Born in 1902, Harry Beck was an English engineering draftsman (制图员) who brought about a small revolution in the early 1930s when he created a completely new map of the London Underground.
Before Beck’s design, early maps were usually drawn to a geographically accurate scale (比例). Map designers simply placed the subway lines on standard maps of the city streets. These maps clearly showed the subway lines that reached the areas outside the centre of London, but they made it difficult to make out the busy lines that joined directly under central London.
In the 1930s, Beck came up with a solution that would not take the geographical accuracy into account. He created a map that was a scaled-down linear diagram of the subway lines. More a basic outline of the lines than a true-to-life map, it didn’t tell travelers about how far it actually was between two points. Beck’s map had a clean structure with coloured lines. His idea was to create the plainest guide to show travelers how to get from one station to another.
It’s not clear what inspired him to start the project; he wasn’t asked to do it, but likely developed his design in his free time, while between jobs. It was more a presentation of his being creative, in seeing a problem and coming up with an answer to it, than a response to public demand.
His design was then presented to the London Passenger Transport Board, whose members refused to accept it, feeling that not showing relative distances between stations was silly and unreasonable. Still, after a time, in order to increase subway ridership and therefore earn more money, the Board decided to print a limited number of copies. Gradually, Beck’s map became a huge success.
For most of his life, Beck continued to make small improvements to the diagram, but he kept its basic designs and ideas. His clear diagrammatic method of mapping has been generally accepted and followed in the field of information design not only in London but also around the world.
1. What is the disadvantage of early subway maps?A.They were not to scale. | B.They were hard to draw. |
C.They were not user-friendly. | D.They were seldom updated. |
A.Its simplicity. | B.Its vivid details. |
C.Its completeness. | D.Its geographical accuracy. |
A.It was created accidentally. | B.It was an immediate success. |
C.It was a reflection of his creativity. | D.It was designed to meet public need. |
A.He changed the construction of subways. |
B.He inspired designers to improve the subway. |
C.He made the first scaled-down linear map. |
D.He provided a model for the design of subway maps. |
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【推荐1】In the modern age, a great number of people suffer from back pain, which not only affects their quality of life but also costs them a lot of money. Most traditional the rapiese, such as massager (按摩) devices tend to focus on muscle relaxation and can’t specifically target joint stiffness (关节僵硬), as they perform simple shaking or pressing methods with balls.
Recognising the need for an effective back therapy solution, Chongsu Lee built BackHug, a pioneering: health —tech company, which has risen to the challenge of alleviating this situation by introducing a solution that combines artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics to make back less painful.
Using AI-powered technology and robotic fingers, the device targets, the main cause of most back pain, which is stiff joints in the back, neck, and shoulder. BackHug’s groundbreaking invention, the Back Tension Treating (BTT) technology, stands as Lee’s promise to mix cutting-edge technology with healthcare.
BackHug’s achievement extends beyond its physical device to use AI to, improve back health. The company’s BTT technology represents a breakthrough in measuring and monitoring back tension. This technology allows users to track changes in their back tension, providing them with a series of data, which will be combined, with other data collected on the BackHug App, especially from its in-app physiotherapy (物理疗法). Then AI comes in to deal with the data and offer continuously personal treatment programmes for users.
When it comes to back care, many people find themselves facing large bills and waiting lists for relief, which is why BTT offers an accessible solution through a booking model starting at just E89 per month. This game—changing solution for back problem that could change lives and improve overall wellbeing brings professional-level back therapy to your home or workplace without the high costs.
1. What does the underlined word “alleviating” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Relieving. | B.Examining. | C.Preventing | D.Passing. |
A.Back tension. | B.Stiff joints. | C.Neck pain. | D.Shoulder pain. |
A.Popular | B.Fashionable. | C.Creative. | D.Influential |
A.A major limitation of BTT. | B.A possible reason for BTT. |
C.The future application of BTT. | D.The working principle of BTT. |
【推荐2】BEIJING-China’s space industry will develop quickly over the next 10 years as the country pushes ahead with its space programs after its first space docking on Thursday,Nov.3,2011.
