A recent scientific report says that more than one-fifth of the world’s reptiles (爬行动物) are faced with extinction. The main threat (威胁) to reptiles is the loss of their natural homes, as humans take over more and more natural areas.
The study, written by 52 scientists, is the first worldwide measurement of how threatened different species (物种) of reptiles are. The new report has shown some unhappy news — 21% of all reptile species are in danger of extinction. That’s over 1,800 species in all.
The main reason why these reptiles are dying out is that humans are taking over more and more of their habitats — the places where they naturally live. More land continues to be cleared to make room for cities and towns. Large areas of land are also being cleared so that they can be used as farmland. Logging — cutting down trees for wood — is another big threat to reptile habitat. Turtles and crocodiles are among the most threatened reptiles. Humans are a direct threat here, often killing these animals for their skin or meat.
Similar worldwide studies of birds and mammals (哺乳动物) were made more than ten years ago. The authors of the report say it was harder to collect the money needed to study reptiles. They believe that’s because furry or feathery animals like mammals and birds are more popular with most people. But even if reptiles aren’t considered cute, they play a very important part in nature’s food chains. One service performed by reptiles that humans should appreciate is helping control certain pests, like insects and rats.
We know what must be done to protect reptiles. Bruce Young, one of the leaders of the study, says, “We have all the tools we need.” Protecting natural areas is at the top of the list. Studies show that saving natural areas doesn’t just protect mammals or birds, but all kinds of animals, including reptiles. So the time is always right to do the right thing!
1. What is the top reason for reptiles’ dangerous situation?A.The lack of food. | B.People’s killing them. |
C.The loss of their natural homes. | D.People’s cutting down trees. |
A.Reptiles are prettier than mammals. |
B.People care more about mammals than reptiles. |
C.Mammals are more important than reptiles. |
D.Reptiles are better protected than mammals. |
A.To share some good news. | B.To teach some useful skills. |
C.To call on people to take action. | D.To give people some confidence. |
A.Reptiles Are at Risk of Dying Out. |
B.A New Report Showed Some Bad News. |
C.What Should We Do to Protect Reptiles? |
D.Why Reptiles Are in Danger? |
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【推荐1】I was mostly based in Samburu National Reserve, recording details of the population and leading collar (颈圈) operations. We put trackers (跟踪仪) around wild elephants’necks, so we can learn about their activities.
In May 2009, in the middle of the wet season, Rommel appeared again. And it was histurn to be placed a collar. We sent three cars out to search for him. There’s a river running through the park where many elephants gather in the mornings. At 10:30 am, one of my partners clocked Rommel.
A tranquillizer (镇静剂) was carefully shot into his body so we could safely place a collaron him, but for a bull of Rommel’s size it could take longer. After that, he turned away, heading in an unexpected direction and seemed to be near danger by killing himself in thewater. It would be a bad accident. Only by pulling his trunk (象鼻) from the river, could weensure his survival. The problem was that the river was a little bit changeable. Immediately, I decided to act. I jumped in and lifted his heavy, twitching trunk from the water with the help of lifeguards. The team tried to fit him with a collar, but we discovered that we didn’t have one big enough.
We couldn’t risk keeping him there while we created a bigger collar. So I struggled on, holding his trunk high with all my strength. And medicine that took away the efforts of the tranquillizer was delivered.
As soon as his ears started to move, a sign of coming to life, I dropped his trunk and moved to safety. Within a couple of minutes, he was back to life. That was one of my proudest moments
1. What is the purpose of putting trackers around wild elephants’necks?A.To record their sizes. | B.To know their activities. |
C.To control and train them. | D.To save them from danger. |
A.To sent him to a zoo. | B.To treat his wounds. |
C.To place a collar on him safely. | D.To check his health. |
A.He gave him certain medicine. | B.He lifted his trunk out of water. |
C.He performed an operation on him. | D.He called other members for help. |
A.Pride. | B.Surprise. | C.Anger. | D.Worry. |
【推荐2】Many animal species worldwide have become endangered. Here are some of the most endangered animals.
Whooping crane (高鸣鹤)It is the tallest North American flying bird. In 1938, the first year when a population survey was done, only 29 whooping cranes remained in the wild. Three years later, only 16 were left. Hunting and the decrease of their habitats had harmed the population. Great efforts to save the birds did not begin until the late 1960s. Today, there are over 500 whooping cranes, thanks in large part to new breeding (繁殖) programs.
