Culture is a broad term that involves the symbols, languages, and materials associated with a society. It includes material elements, such as clothing, technology, and housing as well as nonmaterial elements, such as gestures and behavioral norms. Since culture is so broad and humans experience the world in a wide variety of ways, under a general cultural umbrella often exist many subcultures.
There are a number of subcultures in the United States. If the analogy(类比) of a melting pot is applied to American culture, subcultures might be the individual ingredients in the soup. They are in the same container but have characteristics that distinguish them from one another. Some elements might be similar, and others might provide contrast. Subcultures exist within the dominant culture of a society.
Some of the primary values that define the dominant American culture are individualism, competition, and a hearty work ethic. How is a subculture distinguished from the dominant culture? It is part of the main culture, but its members share one or more common differences. Those differences may be due to shared experiences, customs, traits, or preferences, among other things.
Some subcultures are identified by certain qualifiers such as shared race and ethnicity. Others may form around hobbies. Some subcultures are cultivated in opposition to elements of the dominant culture. Oppositional subcultures may be called countercultures. Subcultures can be distinct, with specific definitions and rules. Others are flexible with liminal memberships.
Subcultures in America range from the ubiquitous to the obscure. Members of a subculture typically share common beliefs or lifestyles and sometimes incorporate shared clothing styles. Participation in a subculture might be flexible and temporary or strictly observed. One example of subcultures in America is the punk subculture which developed in the 1970s and continues to evolve. Early participants in punk rock culture rejected mainstream cultural influences, including politics, fashion, and stage rock and disco music. The stereotypical characteristics of them include distressed clothing, studded leather, combat boots, and colorfully dyed hair.
1. Why melting pot is mentioned in the passage?A.To explain how subcultures coexist. |
B.To explain why subcultures exist in America. |
C.To show that there are more subcultures than dominant culture in America. |
D.To indicate that all cultures in America become alike because of communication. |
A.A subculture can be formed based on shared preferences |
B.Members of dominant culture have shared race and ethnicity |
C.All subcultures have their liminal memberships |
D.There is uniform aesthetic for members of subculture |
A.Likeable. | B.Annoying | C.Flexible. | D.Fixed |
A.Negative. | B.Objective. | C.Uninterested. | D.Favorable |
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【推荐1】Despite common concerns that the social is competitive, cooperation (合作) among strangers has gradually increased in the U.S. since the 1950s, according to the research published by the American Psychological Association.
“We were surprised by our findings that Americans became more cooperative over the last six decades because many people believe U.S. society is becoming less socially connected and less trusting,” said lead researcher Yu Kou, PhD, a professor of social psychology at Beijing Normal University.
The researchers analyzed 511 studies conducted in the United States between 1956 and 2017 with a total of more than 63,000 participants(参与者). Those studies included lab experiments measuring cooperation among strangers. The study found a small, gradual increase in cooperation across the 61-year period, which the researchers said may be linked to great changes in U.S. society. The increase in cooperation was related with increases in social wealth, income inequality and the number of people living alone.
Increased cooperation has been linked with market competitiveness and economic growth in former research. As more people live in cities and on their own, they may be forced to cooperate with strangers, said study co-author Paul Van Lange, PhD. He said, “U.S. society may have become more self-centered, but people have not.”
The researchers note that former studies have found that levels of cooperation do not differ by sex or race in the U.S. However, the studies were conducted in lab settings primarily with only college students as participants, so the findings may not be representative (代表性的) of real-life situations or of U.S. society as a whole.
1. How did the researchers draw the conclusion?A.By doing street surveys. |
B.By conducting lab experiments. |
C.By analyzing collected examples. |
D.By interviewing different strangers. |
A.The finding was predicted. |
B.The data before 1956 could not be found. |
C.The cause for the increase in cooperation was not clear at all. |
D.Increase in cooperation was connected with many fields of society. |
A.A magazine. |
B.A newspaper. |
C.A diary. |
D.A website. |
A.Conducting more experiments in the real-life situations. |
B.Finding the period when cooperation among strangers increased. |
C.Making sure levels of cooperation may be different by sex or race in the U.S. |
D.Discovering the connection between increase in cooperation and changes in U.S. society. |
But an equally key figure is co-founder Isao Takahata, who has recently made a new feature, The Tale of Princess Kagnya. It is an unforgettable feature with an unusual hand-drawn aesthetic(美感).
The title character is a tiny baby girl who appears in a bamboo plant. She is found by a woodcutter, who takes her home and brings her up. He believes the little girl is a princess, and sets about preparing what he regards as a suitable world for her.
