Born on her family’s farm in Ray, North Dakota, Mary Sherman Morgan had been helping her father with farm work before she could attend the small-town schoolhouse. Being a few years behind didn’t hold her back and she graduated from high school with honors. Aware of her intelligence, she ran away from Ray to attend Minot State University as a chemistry major, where her skill was evident.
The outbreak of World War II resulted in a national shortage of chemists and scientists. In spite of the fact that she was still a student and a woman, she was offered a job as a chemical analyst due to her talents, producing explosives(爆炸物)for the wartime effort. She put her degree on hold and moved to Ohio, taking on the dangerous job of analyzing unstable chemicals to produce weapons.
After the war ended there was a fall in demand for explosives, so she made a move to the field of aeronautics, moving to California to work for NAA(North American Aviation). The only woman out of 900 engineers, she was soon promoted to a role which involved calculating the performance of rocket propellants(推进剂)and designing speciality fuels to work with different engines. However, never having returned to complete her degree, she was not afforded the rank or higher pay of an engineer, even though she had all the skills and knowledge of one.
Her experience with propellants meant that when NAA was tasked to find a fuel capable of lifting the redesigned Redstone missiles into space, Mogan was appointed technical lead on the project. National pride was on the line, so Morgan set about investigating fuels. After countless trails, she finally designed her own mixture, which was named Hydyne.
Hydyne tested well with the Redstone missiles and subsequently other aircraft(飞行器), such as Jupiter-C rockets, proving to be a quick solution to getting to space without a total rocket redesign. The fuel made the first successful US satellite launch possible, even if Morgan silently slipped away from her success, retiring to focus on her family and leaving her chemistry career behind.
1. What do we know about Mary?A.She attended school while helping with farm work. |
B.She was offered a job as a chemistry analyst after graduation. |
C.She shifted her working focus as the domestic demand changed. |
D.She launched the first US satellite before retiring from her career. |
A.Analyzing chemicals. | B.Producing explosives. |
C.Mixing and saving fuels. | D.Designing and building aircraft. |
A.Her discovery of Hydyne. | B.Her rank as an engineer. |
C.Her special knowledge in fuels. | D.Her sense of national pride. |
A.Caring and determined. | B.Courageous and creative. |
C.Intelligent but sensitive. | D.Accomplished but proud. |
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【推荐1】Getting into science is often difficult for some kids, It’s something Ahmed Muhammad learned quickly while babysitting his niece and nephew.
Muhammad is an 18-year-old senior from California. who attends Oakland Tech High school. One day he asked his niece and nephew if they wanted to do science, and he was upset by their reaction.
“Whenever I babysit them, we do things like playing chess, playing video games, or watching TV or whatever. When I tried to do science with them, they were like, No, I hate science. I’m bad at it.” It was that moment that fueled Muhammad to create his nonprofit called “Kits Cubed” with a mission to introduce kids to science through fun, affordable and accessible means.
“I went into my room and I pulled out some science books. Then I went online and did some research and was able to design some science experiments for them to do at home. The materials were composed of fairly cheap stuff we have around the house, and they loved it” Muhammad said.
After witnessing their joy, he realized other children could benefit from it as well. “Having noticed the long-standing absence of science experiments in our school, I really feel like well need some science kits in the hands of kids,” Muhammad said.
That’s when he took the $200 he had saved to create a website and began creating science kits to sell, and eventually donated the earnings to kids in need. “I had enough money to make the website and enough to put together like 10 or 15 kits. My initial goal was the joy that my niece and nephew felt. I wanted it to get to as many kids as possible,” Muhammad said.
Muhammad, who has been accepted to Stanford University, is just thrilled he was able to help change his niece and his nephew’s opinion of science while inspiring others as well.
