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Could a sudden sharp increase in the size and variety of ancient life have been linked to dramatic changes deep inside the Earth? About 550 million years ago, in the Cambrian (寒武纪)period of prehistory so many new animals appeared that the event is referred to as the “Cambrian explosion”. Scientists have long wondered what triggered the change, after billions of years in which life was mostly extremely small. Now it seems that the formation of Earth’s inner core—a solid iron ball at the centre of Earth—was crucial.
The inner core lies about 3,000 miles below Earth’s surface and is 1,500 miles across. It is surrounded by a liquid-metal outer core and is slowly growing as the liquid metal cools. Heat from the inner core powers swirling (旋转)movements in the liquid layer, which create a strong magnetic field (磁场)around Earth—a barrier that protects life by blocking harmful particles from outer space.
The magnetism-driving inner core seems to be a recent arrival, however. In 2019 a team led by Professor John Tarduno at the University of Rochester, New York, Us, analysed chemicals in ancient rocks from Quebec Canada, which trap a record of the magnetic field at the moment they formed. The team found that 565 million years ago, Earth’s magnetism had less than 10% of its strength today. This suggests that the swirling of liquid metal, which had always produced a protective magnetic force, was growing weak.
Now, further work has shown that the field’s strength started to recover just before the Cambrian explosion—almost certainly driven by the newly formed inner core providing a fresh power source. It seems highly likely that the two events are somehow linked.
“I don’t think that the return of Earth’s magnetic field and the subsequent explosion of life on Earth can be unconnected” says Tarduno. Working out the exact nature of the connection, however, will need a lot more scientific research.
1. What does the underlined word “triggered” in Paragraph 1 mean?A.Restricted. | B.Avoided. | C.Caused. | D.Slowed. |
A.The inner core’s features. | B.The inner core’s structure. |
C.The inner core’s motion. | D.The inner core’s development. |
A.Earth’s magnetism was very weak 565 million years ago. |
B.The inner core acts as a barrier against harmful particles. |
C.Ancient rocks’ chemicals save a record of the magnetic field. |
D.The field’s strength started to weaken before the Cambrian explosion. |
A.Causes of the explosion of ancient life. |
B.Evidence for the exact character of the link. |
C.Research methods adopted by Tarduno-led team. |
D.Explanations for the return of Earth’s magnetic field. |
相似题推荐
Pairing the cameras with custom software, the company can track what each audience member is feeling at any point in the movie, from anger to joy.
Test screening are highly valued in the movie industry.
But for those who are concerned about privacy, the cameras won’t be installed in public cinemas.
A.In reality, not all of the people are content with the effect of the movies. |
B.This works by mapping 68 different points on each audience member’s face. |
C.And several well-known movies have been greatly changed following feedback. |
D.The special cameras in public cinemas easily go wrong and often fail to work. |
E.After all, unless you’re part of a test audience, being in front of the cameras is best left to the movie stars. |
F.But it seems that even regular moviegoers like us have a big impact on how a movie turns out too. |
G.Test audience members are usually asked to fill in a questionnaire after a screening, telling the film studio what they liked and didn’t like. |
【推荐2】Despite being one of the most famous and frequented attractions in the United States,
We don’t really know how old it is
It has long been believed that the Colorado River began carving the Grand Canyon about 6 million years ago,
Of all Grand Canyon facts, this one is pretty cool—no word-play intended. Sudden changes in altitude have an enormous impact on temperature and rainfall, so the weather you are experiencing could differ dramatically, depending on where you are in the Grand Canyon. The coldest, wettest weather station in the region is the Bright Angel Ranger Station on the North Rim, while the hottest (and one of the driest) is just 8 miles away at Phantom Ranch.
There are lots of fossils in the area
While the dinosaur might have missed out on seeing the Grand Canyon, lots of other fossils have been found.