Lab modules,a space station and 10 to 20 spaceships will be launched into space over the next 10 years,the Shanghai Securities News said on Friday.
The country will spend around 300 billion yuan ($47.47 billion) in producing those spacecrafts,according to the newspaper.
There are 20 or so space voyages being planned in China,the newspaper reported,citing Wu Ping,spokeswoman of China’s manned space program.There will be an increased demand for spacecraft production and launch services.Space infrastructure (基础设施)has been included as one of China’s strategic new industries to be developed over the next five years.
China started its threestage manned space program in 1992.In the first stage the country sent the astronaut,Yang Liwei,into space as part of the Shenzhou5 mission in 2003.It was the first time for China to send a person into space.
Also as part of the first stage,two astronauts conducted extravehicular (太空船外的) activities during the Shenzhou7 mission in 2008.
Now during the second stage China is focusing on space docking.It achieved its first space docking in two hours of Thursday when Tiangong1 and Shenzhou8 connected in space.As a “target spacecraft”for meeting and docking experiments,Tiangong1 will work as a platform to test longterm unmanned and shortterm manned operations.The next significant events will be the launching of Shenzhou9 and Shenzhou10,with two similar docking exercises to be conducted and one of the missions to be manned.
China will complete the second stage after it builds its own space lab around 2016,Wu said.
In the third stage,China plans to develop and launch multiple space modules,forming a 60ton manned space station in 2020.
“The successful docking means China will enter a period of massive production of spacecraft.The space economy is about to take off,” according to Dongxing Securities.
1. What does the passage mainly tell us about?A.China makes a great success of space docking. |
B.China is to expand space industry in 10 years. |
C.China has made breakthroughs in key technologies. |
D.China is to spend more money producing spacecrafts. |
A.spending a large sum of money on space industry |
B.building a long term manned space station |
C.making more spacecrafts and lab modules |
D.improving launch services and space infrastructure |
A.to carry out experiments on exploration of the moon |
B.to work as a longterm space station |
C.to conduct extravehicular activities |
D.to serve as a platform for meeting and docking experiments |
a.Building its own space lab.
b.Entering a stage of massive production of spacecraft.
c.Building a 60ton manned space station.
d.Sending a person into space.
A.d,b,a,c | B.b,d,a,c |
C.d,b,c,a | D.b,d,c,a |
【推荐3】If a human can get an artificial limb, why not an animal? Easier said than done however, as while there is a tremendous amount of ongoing research for human artificial limbs, there is hardly any for animals.
But Dr Tapesh Mathur, a vet living in Jaipur, did not want to wait around anymore. He is credited with making the “Krishna Limb”, India’s first artificial limb for animals. Tapesh has been designing artificial limbs for animals since 2015 and to date, has helped 90 animals adapt to using an artificial limb.
From design to production, Tapesh does all the work by himself at his home-workshop. He provides the artificial limbs for free. Tapesh said, “I could not bear to see their (the cattle’s) pain in shelters. These animals could not voice their anxiety as humans can, but they felt the pain all the same. They waited helplessly for food or for someone to clean them. And I kept thinking if we can help humans walk again, why can’t something similar be done for these animals? Thus I began my research.”
Tapesh designed his first artificial limb for a two-year-old cow named Krishna, who learnt to walk using the limb. Producing these artificial limbs wasn’t an easy task initially, and Tapesh required raw material, which was expensive. Polypropylene, which is used for manufacturing artificial limbs, is only supplied in large quantities by suppliers, and Tapesh had to source it from Mumbai using his own savings.
Now, Tapesh designs customisable artificial limbs for different animals. “We generally work with cows, horses, and dogs, but have started receiving applications for other animals as well. Recently, we got a request for a limb for a pet parrot. We are still working on the design.”