1. What is the main pursuit of Kits Cubed?A.To solve the absence of science at school. |
B.To promote acceptance of scientific spirit. |
C.To provide free access to household stuff. |
D.To set in motion kids’ passion for science. |
A.Online research he carried out about materials. |
B.Enjoyable reactions he observed from the kids. |
C.Science books he published about experiments. |
D.Science fairs he participated in at his own school. |
A.It targeted at kids aged from 10 to 15. |
B.It received donations for kids in need. |
C.It was primarily funded by local school. |
D.It initially profited from sales of science kits. |
A.Composed. | B.Childlike. | C.Charitable. | D.Cooperative. |
【推荐2】Earlier this month, 6-year-old Isaac went on vacation to Fort Walton, Florida, with his family. While they were there, his mother Garrett learned about LuLu, a restaurant that offers food to customers with food allergies(过敏).
At LuLu, Isaac could eat a salad and a bowl of chicken soup with rice. “Isaac looked at me as if asking, ‘Is this OK?’ ” Garrett said. Once his mom gave the OK, Isaac enjoyed for the first time the experience of eating at a restaurant. “That look on his face was like, ‘This is the coolest thing I’ve ever done,’ ” Garrett added.
Garrett and her family rarely eat out because of Isaac’s food allergies. When they do, she cooks something for Isaac at home before they leave and brings it with her to the restaurant. “It’s not fun and it feels unfair,” she said.
Their night at LuLu marked a celebration for Isaac. Garrett shared the moment on the restaurant’s Facebook page. “Thank you from the bottom of my heart for giving Isaac this wonderful experience,” she wrote in her post.
Barnett, the restaurant’s manager, said, “When customers tell the staff that someone in their group has a food allergy, I assist with the order by passing it to the kitchen, ensuring it’s cooked in a separate station and delivering the finished food to the guests. We have been improving this process over the past ten years since our allergy program was started.”
On Garrett’s Facebook post, LuLu thanked Garrett for sharing her story. “Thank you for sharing your experience with us,” the restaurant wrote in a comment, “We are excited to see your son so happy!” Garrett is hoping her post’s popularity will persuade other restaurants to be more considerate. “LuLu takes it seriously as we take it – nothing could make us happier than that,” she said.
1. What does the underlined word “This” in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Eating chicken soup with rice. |
B.Eating at a restaurant. |
C.Eating with her mom. |
D.Being on vacation with her family. |
A.He will personally assist with the order. |
B.He will deliver the menu to them. |
C.He will introduce the allergy program. |
D.He will cook dinner in a separate station. |
A.The popularity of her post made Garrett excited. |
B.Garrett is unsatisfied with other restaurants. |
C.LuLu thanks Garrett for eating in the restaurant. |
D.Garrett hopes more restaurants will follow LuLu’s steps. |
A.A biology textbook. | B.A health magazine. |
C.A research paper. | D.A travel brochure. |
【推荐3】A Businessman ordered ten goldsmiths to make ten coins each. Each coin was to weigh exactly ten gram of pure gold.
One of the goldsmiths was a bad man. He decided to cheat. He made all his coins one gram short. Now the businessman heard that one of them had cheated. He also heard that this man had made each of his coins one gram short.
The businessman was a clever person. He took a certain number of coins from each of the smiths, weighed them together once only and found their weight to be 540 grams. This was enough for him to find out which one of the goldsmiths had cheated.
