The “little voice in your head” can be your worst critic and greatest supporter. It’s been known to help with directions, give advice, and even remind you to put potatoes on the grocery list.
But does everyone have an inner monologue(独白)? For a long time, it was assumed that an inner voice was simply part of being human. But it turns out, that’s not the case—not everyone processes life in words and sentences.
“By inner monologue, we mean that we can have private speech that’s addressed to ourselves and that is carried out without any sound,” said Helene Loevenbruck, a senior neurolinguistics researcher at CNRS.
With true inner speech, you almost “hear” your inner voice, she told Live Science. You’re aware of its tone and intonation (语调). For example, the voice can “sound” angry or worried.
This long-held assumption was first challenged in the late 1990s by Russell Hurlburt, a psychologist at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Hurlburt studied participants’ inner speech by asking them to wear a beeper(传呼机). Whenever the device beeped, they had to write down what they were thinking or experiencing in their mind just before the sound.
Perhaps the participant wrote down, “I need to buy some bread.” He would then ask if that’s what they actually thought. “Or did you think ‘bread’? Or were you hungry?” Loevenbruck explained. After several meetings, participants got better at articulating (流利连贯地表达)their true thoughts, she said. Eventually, this method revealed that some people had inner speech every time the device beeped. But others had less inner speech than usual, and some didn’t have inner speech at all. They experienced images, sensations and emotions, but not a voice or words.
The lack of an inner monologue has been linked to a condition called aphantasia (心盲症)sometimes called “blindness of the mind’s eye.” People who experience aphantasia can’t mentally picture their bedroom or their mother’s face. Many times, those who don’t experience visualizations don’t experience clear inner speech, either, Loevenbruck noted.
1. What was previously assumed about the inner monologue?| A．It rarely existed in humans. | B．It could help solve all kinds of problems. |
| C．It was something everyone was born with. | D．It was mainly displayed in the form of writing. |
| A．It lacks tone and intonation. | B．It is delivered in public. |
| C．It can be heard by others. | D．It can convey emotions. |
| A．He used a beeper to note down participants’ inner speech. |
| B．He required participants to describe their grocery lists. |
| C．He checked participants’ notes and asked about their true thoughts. |
| D．He placed something in participants’ heads to record their inner speech. |
| A．They suffer serious brain damage. | B．They cannot distinguish what they see. |
| C．They misunderstand their true thoughts. | D．They fail to mentally picture what they see. |
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【推荐1】In a recent study, researchers have suggested that temperature is a major predictor of body size variation. Meanwhile, scientists studying red deer have said that warmer winters in northern Europe and Scandinavia may lead to the body size of these animals becoming smaller. Prof Steve Brusatte, a paleontologist(古生物学家) at the University of Edinburgh, suggested that the way in which other mammals(哺乳动物) have previously responded to periods of climate change could offer an insight into humans’ future.
Writing in The Rise and Reign of the Mammals, Brusatte notes that animals in warmer parts of the world today are often smaller than those in colder areas, an ecological principle known as Bergmann’s rule. “Why do they become smaller? It is not entirely understood, but it is probably, in part, because smaller animals have a higher surface area relative to their volume than bigger animals and can thus better release extra heat,” he writes. “It is a common way that mammals deal with climate change”.
He added: “That’s not to say every species of mammal would get smaller, but it seems to be a common survival trick of mammals when temperatures change pretty quickly. That does raise the question: if so, might humans get smaller? And I think that certainly makes sense.”
Prof Adrian Lister, of the Natural History Museum in London, said it is commonly believed that the strong relations between temperature and mammal body size may often be down to the availability of food and resources. “We are not really controlled by natural selection,” he said. “If that was going to happen, you’d need to find large people dying before they could reproduce because of climate warming. That is not happening in today’s world. We wear clothes, we have got heating, and we have got air conditioning if it is too hot.”
1. What does the recent research find according to Paragraph 1?| A．Climate change may cause humans to shrink in size. |
| B．Human being can’t deal with global climate change. |
| C．Temperature is the decisive element in human growth. |
| D．Mankind’s future is similar to that of ancient mammals |
| A．Principles about Bergmann’s rule. |
| B．Reasons for animals’ smaller size. |
| C．Ways to deal with climate change. |
| D．Decline of mammals in number. |
| A．Supportive. | B．Doubtful. | C．Lengthy. | D．Pointless. |
| A．A job interview. | B．A public speech. |
| C．A science journal. | D．A course Book. |
【推荐2】Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child or even an animal, such as a pigeon can learn to recognize faces. We all take this ability for granted.
We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.
Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to describe what a “nice face” looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so. But if you were asked to describe a “nice person”, you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth.
There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. Gordon Ports, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Book worms, conservatives, military types people are described with such terms.
