Some of the world’s best Coffea arabica is grown on Mount Kenya. This variety of the plant produces beans that are tastier than those from its poor cousin, Coffea canephora (known as robusta), which often ends up in instant coffee (速溶咖啡). However, global warming may reduce the total area that is most suited to growing arabica beans by about half by 2050.
Some farmers are trying to adapt to warming by moving uphill. Yet this pushes them into areas long used for growing tea. Not only is there less space higher up; the move stresses how warming also threatens to harm the tea crop, which supports about 10% of Kenya’s population. Warmer weather will push tea itself higher up area.
Kenya’s government-funded Coffee Research Institute is trying to find other ways of helping farmers adapt, such as encouraging them to plant trees to shade their coffee bushes, or to grow hardier (适应性更强) robusta plants. It is also trying to plant a hybrid, Arabusta, which would combine the hardiness of robusta with the flavour of arabica. Coffee snobs may turn up their noses at it, but they may have no other choices.
However, such adaptations may bring social costs. Many smallholder farmers are at risk of being pushed out of the industry altogether because they cannot afford the money needed to protect their crops.
Another option may be entirely new varieties. Researchers in London are studying a wild type of coffee, Coffea stenophylla. It is delicious and can also take the heat. But it produces lower harvest than existing varieties and it may be years before it is widely grown. Without a breakthrough of some sort, caffeine addicts may face a future too unpleasant to imagine. “If we don’t have the innovation (创新) to respond to climate challenges,” Vern Long of World Coffee Research says, “we’re just going to be drinking man-made coffee.”
1. In what way is Coffea arabica better than Coffea robusta?A.Flavor. | B.Harvest. | C.Hardiness. | D.Sales. |
A.Robusta. | B.Arabica. | C.Arabusta. | D.Stenophylla. |
A.Good money will be brought in. |
B.The areas of tea crop will be reduced. |
C.The cost of coffee-planting may drop. |
D.Smallholder coffee farmers may disappear. |
A.To give suggestions to coffee farmers. |
B.To recommend new varieties of coffee. |
C.To introduce coffee industry under threat. |
D.To list possible solutions to climate changes. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Wild animals are equipped with a variety of techniques to avoid becoming lunch for a bigger animal, also known as a predator (捕食者) in nature. The most well-known methods include the classic fight and flight as well as freeze.
A team of researchers wondered whether closeness to people might impact those survival strategies. “We often see that animals are more tolerant around us in urban areas, but we don’t really know why.” says evolutionary biologist Dan Blumstein. “Is it individual plasticity, meaning individuals change their fear of us and that leads to tolerance? Or can there be an evolutionary factor involved?”
To find out, Blumstein and his colleagues combined information from 173 studies of over 100 species, including mammals, birds, fish and even mollusks. It turns out that regardless of evolutionary ancestry, the animals react in a similar way to life among humans: they lose their anti-predator characteristics. That pattern is especially pronounced for plant-eating animals and for social species. This behavioral change is perhaps unsurprising when it’s intentional, the result of domestication or controlled breeding. But it turns out that urbanization alone results in a similar change, though around three times more slowly.
The main point is: we’re essentially domesticating animals by urbanization. We’re selecting for the same sorts of characteristics that we would if we were actually trying to domesticate them. If the urbanization process helps animals better co-exist with people, it could be to their benefit. But if it makes them more defenseless to their nonhuman predators, it could be a real problem. Either way, these results, mean that city living has enough of an influence on wild animals that evolutionary processes kick in. Those reductions in anti-predator characteristics become encoded in their genes. We’re changing the population genetics one way or another.
What the researchers now wonder is whether the mere presence of tourists in less urbanized areas can cause similar changes in wild animals. If so, serious questions exist for the idea of ethical, welfare-oriented eco-tourism. If we wish to help animals keep their anti-predator defenses, the researchers say, we might have to intentionally expose animals to predators. It’s just yet one other way that we’re changing the world around us.