1. The word “goldsmith” means .A.a person named Smith who sells articles(物品) made of gold |
B.a thief who steal gold |
C.a worker who makes articles of gold |
D.a person who works for the man named Smith |
A.looking each man in the eye |
B.weighing one coin after another |
C.weighing coins |
D.asking who hadn't made coins according to his request |
A.fifty | B.fifty-four | C.fifth-five | D.sixty |
A.first | B.sixth | C.ninth | D.tenth |
【推荐1】Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The micro-organisms from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution. “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than ‘Are you working towards your goal?’. Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and… it’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
1. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?A.They lead to air pollution. | B.They are hard to get rid of. |
C.They damage the instruments. | D.They appear in different forms. |
A.To strengthen teacher-student relationships. | B.To sharpen students’ communication skills. |
C.To allow students to experience zero gravity. | D.To link space technology with school education. |
A.Check their product. | B.Guide project designs. |
C.Adjust work schedules. | D.Grade their homework. |
A.Nature: An Outdoor Classroom | B.NASA: The Home of Astronauts |
C.Space: The Final Homework Frontier | D.HUNCH: A College Admission Reform |
They will live in a two-story building. The ground floor is about 86 square meters, roughly the size of a small two-bedroom apartment. It includes shared areas like kitchen, dining room, bathroom, laboratory and an exercise room. The upstairs is less than half the size of the downstairs. It contains another bathroom and six small bedrooms. The building is located in an abandoned quarry(采石场)about 2,400 meters up the side of Mauna Loa, the second biggest volcano in the world. It is constantly monitored for signs of volcanic activity. NASA chose the location because the appearance looks very similar to Mars.
To make it more like being on Mars in the future, they are only able to communicate by email during the experiment. Meanwhile, there will be a 20-minute delay between the time when a message is sent and that when it is received. When they go outside, they will have to suit up in full spacesuits, just as if they were on Mars.
The commander is Martha Lenio, a 34-year-old Canadian. During the mission, she will run experiments on growing food. The other members have backgrounds in physics and so on. None of them are astronauts.
1. When will the six volunteers end their mission about mimicking life on Mars?
A.On June 15, 2015. | B.On October 15, 2015. |
C.On October 15, 2030. | D.On June 15, 2032. |
A.To monitor signs of volcanic activity. |
B.To prepare for a space mission to Mars. |
C.To train the six people to become astronauts. |
D.To study the difference between men and women. |
A.it is located near a rocket base |
B.other people can hardly find the location |
C.its landscape is so much like that of Mars |
D.it is a safe place to conduct the experiment |
A.Martha is a famous expert on agriculture. |
B.The six volunteers will be sent to Mars in 2030. |
C.All the experimental activities are done in doors. |
D.It takes about 40 minutes to get a reply to an email. |
【推荐3】The Shenzhou XVI members completed their first spacewalk on Thursday, equipping and adjusting (调整) camera devices outside the Tiangong space station, according to the China Manned Space Agency.
This was the 13th spacewalk carried out by Chinese astronauts. Mission commander Major General Jing Haipeng and spaceflight engineer Colonel Zhu Yangzhu conducted their eight-hour spacewalk and returned to the Wentian science module (舱) at 9:40 pm, the agency said in a news announcement. Professor Gui Haichao, the third member of the crew (全体工作人员) and the mission’s science payload specialist, stayed inside the space station to provide support, the news release said.
During their spacewalk, Jing and Zhu finished a series of tasks, such as fixing a support structure for an expected camera outside the Tianhe central module and unlocking and moving two expected cameras outside the Mengtian science module. Jing, who was on his fourth spaceflight, took part in a spacewalk for the first time. During the Shenzhou W mission in September 2008, which was his first spaceflight, Jing stayed inside the spaceship to assist his fellow members, Zhai Zhigang and Liu Borning, who completed China’s first spacewalk.
On Thursday afternoon, Yang Yuguang, a senior space industry observer and vice-chair of the International Astronautical Federation’s Space Transportation Committee, had said that despite this being Jing’s first spacewalk, he should have no problem in completing the operation because he is an experienced astronaut and has been mission commander three times. “Jing has known how to deal with difficult tasks and has rich experience in controlling challenging or risky situations, which will help him when he carries out the spacewalk,” Yang said.” Zhu was a teacher at the Space Engineering University before he became an astronaut, so he has expert knowledge in spacecraft engineering and operations,” Yang added.
The Shenzhou XVI crew arrived at the Tiangong space station on May 30 to take over it from their Shenzhou XV crew, who had stayed there for six months.