Blue whaleThere are fewer than 25,000 blue whales, the largest animals on the planet. Blue whales are found in all of the world’s oceans but the Arctic Ocean. Today their population has decreased by 90% because of humans’ hunting or killing in the 20th century. Hunting of the species for sale was forbidden in 1966. The National Marine Fisheries Service of the US explained a recovery plan in detail in 1998.
Asian elephantThe best guess of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) on today’s population of Asian elephants in 13 countries is around 40,000-50,000. That number may be far lower. Over 50% of the population is in India. The increasing human population there—and elsewhere in Asia — creates conflicts (冲突) for space and resources. And while the long teeth of Asian elephants are much smaller than those of African elephants, the Asian elephants are still killed for their ivory, meat, and skin.
Snow leopard (雪豹)Though it’s called a leopard, the snow leopard is actually more closely related to the tiger. Probably fewer than 7,500 snow leopards remain in the wild. The largest populations are in China and Mongolia, with large populations in India and Kyrgyzstan as well. The snow leopard usually hunts blue sheep as its food, but in some areas, it heavily depends on home-raised animals. The farmers who depend upon the animals shoot the “problem” snow leopards.
1. What mainly helped the increase of whooping cranes’ population?A.The building of their habitats. |
B.The prevention of humans from hunting them. |
C.The programs that help them have young ones. |
D.The great efforts that aimed to save them before the 1960s. |
A.They’re being driven to other Asian countries. |
B.Their ivories have become popular in recent years. |
C.50% of the population has been killed for their skin. |
D.They are losing their habitats. |
A.Providing more food for them. | B.Helping them live in different countries. |
C.Creating new breeding programs for them. | D.Solving the conflicts between them and farmers. |
【推荐3】Scientific research gives new explanations to a very old relationship.
Dog Sense: How the New Science of Dog Behaviour Can Make You a Better Friend to Your Pet. By John Bradshaw. Basic Books; 324 pages; $25.99. Buy from Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk
Dogs seem to have been our beloved companions since there was written history. It is hard to be precise(精确地) about when the friendship began, but a reasonable guess is that it has been going strong for more than 20,000 years. For John Bradshaw, a biologist who founded the anthrozoology department(the place known as human-non-human-animal studies) at the University of Bristol, having some idea about how dogs got to be dogs is the first step towards gaining a better understanding of human-dog relationship. It is generally accepted that dogs were raised by human beings from wolves. However, Bradshaw’s research refuted the wrong ideas about the close relationship of dogs to wolves and the mistakes that this has led to, especially in the training of dogs over the past century or so.
Dogs are not like nicely brought-up wolves, says the author, nor are they much like people despite their excellent ability to enter our lives and our hearts. However, dogs have a distinguish talent: they experience and react to the world through their extraordinary sense of smell: their sensitivity to smells is between 10,000 and 100,000 times greater than ours. And their trainability allow dogs to perform almost unimaginable tasks, such as smelling the early stages of a cancer long before a normal medical diagnosis(诊断) would discover it.
The latest scientific research can help dogs and their owners have happier, healthier relationships by encouraging people to understand dogs better. But Mr. Bradshaw is also fearful. In particular, he fears the incestuous(近亲繁殖)narrowing of the gene pool that modern breeders have brought about. He also worries that the increasing urbanization of society and the pressures on couples to work long hours are putting dogs under huge stress.
“Dog Sense” is neither a report nor a description of the joys of dog-ownership. At times its use of research data can be slightly difficult to understand. But this is a wonderfully informative, instructive book that will do good to every dog whose owner reads it.
1. What’s the meaning of the underlined word in Paragraph 3?A.Proved | B.Disagreed | C.Described | D.Explained |
A.Dogs and wolves are close relatives. |
B.Some dogs can smell early stage cancers. |
C.The relationship between dogs and humans has a long history. |
D.Dog may suffer from depression. |
A.to introduce something about dogs |
B.to present the result of a book |
C.to change people’s attitude towards dogs |
D.to advertise a book about dogs |
A.Boring | B.Interesting | C.Useful | D.Hard |
【推荐1】For 234 years, the bald eagle has been an official symbol of the U.S. It is, after all, the national animal. But in May, 2016, the former President Barack Obama signed a law naming the bison (野牛) the national mammal. Since then, the eagle has had to share its perch.
