explains. “And by sharing this information, you can exclude those group members who are social loafers (游手好闲的人).”
“We also found negative gossip makes people likely to repair the aspects of their behavior that they were criticized for,” Martinescu says.
So, say, for instance, you were criticized for always arriving at work late. Hearing that gossip about yourself may motivate you to want to be on time.
Of course, this isn’t a license to be loose lips or to repeat baseless claims that can damage someone’s reputation unfairly. But confiding (吐露个人隐私) in your friends and colleagues and sharing impressions about another person — even when they’re negative — may be helpful.
1. Why do people often gossip according to Jeremy Cone?A.Because gossip can satisfy their curiosity. | B.Because they can share social information. |
C.Because they want to correct others’ mistakes. | D.Because spreading negative facts is unavoidable. |
A.People can be improved in an all-round way. | B.People can get rid of immoral behavior rapidly. |
C.People can be kept informed of others' privacy. | D.People can change their behavior for the better.. |
A.It is plain to see that people gossip all the time. |
B.Based on the study, the majority of gossip is trash talk. |
C.It’s advisable that we turn a deaf ear to negative gossip. |
D.It’s likely that gossip helps us know more about one's quality. |
A.Gossip is the last thing people could do. | B.Gossip should be advocated by the society. |
C.Gossip may not be as harmful as it sounds. | D.Gossip is the best way to build social bonds. |
【推荐2】Adaptations are currently popular in the movie industry.
The most well-known version of a film being adapted to books is via the novelization. Movie novelizations went through a boom period before the internet era. Fans wanted to know more about the fictional worlds and experience the story again in a new way.
Meanwhile, the screen to page process has also opened up the possibility of sequels (续篇). Perhaps there simply wasn’t financial investment to create a follow-up to a film. Maybe a sequel idea simply felt more appropriate for a novel.
But what are the benefits of reading a novel instead of waiting for the big screen version? Well, a novel can take its reader deeper into the mind of the characters that the film had to represent in a more visual way.
Book adaptations of films obviously won’t ever replace cinema, and there’s no need to choose one or the other.
A.Besides, descriptions can be more detailed too. |
B.For a time, they were everything for cinema lovers. |
C.We’re all familiar with film adaptations of books. |
D.Films being adapted to books has been talked repeatedly. |
E.Regardless, some terrific films have been expanded upon thanks to this medium. |
F.But they couldn’t simply google it, or immediately purchase the production on tape. |
G.Actually, these two mediums are considerably interdependent and complementary. |
【推荐3】Tiredness May Lead to Snacking
Staying up late doing homework is always tiring. Perhaps when we are tired, we feel the need to eat unhealthy snack food. Recently scientists have been investigating tiredness and snack food.
According to a study in the Journal of Neuroscience, people are more likely to crave snacks when they don’t get enough sleep.
For the study, researchers from University of Cologne in Germany gave the same dinner to 32 healthy men aged between 19 and 33. Half of the men were then sent home to bed, and the other half were kept aware in the laboratory all night.
The next morning, the participants were asked to consider how much they would be willing to pay for snack food items shown to them in pictures.
According to the researchers, all were similarly hungry in the morning, and had similar levels of most hormones and blood sugar.
However, brain scans showed that when the sleep-deprived participants looked at the pictures of junk food, they released more of the “hunger hormone”. This is the hormone responsible for increasing the appetite, and making us consume more.
Asked about how much they would pay for snacks, “participants with sleep deprivation were more willing to overspend on food items than those with a good night’s sleep,” researchers said.
Researchers also observed that among the people who hadn’t slept, there was greater activity in the part of the brain where food rewards are processed.
Scientists think that sleep-deprived people experience changes to the hunger hormone and the brain’s reward system that leads to a stronger desire to eat snacks with high fat and calories.
“This brings us a little closer to understanding the mechanism behind how sleep deprivation changes food valuation,” Professor Jan Peters, a co-author of the study from the University of Cologne, told The Independent.
Kill the cravingListen to some soft music to relieve your tiredness.
Do some slight exercise for a short time when you’re tired.
Eat yogurt or fruits to replace snacks with high fat and calories.
Distance yourself from the craving.
1. People are more likely to crave snacks if they don’t get enough sleep because they ______.A.have high levels of most hormones and blood sugar |
B.release more of the “hunger hormone”, making them consumer more |
C.are extremely hungry in the morning |
D.are attracted by the snack food items in the pictures |
A.Hunger hormone can increase people’s appetite and let them eat more food. |
B.Participants without sleep deprivation may spend less on food items. |
C.The brain’s reward system will lead to craving snack food. |
D.Greater activity will appear in certain part of the brain among those who sleep well. |
A.Listening to Rock & Roll. | B.Walking out for while. |
C.Ordering a McDonald’s Big Mac. | D.Drinking black coffee. |
【推荐1】The American company Otherlab has built a new drone (无人机) which the company calls “Sky Machine”. Compared with other unmanned aircraft, the drone is very different. It is made almost completely out of cardboard. The drone looks like a big paper airplane that we used to make as kids. But this light flying machine is not a toy, it was specially designed and equipped with a small computer, a battery and sensor(传感器) to guide it to the ground.
The company says it can travel about 150 kilometers at speeds up to 88 kilometers an hour. Now it can carry materials weighing up to one kilogram, but future ones are expected to carry heavier loads. One of the drone’s main advantages is that it does not have a heavy motor or large battery. This provides more room for materials and makes the drone cost less to build and work.