This original story is the oldest work of fiction in Japan; every child knows it in its simplified folktale form.
“It is a fascinating story with elements of wonder, humour, and sorrow,’’ Takahata says, “but these three elements are scattered(分散)about.” The chief challenge for anyone trying to adapt it is that “we are completely unable to comprehend what was in the heart of Princess Kaguya. Because of this, despite its being well known, few people consider it interesting. There have been several attempts at making a film out of the story, but they ended up being abandoned.”
He was connected with one of these attempts, but no one paid any attention to his concept.
“Fifty-five years later, I thought my concept was still appealing, and used it as a basis for turning the story into a feature film.”
His concept involves the princess’s origins, her expectations and her access to “the full range of human emotions”.
To realize his vision, Takahata says, “I needed to take the extremely individualistic brushwork and key designs of Osamu Tanabe and Kazuo Oga, two brilliantly talented artists, and have them permeate(扩散)throughout the film. The two of them drew many pictures, but they weren’t nearly enough. The most challenging part was to have all the other animation staff copy their styles in a free and easy way.”
The Tale of Princess Kaguya has been released, and people are saying that the two founders, now in their seventies, have directed their final films. But is it as clear-cut as that? When I ask Takahata about a scene of escape and urgency with a particularly distinctive (独特的) visual style, he says he had intended to use “this type of rough-drawn, forceful animation, in a project before this film.
“That project hasn’t been realized yet, but if it comes to pass, this style is essential.”
A hint, perhaps, there's still more to come.
1. Which of the following choices has got the right match?
①Hayao Miyazaki | a. one of the founders of Studio Ghibli |
② Isao Takahata | b. fictional character |
③ Kazuo Oga | c. famous artist |
④ Princess Kaguya | d. animation staff member of The Tale of Princess Kaguya |
A.① d | B.② a | C.③ b | D.④ c |
A.Because people are in the dark about the feelings of Princess Kaguya. |
B.Because the story itself offers a combination of wonder, humour and sorrow. |
C.Because the story is too old to appeal to the audience nowadays. |
D.Because every Japanese has been familiar with the story ever since childhood |
A.more details about the Princess’s origins and expectations |
B.a forceful animation type featuring fine images and gentle brushwork |
C.the distinctive brushwork and key designs from two gifted artists |
D.a hand-drawn visual effect that brings out a unique sense of beauty |
【推荐3】The researchers say a person loses two months for every kilogram overweight they are — and seven years for smoking a packet of cigarettes a day.
Unusually, a team from the University of Edinburgh found their answers by researching differences in people’s genetic code or DNA. Finally they thought they would show new ways of helping us to live longer.
The group used the DNA of more than 600,000 people who are taking part in a natural experiment. If someone smokes, drinks, drops out of school and is overweight, it can be difficult to find out the impact of one specific unhealthy behavior.
Instead, the researchers turned to the natural experiment. Some people carry mutations(变异) in their DNA that increase appetite or make them more likely to put on weight, so researchers were able to compare those programmed to eat more with those who were not. The research team also found specific mutations in human DNA that could change lifespans(寿命).
·Mutations is a gene that is involved in running the immune system(免疫系统) could add seven months of life on average.
·People with a mutation that increased levels of bad cholesterol knocked eight months off lifespans.
·A rare mutation in a gene — APOE — related to dementia reduced lifespans by 11 months.
·And one that made smoking more attractive cut lives by five months.
Dr Joshi says that while genes do influence lifespans, you’ve got even more influence through the choices you make. Dr Joshi said, “We hope to discover genes affecting lifespans to give us new information about ageing and construct treatment for ageing.”
There are also some disease mutations that clearly affect lifespans and bring destructive effect for people, such as the Huntington’s gene. People with Huntington’s even die in their 20s.
However, in order to follow people until the end of their lives, many of the people studied were born before 1940.
1. What is difficult for the researchers to find out?A.The differences in people’s DNA. |
B.The reasons why people put on weight very easily. |
C.The results of many natural and massive experiments. |
D.One bad behavior’s effect on people with many bad behaviors. |
A.One related to controlling the immune system. |
B.One increasing unhealthy cholesterol. |
C.One called APOE involved in dementia. |
D.One making smoking more attractive. |
A.To help stop mutations. |
B.To find diseases earlier. |
C.To make people live longer. |
D.To reduce the effects of genes. |
A.To follow them until they die. |
B.To teach them to lose weight. |
C.To show they are more important. |
D.To make them live happier. |
【推荐1】Many foreigners find that one of the most interesting parts of Chinese culture is food. Foods that are normal in China like chicken feet and duck tongue, are often very strange to foreigners. In fact, some of the biggest culture shocks are the kinds of animals that are eaten.