There are certain steps involved in designing. First, Tapesh takes the necessary measurements, based on which the artificial limb is shaped. The real challenge comes when Tapesh has to visit animals living in remote areas as his patients often cannot be brought to him. Once the artificial limb is ready, Tapesh has to visit the animal and attach it for free.
1. Why does the author ask a question at the beginning of the text?A.To stress the importance of animals. | B.To show the value of an artificial limb. |
C.To carry out research on human artificial limbs. | D.To arouse readers’ interest in the following topic. |
A.He has raised about 90 animals. |
B.He works with a famous designer. |
C.He has started designing artificial limbs recently. |
D.He is the first Indian to make artificial limbs for animals. |
A.By turning to the government for help. | B.By buying them with his own money. |
C.By borrowing them from companies. | D.By asking his friends for help. |
A.Animals Tapesh wants to help. | B.The cost of making an artificial limbs. |
C.Necessary things about making artificial limbs. | D.The real challenge Tapesh faces in remote areas. |
In 221 B.C , the first Emperor (Qin Shi Huang) started to build a great wall right across the north of his empire. He wanted to keep the tribes of Hans and Tartars outside his country. There were earlier walls built in some places by different kings of China, but the First Emperor, now that he ruled all China, decided to complete the wall. He decided to make it run right across from Tibet to the sea, a distance of over 1,500 miles. It took seven years to build.
The great wall ran across wild, steep, mountainous country, over the mountains and down the valleys. North and west of it there were only wild mountains and deserts, and south and east there were the rich Yellow River plains. It was built higher than a double-decker bus. In the most places it was wide enough for eight men to march side by side along the top. It was built of stones and clay. There were huge blocks of stones on the sides and on the top there were more stones. Cars could travel along the top.
About every two hundred yards there were tall, strong towers where soldiers could keep watch for the enemy, and where they could light fires to signal to each other. There were always soldiers inside these towers, winter and summer, keeping guard against attacks from the Hans. There were a few well-guarded gateways with huge wooden gates strengthened with iron nails. These connected the main roads of China to other roads through the mountains and across the desert.
The Great Wall has often been rebuilt through the centuries and much of it running like a snake across the country and can still walk along the top. Much of the traffic which passes through the ancient gateways has not changed much. But today, as well as horses and carts there are motorcars and trucks.
To build such an enormous wall across such wild and mountains country without any modern tractors or other heavy machines was very difficult. All the Emperor’s builders were thousands of men, often prisoners of war. They lifted the earth in buckers and dragged the stones in teams with ropes over their shoulders. They worked in such wild and distant places that it was difficult to supply them with enough food or to make proper shelters in which they could sleep. Thousands of workers died and were buried in the clay inside the wall. The people hated the Emperor for his cruelty. Many people were seized and forced to work on the wall far away from their homes. Many of them never came back.
Superstitious people who believed in magic used to say that the Emperor had ridden across the mountains on magic horses. The wall appeared under him as he went along. Wherever the horse stamped it foot, a watch-tower appeared. But the wall was not made by magic. It was made by the work and lives of thousands of men.
1. The Great Wall took _________ years to build.A.221 | B.1500 | C.7 | D.20 |
A.north and west | B.north and east | C.south and west | D.south and east |
A.keep the soldiers warm and cook the food | B.keep the enemy away |
C.brighten the road and cook the food | D.signal from one tower to another |
A.horses and carts | B.cars and lorries | C.visitors and tractors | D.Hans and Tartars |
A.There was clay in the middle of the wall. |
B.There were no ways through the mountains and across the desert outside the wall. |
C.A great number of workers died because there was not enough food and shelter. |
D.There were a great many gates in the wall. |
【推荐2】The Bestselling Books of 2021
The first six months of 2021 saw sales of adult fiction buoy(浮出) overall print book sales week after week. Still, the only one runaway bestseller in the first half of the year is a children’s book: Mothering Heights, which topped the year-to-date children’s overall bestseller list and has sold upwards of 867, 000 copies since its March 23 release.
