Good Taste of Knowledge
The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge.
Nothing is more annoying than to meet a person at a party whose mind is crammed (填塞) full with historical dates and figures and who is extremely well-posted on current international affairs, but whose attitudes or points of view are all wrong. I have met such people. They do have great academic knowledge, but no good judgment or taste. Being knowledgeable is a mere matter of the cramming of facts or information while having good taste is a matter of artistic judgment. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between their scholarship (学术成就), conduct and taste..
An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. Now, to have taste requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, the independence of judgment, and the unwillingness to be affected by any form of power.
When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven't.
Taste, then. is closely associated with courage. as the Chinese always associated dan (“胆”) with shi (“识”) And courage or independence of judgment, as we know, is such a rare virtue among humankind. We see this intellectual courage or independence during the childhood of all thinkers and writers who in later life amount to anything. Such a person refuses to be impressed by a philosophic vogue or a fashionable theory, even though it is backed by the greatest name. this is taste in knowledge.
No doubt such intellectual courage or independence of judgment requires a certain childish. nave confidence in oneself, but this self is the only thing that one can cling to. and the moment a student gives up-his right of personal judgment, he is m for accepting all the dishonest and insincere of life.
1. According to the author, what is the goal of education?2. Why is a well-read man not necessarily an educated one?
3. Please decide which part is false in the following statement: Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself; then underline it and explain why Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself.
4. Please name one person with the qualities of dan and shi in Chinese history and explain what about this person makes you think so. (In about 40 words)
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【推荐1】At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigor and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us.
This decline in vigor with the passing of time is called ageing. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and disease we shall eventually "die of old age", and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favor of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer—on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.
Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigor with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things "wear out".
Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if given the chance to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact an out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (热力学) (whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present). But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never repair itself—it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. We could,at one time, repair ourselves—well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose this power; an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can knock us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduced by half again.
1. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A.Our first twelve years represent the peak of human development. |
B.People usually are unhappy when reminded of ageing. |
C.Normally only a few of us can live to the eighties and nineties. |
D.People are usually less likely to die at twelve years old. |
A.remaining alive until 65. |
B.remaining alive after 80. |
C.dying before 65 or after 80. |
D.dying between 65 and 80. |
A.Normally people are quite familiar with the ageing process. |
B.All animals and other organisms undergo the ageing process. |
C.The law of thermodynamics functions in the ageing process. |
D.Human's ageing process is different from that of mechanisms. |
【推荐2】“Can you say mama? Or dada?” If you’ve spent any time around a baby, chances are you’ve heard or said things like these.
Baby talk is an important piece of speech and language development. Studies show that when babies are exposed to such talk every day throughout their first year of life, they develop stronger vocabularies than other kids. And the little ones are eager for it.
Child-directed speech wasn’t always valued. Before the middle of the 20th century, researchers largely ignored it as a subject of study. Until the early 1990s, many developmental psychologists and linguists believed that without any help, we would learn how to speak and form complete sentences by ourselves.
But over the past few decades, numerous studies have found that throughout their first year of life, when babies are regularly exposed to such talk in addition to normal speech, they process, learn, and remember words presented to them in singsong tones (语调) better. One reason may have to do with how babies interact with the world.
A.Baby talk tends to be spoken at a slower rate. |
B.Humans aren’t the only ones that use baby talk. |
C.They tend to ignore adult conversations and other background noises. |
D.Luckily, parents can be taught methods to improve their parentese skills. |
E.Some doctors even advised parents to avoid using baby talk, thinking it too silly. |
F.The distinct tone of parentese catches their attention, allowing them to benefit from it. |
G.The singsong tone we switch to when interacting with young children can have many names. |
【推荐3】Laughing together is an important way for people to connect and bond. And though the causes of laughter can vary widely across individuals and groups, the sound of a laugh is usually recognizable between people belonging to different cultures.
But what about animals? Do they “laugh”? And are the causes of animal and human laughter alike? In humans, people may laugh when they hear a joke, or when they see something that they think is funny, though it’s unknown if animals’ intelligence includes what humans would call a sense of humor.
However, many animals produce sounds during play that are unique to that pleasant social interaction. Researchers consider such vocalizations to be similar to human laughter. Recently, scientists investigated play vocalization to see how common it was among animals. The team identified 65 species that “laughed” while playing — most were mammals (哺乳动物), but a few bird species demonstrated playful laughter too. Reports of playful laughter were notably absent in studies describing fish, perhaps because there is some question as to whether or not play exists at all in that animal group. This new study could help scientists to analyze the origins of human laughter.
But how can we identify play? Unlike fighting, play is usually repetitive and happens independently of other social behaviors, said lead study author Sasha Winkler, a doctor of biological anthropology at the University of California. When it comes to identifying it, “you know it when you see it,” Winkler told Live Science. One sign is that primates — our closest relatives — have a “play face” that is similar to the expressions of humans who are playing.