I was once invited to a special meal in China. When I arrived at the meal, I was happy to eat everything that was given to me. I did not want to be rude. I ate a meat dish that tasted rather strange, but I still wolfed(狼吞虎咽地吃)it all down. After the meal to my great surprise, I was told that I had eaten a dog. In European countries, it is a very strange idea to eat a dog. My Chinese friends explained that the dog meat is very useful for warming the body during winter and is often eaten in the north of China.
In England we call dogs “man’s best friend”. It would be against the law to eat a dog in England. In China, it is a big shock when we hear of people eating dogs, or, as I did, end up eating them ourselves.
1. What do many foreigners think of Chinese food?A.Interesting. | B.Unusual. |
C.Delicious. | D.Expensive. |
A.Because the author was hungry. |
B.Because the author had eaten a dog. |
C.Because the author wanted to show respect. |
D.Because the author liked the food very much. |
A.is against the law to a certain degree |
B.is quite popular in the south of China |
C.can make people feel warm in cold weather |
D.can make people get used to living with dogs |
A.Man’s Best Friend | B.Living in England |
C.A Culture Shock | D.Chinese Dog Meal |
【推荐2】Symptoms of Culture Shock and Their Stages
Like any new experience, there’s a feeling of euphoria (兴高采烈) when you first arrive in a new country and you’re in awe of the differences you see and experience.
The Distress Stage
Everything you’re experiencing no longer feels new; in fact, it’s starting to feel like a thick wall that’s preventing you from experiencing things. You feel confused, alone, and realize that the familiar support systems are not easily available.
Re-integration Stage
During this stage, you start refusing to accept the differences you meet.
Autonomy Stage
This is the first stage of acceptance. It’s the emergence stage when you start to rise above the clouds and finally begin to feel like yourself again. You start to accept the differences and feel like you can begin to live with them.
Independence Stage
A.You are yourself again! |
B.You feel excited, stimulated, and enriched. |
C.You feel more confident and better able to handle any problems that may arise. |
D.You are still what you are and there is no change at all. |
E.You are like a baby. |
F.You’re angry, frustrated, and even feel hostile (敌对的) to those around you. |
【推荐3】If he is in a tight spot, says Trouble Kalua, people mention his name, asking, “What do you expect?” Shortly before his birth in Malawi, his father had lost his job as a bus conductor, making the family even poorer. Then the baby nearly died. “This boy is trouble,” his father said. “His name is Trouble.”
Across Africa names can have a story behind them. Yewande, for instance, is a Yoruba name meaning “mother has paid me a visit”, given when an older female relative dies just before a girl is born. Kiptanui may suggest at a difficult birth for mothers who speak one of the Kalenjin group of languages in Kenya.
But southern Africa stands out for nominative (提名) creativity, at least when it comes to English names.
Ask Zimbabweans about their school friends and you will hear different registers: Lovemore, Hopewell, Innocence, Patience, Knowledge, Fortune, Brilliant. A Malawian (himself Golden) lists friends named Goodfriday, Wisdom and Iron.
In Zimbabwe children were long given African names with meaning. This practice switched after British colonization (殖民), when having an English name was seen as a way of getting ahead. Names may refer to conditions around the birth, a quality parents see in the child, an aspiration (期望) for them or even for the country.
Under white rule some children were called Democracy, Freedom or, allegedly, Polling Station. Other names suggested progress. One venture capitalist recalls school friends named Computer.
Names, and the language they are in, reflect changing times, too. In Zimbabwe, whose economy is falling down, one comes across people named No Money. In many places African names are supplanting (取代) English ones. In recent years in South Africa, Enzokuhle (“to do good” in Xhosa), has become one of the most popular names, perhaps inspired by a popular song, “Enzo”.
It may be that names such as Salad Nthenda will become relics. The Malawian, whose mother ate lots of vegetables when pregnant (怀孕的), says his “name felt good from day one”. He loves the “uniqueness”. Although he is teased at times, he does not care.
1. How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1?A.By sharing a story. | B.By comparing facts. |
C.By reporting findings. | D.By presenting figures. |
A.Yewande. | B.Kiptanui. |
C.Freedom. | D.Enzokuhle. |
A.Interesting. | B.Meaningless. |
C.Important. | D.Special. |
A.Stories Behind Some Names |
B.Some Strange Names in Southern Africa |
C.Names in Southern Africa Are Both Creative and Meaningful |
D.One’s Name Is Closely Connected with Its Country’s History |