1. The research led by Blumstein is aimed at ________.A.determining how animals’ survival is impacted by individual plasticity. |
B.studying how living among humans affects animals’ survival strategies |
C.comparing the effectiveness of different survival techniques |
D.finding out which evolutionary factor impacts animals’ survival methods |
A.Controlled breeding of animals. | B.Banning the operation of eco-tourism. |
C.Planned selection of favorable genes. | D.Eliminating domestication. |
A.Urbanization has made wild animals more alert. |
B.Urbanization has brought concrete benefits to animals. |
C.City living has led to animals’ genetic variations. |
D.City living has helped to preserve animal species. |
A.expose the fox to the urban environment repeatedly |
B.train the fox to co-exist with the less aggressive predators |
C.intentionally get the fox accustomed to the presence of humans |
D.purposefully adapt the fox to predator related environment |
A.To amuse people with recent interesting scientific findings. |
B.To remind people to help animals survive in a correct way. |
C.To promote eco-tourism in cities around the world. |
D.To warn people of the danger of animal presence in cities. |
【推荐2】Rick Anderson says he isn’t scared of sharks and he is appealing to others to learn to love them.
“I try to convince people that looking at a shark eye to eye is totally different to sitting on a surfboard or a boat looking at every shadow that goes underneath thinking it’s a shark coming to get them,” he said. “Eye to eye they look at you, you look at them and you go your own way.”
“I find that once people see their first sharks, their whole attitude changes. They realize that they are not as scary as what they thought they were,” Mr Anderson said. He compares sharks to dogs, in the way they show their behavior and attitude towards humans. “You’re not going to go up to a dog that is arching (拱起) its back and making a low sound in the throat at you,” he said. “If a shark is arching and its fins (鳍) are down, it’s telling you to move on.” He admit he thought the shark was trying to attack him the first few times.
Mr Anderson is against the controversial policy introduced in Western Australia to kill a shark if it presents a threat to humans. He said many of the same things that occur in Western Australia are also happening in New South Wales.
Mr Anderson said that sharks come closer to shore because they are attracted to the smell of whale carcasses (尸体) which have broken down after being buried in the sand on many beaches.
Mr Anderson often sees grey nurse sharks, fur seals, leopard seals, penguins and fishes of a range of colours in the Pacific Ocean along Bellingen Shire. “Depending on the time of the year, you can get a good mixture of sea creatures moving through there,” he said. Tiger sharks are his favourite kind of sharks. He describes them as pig-headed but also graceful creatures.
1. What does Mr Anderson probably do?A.A boatman. | B.A diver. | C.A surfer. | D.A fisherman. |
A.Sharks have the same behavior as dogs. |
B.Sharks are naturally friendly to human beings. |
C.Sharks can be lovely creatures if properly trained. |
D.Sharks can send messages through their behavior. |
A.He never looked at sharks eye to eye. |
B.He once saw sharks as a scary animal. |
C.He misunderstood a shark’s arching its back. |
D.He didn’t allow sharks to get close to shores. |
A.It’s Mr Anderson’s favorite place. |
B.It’s a popular place for tourists. |
C.It’s open in certain times of the year. |
D.It’s where Mr Anderson trains sharks. |
【推荐3】When Barcelona’s citizens emerged from a six-week lockdown at the end of April last year, they found that while the city had lain inactive, nature had been busy transforming the streets and parks into a wilderness. “The parks were shut, so no gardening was carried out,” says Margarita Pares, who heads the city’s biodiversity programme. “It was spring and it rained a lot more than usual. The result was an explosion in plant growth. And there were many more butterflies, as they are a species that reacts very quickly to changes in the environment.”
Once the gardeners went back to work, the question was whether to return everything to its neat and tidy state, or let nature take its course?The answer is neither. Pares says the council spent the previous two years working on plans to “naturalise” or “rewild” the city—and was about to announce this change of policy when the pandemic struck. By the time the lockdown ended, it was a lot easier to sell rewilding to the public desiring fresh air and open space. When it comes to embracing nature in its cities, Spain falls behind many countries. But it is hoped that Barcelona’s new policy will go some way to correcting that.