When Winkler previously worked with rhesus macaques, she had noticed that the monkeys panted (喘气) quietly while playing. Many other primates are also known to vocalize during play, she said, so a hypothesis (laughter in humans is thought to have originated during play) supported by the play-related panting laughter of many primate species was put forward.
People now still laugh during play, but we also integrate laughter into language and non-play behaviors, using laughter in diverse ways to express a range of emotions that may be positive or negative. Human laughter notably differs from other animals’ laughter in another important way: its volume. People broadcast their laughter loudly, often as a way of establishing inclusion. By comparison, when most animals laugh, the sound is very quiet — just loud enough to be heard by the laugher’s partner.
“It’s really fascinating that so many animals have a similar function of vocalization during play,” Winkler told Live Science. “But we do have these unique parts of human laughter that are also an important area for future study."
1. What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To explain causes of animal and human laughter. |
B.To assess complexities regarding animal laughter. |
C.To present findings on the existence of animal laughter. |
D.To analyze differences between animal and human laughter. |
A.Animal laughter is even noticeable in fish. |
B.Animal laughter is hard to recognize during play. |
C.People have learned to combine play with laughter. |
D.People laugh loudly because they want to involve others. |
A.Distinctive features of human laughter. |
B.Different functions of animal laughter. |
C.The origin and development of human laughter. |
D.The relationship between animal laughter and intelligence. |
【推荐1】Like many other of our lives today, education has become a global enterprise. In microcosm(微观世界), my school is proof of how global. Monkseaton High School is an ordinary state-funded school of 850 students in the unfashionable part of northeastern England. Over the past seven years it has sent 12 students to American universities --- two of them to Harvard. Monkseaton has, in turn, attracted students from other countries, including Germany and Latvia. Monkseaton now almost routinely receives inquiries from students in Eastern European countries. Obviously, learning English is a big draw, but his pattern ofstudent movement was unheard of five years ago.
The brain drain is a universal phenomenon, and countries that don’t face up to the new reality will be losing some of their most precious resources. The northeast of England is its poorest region, and has experienced a severe loss of highly qualified professionals-to-be. Some of the most able 18-year-olds are going to other parts of Britain, even to other countries. What is happening here is happening to Britain as a whole. Most noticeably, there is a growing trend of British students taking degrees in American universities. This year the number will break the psychological barrier of 1,000 students for the first time.
And what is happening at the secondary-school level is happening to higher education. Wherever they come from, today’s students have a very different perspective on education from their parents. Because of television, the Internet and their travels, these students see the world as a much smaller place than their parents once did. They are more confident in accepting the challenge of moving from one country to another, from one culture to another; in many cases they can even apply to schools over the Internet. Students are also more aware of the overall cost of education and are looking for value for money. Plus, for many, education linked to travel is a better option than education at home.
1. Why does the author say education has become a global enterprise?A.Monkseaton High School used to be a very unfashionable school in the Northeast England. |
B.Monkseaton High School is now one of the state-funded middle schools in England. |
C.Monkseaton High School has sent two top students to the Harvard University in U.S. |
D.There is now an extensive exchange of students among different countries. |
A.It is one of the poorest regions in England. |
B.It has experienced a severe loss of professionals. |
C.It will face a more serious brain drain in the near future. |
D.It is losing its young talents to other parts of the world. |
A.education linked to travel is much better than education at home |
B.overall cost of education should be considered against money value |
C.moving from one culture to another is a welcomed challenge |
D.the Internet is more popular and easier to access in the near future |
A.they are having more exposure to the television programs |
B.they are having easier access to the Internet |
C.they are having frequent travels to the other parts of the world |
D.they are having better communication with their parents |
A.tell us the benefit of globalization of education |
B.analyze the causes for students’ moving trend in Great Britain |
C.criticize the universal phenomenon of brain drain worldwide |
D.draw attention to students’ moving from one country to another |
【推荐2】A scene from China’s biggest soap opera last year, Ode to Joy Season 2, has triggered much discussion on whether virginity is still a prized asset for women in “modern” China. In the scene, Qiu Yingying, a young but naive character, holds a dinner party to introduce her boyfriend to her friends, but the evening turns dramatic after her neighbour accidentally exposes her past relationship. Her boyfriend, Ying Qin, storms off, furious, expressing his thought that having sex before marriage is a moral spot for a woman.
However controversial the show is, it does reveal a universal phenomenon that sex education in China is often relatively backward and of minor significance. Parents very rarely share information about sex with children. What almost all parents do, however, is to warn their children, especially daughters not to have any dates before they graduate from university, fearing that they get hurt or become pregnant. There are stories of biology teachers skipping details of the reproductive system in class and ask students to learn it by themselves. Chinese communities also traditionally expect virginity before marriage.