Fish are relatively uncommon in the area
Prior to modern flood control measures, the Colorado River provided a uniquely difficult habitat for fish, with heavy mud with small rocks, frequent floods, and temperatures ranging from extreme heat in summer to sub-freezing in winter. Consequently, only eight fish species are native to the Grand Canyon,
A.but a 2012 study contained a real shocker |
B.and many other species are found outside this area. |
C.and six of them are found nowhere outside of the Colorado River. |
D.The weather in the Grand Canyon is really cool. |
E.This indicates that other creatures frequented the location. |
F.The Grand Canyon creates its own weather. |
G.Grand Canyon National Park still holds some surprises. |
【推荐3】About ten men in every hundred suffer from color blindness in some way. Women are luckier; only about one in two hundred is affected in this matter. Perhaps, after all, it is safer to be driven by a woman!
There are different forms of color blindness. In some cases a man may not be able to see deep red. He may think that red, orange and yellow are all shadows of green. Sometimes a person cannot tell the difference between blue and green. In rare cases an unlucky man may see everything in shades of green -- a strange world indeed.
Color blindness in human beings is a strange thing to explain. In a single eye there are millions of very small things called "cones". These help us to see in a bright light and to tell the difference between colors. There are also millions of "rods", but these are used for seeing when it is near dark. They show us shape but no color.
Some insects have favorite colors. Mosquitoes (蚊子) prefer blue to yellow. A red light will not attract insects, but a blue lamp will. In a similar way human beings also have favorite colors. Yet we are lucky. With the aid of the cones in our eyes we can see many beautiful colors by day, and with the aid of the rods we can see shapes at night. One day we may even learn more about the invisible (看不见的) colors around us.
1. The passage is mainly about______ .A.color and its surprising effects. |
B.women being luckier than men. |
C.danger caused by color blindness. |
D.color blindness. |
A.tell different shapes. |
B.see in a weak light. |
C.kill mosquitoes. |
D.tell orange from yellow. |
A.Women are more careful. |
B.There are fewer color-blind women. |
C.Women are fonder of driving than men. |
D.Women are weaker but quicker in thinking. |
A.red light. | B.yellow light . | C.blue light. | D.green light. |
【推荐1】The brain has a powerful ability to remember and connect events separated in time. And now, in that new study in mice published in Neuron, scientists at Columbia’s Zuckerman Institute have cast light on how the brain can form lasting links.
The hippocampus—a small, seahorse-shaped region buried deep in the brain—is an important headquarters for learning and memory. Previous experiments in mice showed that disruption (中断) to the hippocampus leaves the animals with trouble learning to associate two events separated by tens of seconds.
“The traditional view has been that cells in the hippocampus keep up a level of continuous activity to associate such events,” said Dr. Ahmed, co-first author of the study. “Turning these cells off would thus disrupt learning.”
To test this view, the researchers imaged parts of the hippocampus of mice as the animals were exposed to two different stimuli (刺激物): a neutral (神经的) sound followed by a small but unpleasant puff of air. A fifteen-second delay separated the two events. The scientists repeated this experiment across several trials. Over time, the mice learned to associate the sound with the soon-to-follow puff of air. Using advanced microscopy, they recorded the activity of thousands of neurons (神经元) , a type of brain cell, in the animals’ hippocampus over the course of each trial for many days.
“We expected to see continuous neural activity that lasted during the fifteen-second gap, an indication of the hippocampus at work linking the auditory sound and the air puff,” said computational neuroscientist Stefano Fusi, PhD. “But when we began to analyze the data, we saw no such activity.” Instead, the neural activity recorded during the fifteen-second time gap was sparse (稀少的). Only a small number of neurons worked, and they did so seemingly at random.
To understand activity, they had to shift the way they analyzed data and use tools designed to make sense of random processes. Finally, the researchers discovered a complex pattern in the randomness: a style of mental computing that seems to be a remarkably efficient way that neurons store information.
“We were happy to see that the brain doesn’t maintain ongoing activity over all these seconds because that’s not the most efficient way to store information,” said Dr. Ahmed. “The brain seems to have a more efficient way to build this bridge.”
In addition to helping to map the circuitry involved in associative learning, these findings also provide a starting point to more deeply explore disorders, such as panic and post-traumatic stress disorder.
1. What can we learn about the hippocampus?A.It weakens with the memory decline. |
B.It is a brain region crucial for memory. |
C.It serves as a tool of learning languages. |
D.It is involved in the visual area of the brain. |
A.continuous activity happens as expected |
B.no neurons stay active at intervals of 15 seconds |
C.a complex pattern helps the brain learn associations |
D.neuronal information is stored in well-designed tools |
A.inspire deeper explorations of disorders |
B.provide evidence for language learning |
C.build a bridge between different parts of the brain |
D.help map some aspects of a person’s experiences |
【推荐2】The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent (程度), the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been shaped by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight (轻微的). Only in the present century has one species—man got significant power to change the nature of his world.