“In a city like Barcelona, it’s a case of replacing what exists with green infrastructure(基础建设),” says Lorena Escuer who has worked in Barcelona on a pilot scheme called Alcorques Vivos, which plants wildflowers at the base of trees in the streets rather than surrounding them with pavement. “It’s not having a park surrounded by asphalt(沥青)but introducing nature into the city,” she says. “People need re-educating. Their idea of a clean space is where there’s no life and the ecosystem is dead. There’s this idea that nature is something outside and that what’s natural for the city is for there to be nothing.”
“Rewilding has made us look at how we live and how we want to live. There’s no going back from here. The lockdown gave us a glimpse of nature in the city and it surprised us,” says Margarita Pares.
1. What happened to Barcelona after a six-week lockdown last year?A.The environment became wild. | B.Plants stopped growing. |
C.Gardening was abolished. | D.Fewer butterflies emerged. |
A.Returning Barcelona to neatness and tidiness. |
B.Filling open space with fitness facilities. |
C.“Naturalising” or “rewilding” Barcelona. |
D.Developing economy to shake off backwardness. |
A.Surrounding trees with pavement. | B.Promoting green infrastructure. |
C.Building park roads with asphalt. | D.Keeping the city empty and clean. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Intolerant. | C.Unclear. | D.Favorable. |
【推荐1】Playing video games is an enjoyable pastime for many of us. But have you ever thought of becoming a video game developer and designing your own games?
If so, Electronic Arts’ (EA) “Get in the Game” program might be for you. The program targets high school girls, giving them a chance to work alongside professional female game developers, with a view to encourage more girls to pursue a career in the tech industry.
EA is the largest video game development studio in Central Florida, US. This year, 15lucky students were selected for the program and given the chance to put the finishing touches onto future EA titles.
Edgewater High School student Lyla Lovett,17,raised her hands in celebration after she fixed an in-game glitch(故障) and successfully found a potential solution. Current EA software engineer Alanna Berklund said: “That trial-and-error is something that happens every day in game development.”
She added: “Building games is not simple ... you have to try a lot of things, and most of the time it's a matter of changing something and seeing what happens.”
Years ago, when Berklund was a new graduate, she would ask technology companies whether their business tried to hire women. “They would say, ‘we just hire the best people’.” Berklund concluded. “Technology has always been a boys’ club, and it's about not keeping the present situation.”
The gender(性别)gap in technology goes far beyond the video game industry. According to the National Center for Women in Information Technology, the percentage of female science-based degree students, in the US, dropped from 37 percent to 19 percent between1985 and 2016. This decline in female science students is one of the reasons why non-profit groups such as “Girls Who Code” have appeared in recent years.
As more industries look to fill technology jobs, it’s important that women are equally represented.
Lyla said spending a week with female engineers convinced her to pursue a career in the industry.
“It’s fearful when you see lots of men in the field. But seeing female developers working successfully in the industry makes me think change is possible,” Lyla explained.
She added that, working with other women in the technology industry was “a big thing in my life. It helped me learn to communicate better, to manage problems, and to express my feelings.”
1. What can we learn about Electronic Arts’ (EA) “Get in the Game” program from the text?A.Girls can play their favorite video games. |
B.Girls can design video games with professionals. |
C.Girls can team up with players around the world. |
D.Girls can compete with boys while playing video games. |
A.She was refused by many technology companies. |
B.She wanted to compete with the men in the technology industry. |
C.She had to work harder than her male colleagues. |
D.She was given the chance to work in technology companies. |
A.Traditional women's work in the tech industry is highly valued in the USA. |
B.Non-profit groups such as “Girls Who Code” have disappeared in recent years. |
C.The percentage of female science-based degree students has declined recently. |
D.Becoming a video game developer and designing your own games are an easy thing. |
A.The difficulties girls have in the technology industry. |
B.Ways of attracting more girls to the technology industry. |
C.The advantages girls have in the technology industry. |
D.The gender gap girls face in the technology industry. |
【推荐2】A strong coffee after a poor night’s sleep is the kick-start many people need in the morning but new research suggests that it might be best to have a bite to eat first.