Ren Yi, a student from East China Normal University, said it was perfectly reasonable for a boyfriend who was a virgin himself to require his girlfriend to be so. The only problem, she said, was if it was a double standard and the man expected virginity from a woman but not himself.
The issue was also being discussed by her university classmates in WeChat. Someone questioned why there wasn’t gender equality when it came to virginity, but another said she couldn’t accept Ying Qin’s comment on women who had sex before marriage.
While some still concentrate on virginity itself, others have shifted the focus of this debate.
Zhu Pingping, a Shanghai-based English teacher, commented that even debating the topic was old-fashioned in the 21st Century. She thought it was “disgusting” for the show to make an issue of it in modern cities, women are more independent and liberated, she said.
Her husband, Shen Peng, also a teacher, added that not everyone will and can advance with the times as he or she ages and some even want to restore the so-called traditional Chinese virtues of being a woman (女德), which from his perspective has long been used as a means to oppress women both physically and mentally throughout the history.
“Teaching students knowledge about sex doesn’t mean we encourage them to eat the forbidden fruit. Actually, it is just the opposite, because only when sex---like other aspects of lives---is dealt with frankly and appropriately in the educational process can the healthy growth of children raised in it be truly encouraged,” he said.
1. Which one of the following might be Wrong according to the first two paragraphs?A.The TV series Ode to Joy Season 2 has brought female virginity to attention. |
B.Qiu Yingying’s relationship has been buried with her previous romance revealed. |
C.Parents and teachers tend to avoid answering questions about sex from children. |
D.Sex education in China has weighed strongly in the current educational system. |
A.a double standard encouraged in attitudes towards virginity is allowed |
B.the topic on virginity is still worth public discussion in the present day |
C.keeping pace with the times is not necessarily a natural outcome of age |
D.teaching students sex is likely to lead them to have sex at an early age |
A.Measures to advocate sex education |
B.Historical evidence of female oppression |
C.Professional comments on the show |
D.Examples to illustrate the virginity issue |
A.introduce a popular TV drama |
B.explain a universal phenomenon |
C.criticize the current education |
D.arouse people’s food for thought |
【推荐3】Born and raised in a digital age, today’s young people are generally tech savvy (技术娴熟的). But when it comes to basic life skills, they’re less capable than the older generation.
According to a recent study, 69 percent of 18 to 24-year-olds in the UK have no idea how to bleed a radiator(暖气片换水). About 35 percent of them don’t know how to sew on a button, while about 11 percent don’t understand how to change a light bulb or iron clothes.
It appears young people are losing the skills older generations took for granted. In fact, the problem is shared by young people in the United States. According to a report by Forbes in 2014, most millennial (千禧一代) drivers don’t know how to check their tire pressure. Cooking is another basic life skill that has been dropped, as millennials are much more likely to order food deliveries than previous generations.
Technology may be to blame for this generational gap. Skills at using phones and computers are the ones valued these days, and the practical skills are now seen as functions that can be easily outsourced (外包). Indeed, improvements in technology have made young people unfamiliar with many basic life skills. For example, with GPS always at hand, young people have had no need to learn how to read physical maps.
However, this change has raised concerns among many people. “If you have your master’s degree and you can’t live within your means or go home from your job and feed yourself a nutritious (有营养的) meal, you’re not a complete graduate,” Chris Moore, a professor from Brigham Young University, US, told HuffPost.
That’s why there’s an increasing call for the return of “home ec” in the US, short for home economics, which teaches basic life skills like cooking and how to do laundry. It was very popular in the early 20th century, but was later taken out of schools and universities because of budget(预算) cuts. But recently, home ec was reintroduced in a small number of schools and universities.
“The educational system would work better if every academic class had a practical course that applied the theory to do something regular people do in real life,” Robert Frost, instructor and flight controller at NASA, wrote on Quora, according to Huffpost.
1. Compared with previous generations, today’s young people are ________.A.more capable in practical skills |
B.more capable in technological skills |
C.take changing light bulls and sewing for granted |
D.less likely to order food deliveries |
A.Today’s young people are lazy. |
B.Today’s young people are spoiled by their parents. |
C.The economic situation of the past was worse than the present one. |
D.Improvement in technology is to blame for it. |
A.The educational system would work better if practical courses are included in academic classes. |
B.The change caused by improvements of technology raised many problems among people. |
C.Home economics has returned in large scale. |
D.Home economics teaches basic home technological skills. |
A.The improvements of technology. |
B.Differences between the present and previous generations. |
C.Young people’s lack of basic home skills. |
D.The meaning and function of home economics. |