People have always tried to “type” each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain’s or the hero’s role. In fact, the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin word “persona”, meaning “mask”. Today, most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell the “good guys” from the “bad guys” because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true?| A．People may have different personalities. |
| B．People differ from each other in appearance. |
| C．People can learn to recognize human faces. |
| D．People can describe all human features of others. |
| A．many words are available to describe personality |
| B．a person’s personality is easily distinguished |
| C．people’s personalities are very much alike |
| D．a person’s face is more complex than his personality |
| A．their way of wearing masks |
| B．their way of speaking and playing |
| C．their knowledge and behavior |
| D．their physical appearance and personality |
【推荐3】Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbours, even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity(长寿) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers(鳏夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man’s life and two to a woman’s. The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, accident or self-harm.
Even if the odds are stacked against you (the conditions are not favourable), marriage can more than compensate. Linda Waite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn’t smoke. There’s a flip side, however, as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouse’s death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems. Even so, the odds favour marriage. In a 30-year study of more than 10,000 people, Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School describes how all kinds of social networks have similar effects.
So how does it work? The effects are complex, affected by socio-economic factors, health-service provision, emotional support and other more physiological mechanisms(机制). For example, social contact can boost development of the brain and immune system, leading to better health and less chance of depression later in life. People in supportive relationships may handle stress better. Then there are the psychological benefits of a supportive partner.
A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100.The best social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says: “People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.”
1. Which one of the following is TRUE according to the passage?| A．The married men live seven years longer than the unmarried. |
| B．Marriage can help make up for ill health, |
| C．The unmarried are more likely to have heart disease than the married old men. |
| D．Unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life |
| A．the disadvantages of being married |
| B．The emotional problems arising from marriage |
| C．The responsibility of taking care of one’s family |
| D．The consequence of a broken marriage |
| A．They contribute a great deal to longevity. |
| B．They help develop people’s community spirit. |
| C．They provide timely support for those in need. |
| D．They help relieve people of their life’s burden |
| A．It’s important that we develop a social network when young. |
| B．To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network. |
| C．Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span. |
| D．We should share our social networks with each other. |
【推荐1】If you haven’t heard or seen anything about Road Rage in the last few months, you’ve probably been avoiding the media. There have been countless stories about this new and scary phenomenon, considered a type of aggressive driving. You have most likely encountered aggressive driving or Road Rage recently if you drive at all.
While drunk driving remains a critical problem, the facts about aggressive driving are surely as disturbing. For instance, according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Association, 41,907 people died on the highway last year. Of those deaths, the agency estimates that about two-thirds were caused at least in part by aggressive driving behavior.
Why is this phenomenon occurring more than ever now, and why is it something that seemed almost nonexistent a few short years ago? Experts have several theories, and all are probably partially correct. One suggestion is extreme overcrowding. In the last decade, the number of cars on the roads has increased by more than 11 percent, and the number of miles driven has increased by 35 percent. However, the number of new road miles has only increased by 1 percent. That means more cars in the same amount of space; and the problem is severe in urban areas. Also, people have less time and more things to do. With people working and trying to fit extra chores and activities into the day, stress levels have never been higher. Stress creates anxiety, which leads to short tempers. These factors, when combined in certain situations, can spell Road Rage.
You may think you are the last person who would drive aggressively, but you might be surprised. For instance, have you ever yelled out loud at a slower driver, sounded the horn long and hard an another car, or sped up to keep another driver from passing? If you recognize yourself in any of these situations, watch out!
Whether you are getting angry at other drivers, or another driver is visibly upset with you, there are things you can do to avoid any major conflict. If you are easily influenced by Road Rage, the key is to release your emotion in a healthy way. If you are the target of another driver’s rage, do everything possible to get away from the other driver safely, including avoiding eye contact and getting out of their way.
1. The first sentence in Para. 1 implies that ______.| A．Road Rage has received much media coverage in the last few months |
| B．the media created the term“RoadRage”only a few months ago |
| C．one may be angered by media reports and wants to avoid them |
| D．people not interested in the media know little about recent happenings |
| A．relieve | B．cause | C．spread | D．prevent |
| A．Talking while driving. | B．Driving at high speed. |
| C．Shouting at another driver. | D．Sounding the horn when passing |
| A．tell people how to deal with Road Rage |
| B．inform people how aggressive drivers could be |
| C．show people how to control themselves when angry |
| D．warn people against eye contact with another driver |
【推荐2】Raise your hand if you've had your Smartphone stolen. According to the Federal Communication Commission（FCC.），the phone theft rate for the year 2013 is estimated to be about 369 per 100，000 individuals﹣with a higher rate in cities. The solution to that problem starts at home﹣with you. While 36 percent of Smartphone owners secure their phonic with a four﹣digit code，just 11 percent used a code longer than four digits，a password，or an unlock pattern；fully a thrice of those surveyed took none forth listed security measures at all.
Improved security can definitely helpdeterthefts. In cases where users set no password，it's quite easy to erase a phone and turn it around on the black market. While simple four﹣digit pass codes can help slow that process down，they are mathematically much cashier to crack（破解）than longer，more complicated passwords.