1. What did Professor Gui Haichao focus on during the 13th spacewalk?A.Equipping cameras. | B.Adjusting some instruments. |
C.Managing spaceship. | D.Providing support in the space station. |
A.He is good at spacewalking. |
B.He has flew four space missions. |
C.He completed the task by himself. |
D.He is the first Chinese astronaut to take a spacewalk. |
A.Astronauts need a lot of training. |
B.Jing and Zhu are highly experienced. |
C.Spacewalk is a hard operation to complete. |
D.Astronauts face impossible challenges in the mission. |
A.The Shenzhou XV mission ends with a safe return |
B.The three great astronauts of Shenzhou XVI |
C.An unforgettable experience in the Tiangong space station |
D.The Shenzhou XVI crew complete first spacewalk |
【推荐1】Nearly a week after Stephen Hawking passed away, people even in remote parts of the globe showed up in memory of this great British scientist. Mr. Hawking, best known for his study of black holes, is respected for not allowing a physical disability to limit his mental brilliance. Yet in a sign of the state of humanity, he is also being held up as a hero for humble and intense curiosity, not just for the truth about the physical universe but for universal truths.
In 2017, a Texas-based data company called Global Language Monitor found “truth” to be the “word of the year” among English-speakers. A debate over the nature of truth “is currently quite fashionable,” the company’s analysis found. Besides, two runner-up words were “narrative” and “post-truth.” And in a January report about “truth decay (衰败)”, the RAND Corporation, a research organization, found the loss of trust in key institutions has left “people searching for new sources of credible and objective information.”
In countries with a free press, journalists have gathered to fact-check comments by politicians. Harvard University now offers a free one-hour online course to help people “better distinguish good information from bad” in hopes that they will not “share the bad.” Tech giants such as Facebook are being forced to fix truth filters (过滤器) on their online platforms. A report this month for the European Commission says that the online sites “are becoming increasingly important as both enablers and gatekeepers of information.” They should reveal how their algorithms (计算程序) select news items, the report stated.
Many nations have come to see honest information as strategic wealth. “Truth matters”, says Mike Pompeo, Secretary of State. “Relying on Twitter feeds and news reports will prove totally insufficient when policymakers have to make some of the most difficult decisions they face.”
Giants of scientific discovery such as Hawking have long been role models for seeking truth beyond their profession. “In recent years I realized that Hawking has become a symbol for mankind,” says physicist Bobby Acharya. “People looked to him for reason and truth.” The tribute rolling in for the man is actually a widespread desire for light over darkness, for truth over all the “black holes” of misinformation campaigns.
1. What does the “word of the year” in 2017 suggest?A.A large number of people want solid facts. | B.Stephen Hawking is a great British scientist. |
C.People are uninterested about the nature of truth. | D.Global Language Monitor is a popular company. |
A.Provide users with valuable information. | B.Check the comments made by politicians. |
C.Avoid false information on their platforms. | D.Cooperate with the European Commission. |
A.challenge | B.admiration | C.opportunity | D.unfairness |
A.Gatekeepers of information | B.Giants of scientific discovery |
C.The impact the “word of the year” has | D.The light Stephen Hawking leaves behind |
【推荐2】More than four decades ago, British scientist Robert Edwards first witnessed the miracle of human life growing inside a test tube at his Cambridge lab. Since that ground-breaking moment, more than four million babies have been born through IVF(体外受精) and in 2010 his great contribution to science was finally recognized as he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine.
The prize for Dr. Edwards, who was given a Daily Mirror Pride of Britain Award in 2008, includes a £900,000 cheque. The Nobel Assembly described IVF as “a milestone in modern medicine”.
With the help of fellow scientist Patrick Steptoe, the Manchester-born physiologist developed IVF — leading to the birth of the world's first test tube baby. Dr. Steptoe died 10 years later but their work has transformed fertility(生育) treatment and given hope to millions of couples.