A study has found that drinking coffee first can have a negative effect on blood sugar control - a risk factor for diabetes and heart disease.
“We know that nearly half of us will wake in the morning and, before doing anything else, drink coffee—subjectively the more tired we feel, the stronger the coffee,” said Professor James Betts, at the University of Bath in the UK.
For their study, researchers at the University of Bath got 29 healthy men and women to take part in three different overnight experiments, with at least a week between them.
In one, the participants had a normal night’s sleep, roughly from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m., and were asked to consume a sugary drink on waking in the morning. They then experienced an interrupted night’s sleep, where the researchers woke them every hour for five minutes by sending them text messages to which they had to respond — and upon waking were given the same sugary drink.
On another night, participants experienced the same sleep interruption, but this time were first given a strong black coffee 30 minutes before consuming the sugary drink.
They found that one night of interrupted sleep did not worsen the participants’ blood sugar and insulin responses when compared to the normal night’s sleep—although previous research suggested that losing many hours of sleep or many nights of poor sleep could have a negative effect. However, strong black coffee consumed before breakfast actually increased the blood sugar response by around 50% — suggesting that relying on coffee after a bad night to stop feeling sleepy could limit your body’s ability to tolerate the sugar in your breakfast.
1. What was unchanged in the three experiments?A.The sugary drink. | B.The blood sugar response. |
C.The amount of sleep. | D.The intake of coffee. |
A.A normal sugary drink. | B.A normal night’s sleep. |
C.A cup of strong black coffee. | D.An interrupted night’s sleep. |
A.By referring to some documents. | B.By listing some examples. |
C.By surveying the participants. | D.By comparing the results. |
【推荐3】It is the responsibility of a food business to ensure that the food provided to customers is safe to consume. In order to do this, proper food safety criteria must always be followed. This includes ensuring that food is not spoiled or expired. Best-before dates, expiry dates (到期日) and packaging dates are key to knowing what foods are safe to prepare and serve, and which ones should be disposed of. Different types of date markings on packages are used depending on the product.
A best-before date on a food package states when the duration of the food ends. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, durable life means “the anticipated amount of time that an unopened food product, when stored under appropriate conditions, will maintain its freshness, taste, nutritional value, or any other qualities claimed by the manufacturer (生产商).” This date can be found on a package underneath the words “best before”.
This date tells consumers that the unopened product should be of high quality until that specific date. The key with this date is that it is dependent upon the product being properly handled and stored based on the requirements of that particular food product. This means that failure to stick to the guidelines for handling and storing a particular product will affect its quality by the best-before date. This also means that the best-before date no longer applies if a package is opened.
An expiry date is not the same as a best-before date. These dates are required on certain foods that have specific nutritional compositions that could change after the determined expiration date. In other words, after the expiration date has passed, the food may not have the nutrient content as described on the label.
Expiry dates are required for formulated liquid diets, foods sold by a drugstore, meal replacements, nutritional supplements and infant formula. If a food has passed its expiration date it should be discarded and not used.
1. What do we know about best-before dates?A.It is always safe to eat a food product earlier than the best-before date. |
B.The best-before date applies even when a package is opened. |
C.Consumers will be in danger if they eat food that has passed the best-before date. |
D.The best-before date indicates the safety of food before that specific date. |
A.A pair of limited-edition sneakers. | B.An article of designer dressing. |
C.A can of milk powder. | D.A delicate vase. |
A.abandoned. | B.hidden. | C.stored. | D.heated. |
A.The secret of manufacturers. | B.The smart ways to buy best food. |
C.The description of a packaging date. | D.The way to store products at home. |