During the past quarter century this power has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man’s assaults (侵犯) upon the environment is the contamination (污染) of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even deadly materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable. In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the wicked partners of radiation (辐射) in changing the very nature of the world, the very nature of its life.
It took hundreds of millions of years to produce the life that now lives on the earth. Given time not in years but in millennia (千年), life adjusted and a balance has been reached. But in the modern world there is no time.
I don’t mean that chemical insecticides (杀虫剂) must never be used. However, we have to admit that we have put poisonous and biologically harmful chemicals indiscriminately (恣意地) into the hands of persons largely or wholly ignorant of their possible harm. We have forced enormous numbers of people to contact these poisons, without their permission and often without their knowledge. We admit, furthermore, that we have allowed these chemicals to be used with little or no advance investigation of their effect on soil, water, wildlife, and man himself. Future generations are unlikely to forgive our lack of concern for the integrity (完好无损) of the natural world that supports all life.
1. What does the underlined word “modified” in the first paragraph mean?A.destroy | B.change | C.explore | D.maintain |
A.chemicals | B.radiation | C.insecticides | D.vegetation |
A.Chemicals must not be used for the sake of the environment. |
B.The environment is greatly affected by vegetation and animals. |
C.The future generations are likely to lack concern for the environment. |
D.The pollution of the environment is largely due to irresponsible humans. |
A.What humans should do with chemicals for future generations. |
B.How the environment affects the living things on the earth. |
C.What kind of chemicals are less harmful to the environment. |
D.How we humans make the best of chemicals to save the earth. |
【推荐3】Many airlines overbook their flights — meaning they sell more tickets than there are seats on the plane. But why do they do it, and what happens to passengers who arrive at the airport only to learn that their seats are already taken?
Like any business, airlines want to make money. So, they try to fill as many seats on each plane as possible. After all, empty seats are a financial loss on airlines.
Airlines look at data from past flights to predict the number of expected “no-shows”, passengers who canceled their flight, don’t show up or arrive late because of the connecting flights. For example, if the data shows that eight people normally don’t show up for flights from New York to Los Angeles, the airline might sell eight extra tickets.
However, the airlines sometimes get their numbers wrong. If there are too many people and not enough seats, the airline may ask passengers to volunteer to take a later flight for compensation (赔偿) — which might include money, travel vouchers (优惠券), free meals and hotel rooms. Some airlines have offered as much as $10,000 to get people to volunteer. However, if there are no volunteers, airlines may have to make passengers give up their seats. This is called “bumping”.
Although there’s no exact science, it’s often the lowest fares that get bumped to the next flight first. This means those flying business class or first class are highly unlikely to be bumped. Airlines have also admitted to bumping people based on the time of check — in arriving last minute is not recommended. Certain groups are less likely to be denied boarding due to overbooking, such as frequent flyers, the elderly, families with young children and people with disabilities.
In the US, if a bumped passenger is able to arrive at their destination less than an hour late using another flight, no compensation is required by law — although airlines may offer some. If they arrive over two hours late, the law requires that they be given 400% of the one-way ticket price, up to a total of $1,550.
1. How do airlines determine the number of extra tickets?A.By analyzing the passengers’ loyalty. |
B.By checking the number of unsold seats. |
C.By checking the passengers’ information. |
D.By analyzing the previous number of no-shows. |
A.Every airline sells more tickets than the seats on the plane. |
B.Airlines always bump people based on the time of check-in. |
C.The volunteers who take a later flight may get $10,000 as compensation. |
D.The airlines sell eight extra tickets for flights from New York to Los Angeles. |
A.A couple with a baby. | B.A man flying business class. |
C.An old man in the wheelchair. | D.A young lady arriving last minute. |
A.What Is the Best Time to Check-in? |
B.What if You Are Late for Your Flight? |
C.Why Do Airlines Overbook Their Flights? |
D.How Could You Get Compensation from Airlines? |