The North American bison has long been a symbol of the West. “No other native animal tells America’s story better. It is a long-lasting symbol of power, Native American culture, and the Western wildness. At one time, tens of millions of bison lived in North America. For Native American communities, bison were a source of food and clothing. Bison were at the very heart of their traditional way of life,” says Missouri congressman William Lacy Clay Jr.
That way of life changed in the mid-1800s. People began to travel west and hunt bison. Some hunted for the same reason as Native Americans did. But others killed bison for sport. In 1894, it became illegal to kill bison. But it was almost too late. By the early 1900s, fewer than 1,000 wild bison remained in America.
Some people realized the animals needed to be saved. President Theodore Roosevelt, William Hornaday — the first director of the Bronx Zoo, in New York City — and others formed the American Bison Society. The group was to bring back the bison. Native American tribes and locals also joined the fight. By the mid-1930s, bison were no longer in danger.
Today, there are about 500,000 North American bison. They live in all 50 states. “Only about 30,000 of those animals are living as truly wild bison. Others live on protected lands or in zoos,” says Pat Thomas, the associate director of the Bronx Zoo.
Thomas says naming the bison the national mammal was an important step in making sure the animal is well protected. “This recognition is beginning to complete the circle,” he says, “from a time when there were millions of wild bison, to when bison were hunted until they nearly died out, to the beginning of the recovery.”
1. What does the underlined word “perch” in Para 1 mean?A.High place. | B.Dish. | C.Story. | D.Famous name. |
A.Bison have become popular worldwide. |
B.Bison were protected well in North America. |
C.The bison plays an important role in America. |
D.The bison is far more important than the eagle. |
A.It succeeded in saving bison. |
B.It introduced a new law on bison. |
C.It fought with Native American tribes. |
D.It brought back bison to the Bronx Zoo. |
A.Disapproving. | B.Uncaring. | C.Doubtful. | D.Supportive. |
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩) and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said: “Our Study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said, “The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see一and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’ to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,” Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
1. What is the finding of the study?
A.One’s heart affects how he feels fear. |
B.Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat. |
C.Fear has something to do with one’s health. |
D.One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear. |
A.volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures |
B.the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions |
C.volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans |
D.different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart—brain communication |
A.Order. | B.System. |
C.Machine. | D.Treatment. |
A.treating anxiety and stress better. |
B.explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety |
C.finding the key to the heart-brain communication |
D.understanding different fears in our hearts and heads |
【推荐3】The exploration of the origin of the slow living movement in the Western world began with a slow eating movement in 1986. Slow food, which means purchasing local and sustainable food that has been carefully cooked, became a global movement. Slow food unavoidably stimulates the interest of the Western world in slowing down the pace of life, which does not require wolfing down low nutrient meals between back-to-back meetings, but advocates respecting the tradition and enjoyment of using time.
When we consider the alternate lifestyle that leads to stress and depression, it is a significant sign to poor health, woeful issues like headaches, sleep issues, digestive disorders, depression, and anxiety. With this in mind, slow living isn’t only more enjoyable; it is also a major boon for one’s overall health.
Kathleen DeVos, a mental psychology expert, said, “To me, slow living is as much about how we’re structuring our lives and spending our time as it is how we are relating to our time and the things in our life.”
The resolution to live a more thoughtful lifestyle is common. About 25% of Americans who made resolutions in 2022 focused on the intention to live a healthier life. Another 21% stated they were resolving to commit to their personal improvement or happiness. However, the idea of working towards a goal seems to be antithetical to the concept of slow living. After all, the point is to slow down, live more, and work less. Plus, many struggle to actually meet their resolutions.
Without a doubt, career demands and financial realities can outshine the possibility of slow living for many. However, if you find yourself in a dilemma of nine to nine and find it unbearable, then you must make a change. For those of you working in busy environments with urgent deadlines, the Pomodoro Techniques are ways to call in slowness into your daily life.
1. What made the slow living popular?A.The slow pace of life. | B.A Western food festival. |
C.A survey on sustainable food. | D.A slow eating movement. |
A.Ridiculous. | B.Serious. |
C.Mysterious. | D.Outstanding. |
A.Positive. | B.Negative. |
C.Indifferent. | D.Objective. |
A.Some career demands. | B.Some financial issues. |
C.Specific Pomodoro Techniques. | D.The job dilemma of nine to nine. |