【推荐2】Vienna, the capital of Austria, is graced by its wealth of art, music, museums and parks. But some locals are saying that the city’s charm is damaged by dog owners who don’t clean up after their pets.

Last week they came up with a solution. There is a citywide campaign(运动) telling dog owners to pick up after their dogs. That means they cannot leave a mess on city streets and in parks.

“We want to reach as many dog owners as possible to remind them of the rules,” said Ulli Sima, city councillor (议员) in charge of the environment. “We want to show them the easiest solution to the problem: put it in a bag and then in the next rubbish bin,” said Sima.

There are about 158, 000 dogs in Vienna. The city requires their owners to bag the pet’s mess when walking it outdoors. But it’s believed that only a few of the city’s dog lovers actually follow the rules.

Every day dogs drop between 5 and 10 tons of their waste around the city. Vienna spends 7 million euros every year just to keep the streets mess-free.

Loose enforcement(执行) is to blame.Dog owners say they pay 40 euros each year for their pets. But the city argues the dog license fee has nothing to do with cleaning up dog messes.

The fine for leaving a dog mess is high --as much as 72 euros. The rules, however, are seldom enforced.

City officials said that the campaign was not meant to be an attack on dog owners.

“The city does a lot for peaceful co-existence by establishing areas for dogs or providing bags for dog waste. But dog owners must do their part as well and accept these offers,” said Sima.

【推荐3】When you feel thankful for things you’ve received or something that’s happened, that’s gratitude. “Gratitude is how you relate to others, when you see yourself in connection with things larger than yourself.” says Tamiko Zablith, founder of the etiquette consulting firm Minding Manners.

Nowadays, too many people don’t stop to appreciate what they have, and much less express gratitude. Our instant-satisfaction lifestyle may be to blame. “With commercial and social media, everything is speeding the younger generation to make them feel that they’re the centre of the universe,” Zablith says. “If it’s all about them, why thank others?”

However, studies have shown that people who express gratitude increase their happiness levels, lower their blood-pressure levels, get better-quality sleep and improve their relationships. And gratitude’s positive effects are long-lasting. Canadian researchers found that people who wrote letters of thanks or performed good deeds for a mere six-week period were able to improve their mental health, decrease their bodily pain and feel more energetic for up to six months.

What about gratitude recipients who receive messages of thanks? Research has confirmed that the recipients experience positive emotions when they’re singled out. “Those are happy surprises — you may not be expecting the favour to be returned,” says Jo-Ann Tsang, associate professor of psychology at Baylor University. When someone is the recipient of unexpected kindness or gratitude, he’s more likely to return the favour or pass kindness on. One study found that when someone is thanked, it more than doubles his chances of being helpful again. Zablith likes the reaction she got when she rewarded a stranger who held the door open for her at a coffee shop with his rightful place in line in front of her. “The look on his face was shock,” says Zablith. “He would be nicer to the cashier, the next person he would see at work. There’s a trickle-down effect.”

【推荐1】Life on the International Space Station(ISS)——the place where astronauts dwell(居住) in space-differs from that on Earth. For example, astronauts have to rely on the ISS’ life support system, which provides oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide. But sometimes astronauts need to deal with unusual air leaks.

Normally, the ISS releases a small amount of air each day to rid the harmful gases. But recently, the air seemed to be leaking at a slightly higher rate than usual, which became a cause for concern, according to MSN. The three crew members currently on board are staying in the Russian segment(舱段) of the ISS temporarily while NASA tries to find the origin of the leak in the US segment.

This isn’t the first time that an air leak has occurred on the ISS. On Aug 29, 2018, an air leak was discovered on the ISS. Fortunately, six people on board found a hole measuring 2 millimeters in diameter on Soyuz MS-09, a Russian spacecraft temporarily docked with the ISS. The astronauts patched the hole with tape. But the question remains： What can cause holes in the hard surface of spacecrafts? Space debris(碎片) can.

In low orbit, space debris circles around Earth at speeds between 7 to 8 kilometers per second. Because of the high speed, it can penetrate the surface of the ISS. A NASA report submitted to the US Congress said the ISS has a 55-percent chance of being penetrated by some sort of space debris, according to the website New Scientist. However， finding a tiny hole is not easy.

The ISS measures some 109 meters by about 73 meters, roughly the size of a soccer field. So how do astronauts find a tiny hole in such a large area?

When air leaks occur, astronauts seal off various sections of the ISS to narrow down the area. Once the location of the leak is found, it is closed and the pressure on each side is checked.

This is exactly what NASA is doing now. The US space agency has been trying to find the hole, which is equivalent to “finding pinholes in a large airliner”, Xinhua News Agency noted.

【推荐2】Water Fasting

Fasting, a method of restricting food intake, has been practiced for thousands of years. Water fasting is a type of fast that restricts everything except water. It has become more popular in recent years as a quick way to lose weight.

Most water fasts last 24-72 hours. You should not follow a water fast for longer than this without medical supervision. Here are a few reasons why people try water fasting:

In fact, several studies have linked water fasting with some impressive health benefits, including a lower risk of certain cancers, heart disease and diabetes. However, water fasting has many risks and can be very dangerous if followed for too long.

How do you water fast? There are no scientific guidelines on how to start water fasting. However, several groups of people should not water fast without medical supervision. This includes people with diabetes, eating disorders, older adults, pregnant women, and children.

If you have never water fasted before, it’s a good idea to spend 3 — 4 days preparing your body for being without food You can do this by eating smaller portions at each meal or by fasting for part of the day.

·Water fast(24 — 72 hours)

During a water fast, most people drink two to three liters of water per day during a water fast. The water fast lasts for 24 — 72 hours. You should not water fast for longer than this without medical supervision because of health risks.

Some people may feel weak or dizzy during a water fast and may want to avoid operating heavy machinery and driving to avoid causing an accident.

·Post-fast(1 — 3 days)

After the water fast, you should resist the urge to eat a big meal. This is because eating a large meal after a fast may cause uncomfortable symptoms. Instead, break your fast with a smoothie or smaller meals. You can start introducing larger meals throughout the day as you feel more comfortable.

The post-fast phase is especially important after longer fasts. This is because you may be at risk of refeeding syndrome, a potentially fatal condition in which the body undergoes rapid changes in fluid and electrolyte levels.

This phase normally lasts a day, but people who fast for 3 or more days may need up to 3 days before they feel comfortable eating larger meals.