Another kids’ book, Dr. Seuss’s bestseller Oh, the Places You ’ll Go!, placed second overall, selling more than 584, 000 print copies. This marked an increase of roughly 200, 000 copies compared to the book’s sales last year at this time. Of the top five children’s bestsellers this year to date, three are by Seuss and two are by Pilkey.
The Four Winds by Kristin Hannah was the top-selling adult title in the first half of 2021, and its roughly 558, 000 copies sold made it the third-biggest bestseller overall. Four Winds was followed on the adult list by backlist bestseller The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse by Charlie Mackesy, which pushed around 544, 000 copies. Amanda Gorman’s The Hill We Climb sold nearly 456, 000 copies and placed third.
In the YA(Young Adult)section, Leigh Bardugo has had a banner year, with three of her Grishaverse novels placing in the top 10 and selling a combined total of roughly 421, 000 copies. Her books have benefited from the Netflix film Shadow and Bone, which was adapted from Bardugo’s book of the same name. Adam Silvera had the top seller in YA with They Both Die at the End, selling 330, 000 copies.
1. Whose book’s sales ranked second among all the books?A.Seuss. | B.Hannah. | C.Bardugo. | D.Pilkey. |
A.Mothering Heights. | B.The Four Winds. |
C.The Hill We Climb. | D.Shadow and Bone. |
A.537, 000. | B.584, 000. | C.558, 000. | D.384, 000. |
【推荐3】The Louvre Museum in Paris: A Complete Guide for Visitors
The Louvre Museum is quite a large museum. The word “museum” may not be enough : the collections are so vast, diverse, and breathtaking that visitors may have the impression of navigating a maze(迷宫)of distinct artistic and cultural worlds.
Housed in the Louvre Palace, the former seat of French royalty, the Louvre emerged in the 12th century as a medieval castle, slowly evolving toward its status as a public arts museum during the French Revolution in the late 18th century. Since then, it has become the globe's most-visited museum, and a symbol of French excellence in the arts. The Louvre has eight major thematic departments and 35 ?000 works of art dating from ancient times to the early modern period.
Opening Hours :
Open on Thursday, Saturday, Sunday, and Monday, 9 a. m. --- 6 p. m. ; Wednesday and Friday 9 a. m. -10 p. m. The museum is closed on Tuesdays.
Tickets :
As of 2018, admission to the entire museum costs 15 euros. Admission is free for those under 18.
Shopping and Dining:
The museum houses several restaurants and snack bars in addition to a cafeteria :
Just below the Pyramid, the restaurant Le Grand Louvre offers gourmet(美食)specialties in a classic setting. Open from 12 a. m. to 3 p. m. and from 7 p. m. to 12 p. m. on Wednesdays and Fridays.
On the lower ground floor, the Cafe Denon offers snacks and casual meals. Open from 9 : 30 am to 5 : 00 p. m..
On the second floor (European “first floor") , the Cafe Richelieu offers more casual dining possibilities: sandwiches? salads, cold and hot drinks, etc. Open from 10 : 15 am to 5 : 00 p. m..
The Carrousel du Louvre is a popular shopping center housed within the Louvre palace and accessible via the Rue de Rivoli entrance. Open seven days a week, the Carrousel du Louvre offers designer fashion, home design shops, and fine gifts.
1. When can you visit the Louvre Museum?A.At 7 : 00 p. m. on Monday. | B.At 10 : 00 a. m. on Tuesday. |
C.At 9 : 00 p. m. on Friday. | D.At 8 : 00 a. m. on Sunday. |
A.15 euros. | B.30 euros. | C.45 euros. | D.48 euros. |
A.Le Grand Louvre | B.The Cafe Denon |
C.The Cafe Richelieu | D.The Carrousel du Louvre |