Technological measures have agreeably begun in the making process：Apple，lord example，introduced a feature which prevents someone from disabling the Find My aphonic service，erasing the device，or react. inviting an erased device. In the six months after that upstate，thefts of phones decreased by around a quarter in New York，San Francisco and London. Were everybody to set a strafing password on their devices﹣or work device makers to re. curie. Lasers to set a pass code，rather than merely suggesting it. it would be considerably harder tore thieves to resell those phonics elsewhere. Though. much as with cars，it wouldn't necessarily stop insolents where smart phones are taken apart.
The FCC，is asking that device makers better educate consumers about the anti﹣theft measures available on their devices. Really，it's a matter of common sense：just as you wouldn't leave your house unlocked﹣especially if you lived in an urban area﹣you shouldn't walk around with an unprotected phone. Because these days. the amulet oversensitive and personal information you keep in your phone may actually be more valuable than what you leave in your house. So，for your own sake，fire up that Smartphone and set a secure pass code，and do it right now.
1. Which of the following can be the FCC's conclusion?| A．More smart bones are stolen in cities than in the countryside. |
| B．Smartphone's should be put at home so that they won't be stolen. |
| C．About 400 smart phones were stolen in cities in 2013. |
| D．A four﹣digit codec is the best way to scurf your Smartphone. |
| A．Commit. | B．Discourage. |
| C．Investigate. | D．Report |
| A．it won't be possibly for stolen smart phonics to be sold |
| B．users have to set a pass Coclé before using a Smartphone |
| C．there will be fewer thefts of smart phonics |
| D．the stolen smart phones will be almost Listless |
| A．houses can usually be unlocked in the countryside |
| B．people should buy more expensive snort phones |
| C．personal or valuable information should be kept in the Smartphone |
| D．phone nacres are expected to play their part in preventing pone thefts |
| A．To advise securing smartphones. |
| B．To advertise an Apple product. |
| C．To condemn smartphone thefts. |
| D．To tell us the result of a survey. |
【推荐3】The coronavirus pandemic(冠状病毒流行病)is a terrible crisis, of course. But it also presents an opportunity to change the way that research is conducted and shared. The way that researchers respond to COVED-19 right now can serve as a blueprint for that future. Scientists publishing data, ideas and information relating to the coronavirus pandemic on ResearchGate, a professional network that advocates open research, push against the old patterns of scientific culture.
Researchers are far more likely to post early — stage research on the websites than we've traditionally seen in other industries. We're seeing people publish shorter, briefer content, and more figures. It's really exciting to see researchers upload more and more preprints(预印本).The urgency of this crisis encourages the global community of researchers to share more freely and work across industries, even as borders remain closed.
The way that research is confirmed and shared hasn't changed much over the past decades, or perhaps the last century. We still rely on mysterious systems of peer review(同行评审)and the in- person conference is still a main means of knowledge exchange. The COVED-19 crisis is challenging both: one reason is that it is too slow (it can take six to nine months for a scientist's primary results to be peer-reviewed and appear in a journal), and the other, it is no longer safe. We need to try new ways to do things, in real time, and the ideas that work in this time of crisis will serve us well in the future.
At ResearchgGate, we constantly work to improve scientific productivity to enable much-needed breakthroughs. This crisis encourages us to do our best to support researchers in becoming more efficient and more open. We need to connect with all the actors in science to further this change: funders, publishers, institutions and even nations need to come together and reimagine what science could be and how it could drive the development of better societies.
The future of science is surely international, interdisciplinary (跨学科的)and open. Through the COVID-19. efforts from some organizations stand out as leading the way, in bringing national donors, charities and companies together to solve problems. There are also many examples of interdisciplinary and international cooperation that give us hope for advancing a new culture of science. ResearchGate's own COVLD-19 community page is designed to encourage interdisciplinary cooperation during the coronavirus pandemic.
The tools that we develop through the COVID-19 crisis must equip us to work together across borders to face future crises. Our collective (共同的)actions in the face of climate change, for instance, have been inadequate so far. Let's use this crisis to learn how to make science better, and let's continue these efforts beyond the crisis, together. This moment is an opportunity to pave new paths that we'll follow tomorrow.
1. What can we learn from Paragraph 2?| A．Scientists often publish unfinished reports |
| B．Scientists have worked across borders during the crisis. |
| C．Scientists share their research results more freely now |
| D．Current research cannot meet the needs of dealing with the crisis |
| A．It can consume a large amount of time |
| B．It is a rare way of knowledge exchange |
| C．It will play an important role in the future |
| D．It is helpful in protecting significant research results |
| A．Scientists will make great progress in medicine. |
| B．Scientific reports will be produced more quickly |
| C．It will value interdisciplinary and international cooperation |
| D．Large institutions will lead the way in scientific breakthrough |
| A．How does science affect our life? |
| B．How is COVID-19 changing science |
| C．The role of science in conquering the COVID-19 crisis |
| D．The tools that we develop through the COVID-19 crisis |