It was a scientific breakthrough that changed the lives of millions of couples. They said, “His achievements have made it possible to treat infertility, a disease which makes humans unable to have a baby. This condition has been afflicting a large percentage of mankind, including more than 10% of all couples worldwide.”
Professor Edwards, who has 5 daughters and 11 grandchildren, began his research at Cambridge University in 1963, after receiving his PhD in 1955.He once said, “The most important thing in life is having a child. Nothing is more special than a child.” With the help of fellow scientist Patrick Steptoe, Prof. Edwards founded the Bourn Hall clinic in Cambridgeshire, which now treats more than 900 women a year. Each year, more than 30, 000 women in Britain now undergo IVF and 11,000 babies are born as a result of the treatment.
But his work attracted widespread criticism from some scientists and the Catholic Church who said it was “unethical and immoral”.
Martin Johnson, professor of reproductive(生殖的) sciences at the University of Cambridge, said the award was “long overdue”. He said, “We couldn't understand why the Nobel has come so late but he is delighted — this is the cherry on the cake for him.”
Professor Edwards was too ill to give interviews but a statement released by his family said he was “thrilled and delighted”.
1. What is Robert Edwards' contribution to science?A.Challenging a disease which stops couples having a baby. |
B.Seeing the wonder of the first tube baby growing. |
C.Enabling millions of couples to live a better life. |
D.Helping couples with infertility to have test tube babies. |
A.Troubling. | B.Developing. |
C.Improving. | D.Frightening. |
A.some people envied Professor Edwards for his being awarded |
B.different opinions were voiced on Professor Edwards' work |
C.Professor Edwards deserved the prize for his breakthrough |
D.the prize was late because the finding was first considered immoral |
A.Life Stories of Robert Edwards |
B.Preparations for Having a Baby |
C.Nobel Prize for IVF Expert Edwards |
D.Treatment of Infertility in a Lab |
【推荐3】“I want to work full-time in China, honey.” An overseas call awakened the wife from sound sleep. “Why?” asked the wife with surprise, in a drowsy (昏昏欲睡的) voice, from the other side of the ocean.
In the United States, he had a great future ahead. At the age of 36, he became the youngest professor in the history of the Department of Molecular Biology at Princeton University, for his academic achievements. At 40, he became a tenured (终身的) chair professor at Princeton.
When everything seemed perfect and admirable to others, he firmly decided to say goodbye to Princeton University, to an affluent life in the United States, and return to China.
The news spread explosively. Many expressed confusion, many persuaded him, many made fun of him, and still many waited to have a good laugh at him.
He said patriotism is the plainest feeling of a person. Who doesn’t love his motherland, after all? In his heart, the American dream is already something past; the Chinese dream is rising.
After returning to China, he devoted all his energy, worked like crazy, and determined to do something big. He formed a life science research team. Every day, he works 12 to 16 hours at his laboratory.
He is Shi Yigong, nicknamed “Da Niu” (someone with extraordinary achievements) by Tsinghua students. His given name, Yigong, comes from an idiom that means “devoted to public interest whole-heartedly”. “So far as I’m concerned, awards are of no special meaning.” Shi says calmly.
In his 18 years of study in the United States, he never forgot his Chinese dream. In the next 18 years, the Chinese dream will be more beautiful and greater by the efforts of Shi Yigong and the likes of him.
1. Why was Shi determined to return to China?A.To reunite with his wife. | B.To serve his motherland. |
C.To live a quieter life. | D.To prove his own value. |
A.normal. | B.miserable. | C.wealthy. | D.lonely. |
A.His decision was well-received. | B.He doesn’t care much about fame. |
C.He is the youngest professor in history. | D.His Chinese dream will be realized in 18 years. |
A.To support his life science research. | B.To praise his devotion to the public. |
C.To show his unusual achievements. | D.To introduce his endless energy in work. |