The drones are designed to be dropped from airplanes. Hundreds of drones could be launched at once and then they could be automatically guided to where they are supposed to go. And once the drone completes its delivery, it can be thrown away and the cardboard material will likely break down within a few months. Otherlab says the drones can also be reused.
Otherlab has received money from the U.S. Department of Defense to carry out research on the drones. The U.S. military has a need for delivery drones. But it wants to simplify and lower the cost of using them and Otherlab's Sky Machines are making an attempt to fill that need. Military drones can be stolen and studied by others if they are found after use. Before they can truly disappear, the electronic materials inside the drones must also somehow disappear. Researchers are still working on ways to get the technology itself to self-destruct.
1. What makes the “Sky Machine” very different from other unmanned airplanes?A.It is designed with a beautiful look. |
B.It is made mainly of a special material. |
C.It can be controlled easily even by a kid. |
D.It is equipped with a light motor. |
A.To reduce the time to build it. |
B.To save more energy and fuel. |
C.To spare more space for goods. |
D.To make it fly higher in the sky. |
A.The drone may be used again after finishing its delivery. |
B.The drone may reduce air pollution greatly. |
C.The drone needs to be checked or repaired timely. |
D.The drone will improve the speed of delivery gradually. |
A.Delivery drones are in great need in the U. S military. |
B.The U. S military is doing some research on drones. |
C.Otherlab tries its best to satisfy the U. S military needs. |
D.Delivery drones have been equipped with the self-destructive technology. |
【推荐2】Since the day the car and the airplane coexisted people have dreamed of combining them into one all purpose, go — anywhere, do — anything vehicle. However, there are a lot of reasons why cars and airplanes have yet to join forces.
They have very different needs, like the number of wheels. The four wheels on a car distribute its weight and provide traction and stability. A 3-wheeled car is much more likely to roll when taking a turn at high speed. But airplanes have 3 wheels because when they're on the ground they don't need to take turns at speed, so a 4th wheel would just be unnecessary weight. Tricycle wheel arrangements are also better suited to landing in crosswinds.
Aircraft also have other needs like wings. Whether they're fixed wings like an airliner or rotary wings like a helicopter, to generate enough lift they have to be much larger than the restricted freeway lanes and parking spaces would allow. So most designs for flying cars have wings that are either detachable (可拆卸的)or foldable.
That hasn't stopped some people from trying, and now one Dutch company, PAL-V, thinks their Liberty design has made flying cars a practical reality.
In 2005, the company discovered the work of another Dutch company, Carver, which made 3-wheeled cars that leaned like motorcycles. As for generating lift, PAL-V chose a rotary design called autogyro. Unlike a helicopter, the rotor (旋转翼)of an autogyro is unpowered in flight. Instead, the air flowing over it causes it to spin and generate lift. Autogyros also have short takeoff and landing requirements, so setting one down in an emergency is less dangerous than in a fixed-wing aircraft.
The Liberty received road certification in Europe in October of 2020, hoping to deliver to their first customers starting in 2022.
1. What can be learned from Paragraph 1?A.Flying cars have long been dreamed of by humans. |
B.The coexistence of cars and airplanes satisfies people. |
C.The car and the airplane are less popular nowadays. |
D.Cars and airplanes were invented at the same time. |
A.To compare vehicles like cars and airplanes. |
B.To explain the functions of wings and wheels. |
C.To present two major problems to be solved. |
D.To show the basic rules of vehicle designs. |
A.It can be controlled more easily. |
B.Its take-off needs less space and time. |
C.It consumes less power when flying. |
D.Its landing is less dangerous in emergency. |
A.Europe gives Liberty a warm welcome. |
B.Flying cars will replace the other vehicles. |
C.Liberty can be seen globally once marketed. |
D.PAL-V succeeds in making flying cars a reality. |
【推荐3】Every year, millions of people head to London's Trafalgar Square to see Nelson's Column, and the four lion statues that “guard" it. And last month, during the London Design Festival, a bright red lion sculpture(雕像) was added to the collection.
But this was more than just a statue: It had a large open mouth, with an LED screen inside it. At the same time, passersby could type in words on a screen close to the lion, which were used to produce an AI-created poem. The most interesting part of the poems lies in their randomness, as the words that people choose to enter include many things, such as the time, the weather and their mood. In the daytime,the finished poem appeared on the LED screen, but at night, it was projected(投射) onto the lion's body and the famous Nelson's Column, in a lovely light display.
Es Devlin, the sculpture's creator, was inspired(赋予灵感) by the history behind the four historic lion statues. Sir Edwin Landseer, the designer of the lions, wanted them to look much more lifelike, but Queen Victoria refused his plan. This made Devlin wonder, " What if we could give a lion a poetic voice?" According to Devlin, although England has seen many poems about national identity in recent years, these works have been lacking imagination. "I wanted to make a piece that was poetic," he told BBC News.
After standing for almost 180 years, the purpose of Trafalgar Square has changed over the years. But thanks to the high-tech lion and its poetry, the square will stand the test of time.
1. Why was the red lion more than just a statue?A.It had an LED screen inside it. |
B.It had a larger mouth than the others. |
C.It could produce an AI-created poem. |
D.Poems were projected onto the lion's body. |
A.Lacking styles. | B.Not having regular patterns. |
C.Being special. | D.Attracting passersby. |
A.They are creative. | B.They are not popular. |
C.They are not imaginative. | D.They are poetic and collective. |
A.Nelson's Column | B.The London Design Festival |
C.The history of lion statues | D.The red lion in Trafalgar Square |