There are many scientific breakthroughs made by women in the Antarctic. Here are four landmarks in Antarctica and they’re named for the female pioneers.
Jones Terrace(梯田)
The ice-free terrace in eastern Antarctica’s Victoria Land bears Jones name. In 1969, geochemist Lois M. Jones led the first all-female research team from the US to work in Antarctica. Jones and her team studied chemical weathering(风化作用)in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, an ice-free area of Antarctica. Through chemical analyses of rocks they had collected,Jones and her team discovered many geochemical characteristics of the valley’s ice-covered lakes.
Mount Fineness
8,202-foot-high Mount Fineness,located on Antarctica’s largest island—Alexander Island-is named for Ginny Fineness. She established and maintained 80-foot-tall radio towers in the Antarctic. In 1985, Fineness became the first female invited to join the Antarctic Club, a British supper club open to individuals who have spent extended time in the Antarctic region. Francis Peak
Francis Peak
The 3,727-foot-tall peak on Antarctica’s Adelaide Island is named after Dame Jane Francis,who is the first female director of the British Antarctic Survey, the national polar research institute of the UK. Her collection of fossils on Seymour Island helped conclude in a 2021 paper that Antarctica’s abundant plant fossils indicate the continent once had a much warmer climate than it currently does.
Peden Cliffs
Peden Cliffs near Antarctica’s Marie Byrd Land are proof of the labor of Irene Peden. She was the first American female scientist to both live and work in the Antarctic,where she used radio waves to study ice sheets. Peden and her team determined how very low frequency radio waves spread over long polar distances by measuring pathways in the ice. They also used varying radio wave frequencies to measure the thickness of Antarctica’s ice sheets.
1. Which of the following is named after a builder of radio towers in the Antarctic?A.Peden Cliffs. | B.Francis Peak. |
C.Mount Fineness. | D.Jones Terrace. |
A.Irene Peden. | B.Dame Jane Francis. |
C.Ginny Fineness. | D.Lois M.Jones. |
A.She could judge the thickness of Antarctica’s ice sheets. |
B.She discovered a lot of ice-covered lakes in the Antarctic. |
C.She was the first female American to explore the Antarctic. |
D.She correctly measured the spreading speed of radio waves. |
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【推荐1】As a kid, Joanna Buckley wasn’t interested in science—until she had a chance to try it. That happened when she got a chemistry set as a gift.
“Over the course of a few weeks, I’d completed every experiment. But in the process, I polluted my parent’s dining room carpet and burnt the kitchen worktop with the spirit burner,” she says.
Now science is Buckley’s job. She works in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Sheffield in England. “I realize, firsthand, how important it is to have something or someone to show you why science is so great, ” she says. Now the good news is that citizen science appears.
Citizen science takes the fun of experimenting a step further than Buckley’s at-home experiments. That’s because these experiments are real, looking for novel answers.
“Compared with a oneoff experiment, what’s cool about citizen science is that students get that this has a purpose,” says Amy Prunuske, who teaches microbiology and immunology at a medical college. “Students want to do a good job, because they know scientists are going to use the new data in their own research.”
Jennifer Long’s job is to coordinate (协调) education and outreach. She agrees with Prunuske. “Kids like that it’s real. And they like that it’s important, and that it matters.” Citizen science projects have made big discoveries. One found a previously unknown galaxy cluster (星系团). Another project helped assess how much damage a big earthquake had caused in Japan. And one of the first citizen science projects helped scientists learn where monarch butterflies go every winter.
Some adults worry about teens losing interest in science. They hope that fun, exciting citizen science projects can help them keep engaged, Long says. And she has some evidence that it’s working. “Last year, we did have a couple of students say, ‘I really think I want to be a scientist now’. ”
1. What is the purpose of Paragraph 2?A.To show experiments can make teens interested in science. |
B.To prove failure is the mother of success in science. |
C.To state that Buckley has a talent for science. |
D.To praise Buckley for her strong will. |
A.It needs to seek for new solutions. | B.It carries out experiments frequently. |
C.It must carry out experiments in groups. | D.It is supposed to handle complex problems. |
A.She participated in the experiment. | B.She took pride in what students took up. |
C.Citizen science is popular with students. | D.Scientists are willing to employ students. |
A.Concerned. | B.Supportive. | C.Doubtful. | D.Unclear. |
【推荐2】Millions of years ago dinosaurs lived on the earth. In the days of dinosaurs the whole earth was warm and wet. There were green forests and they could find enough to eat. Later, parts of the earth became cold and dry, and the forests there died. Then dinosaurs could not find enough to eat. This must be one reason why dinosaurs died out.
We can guess another reason. New kinds of animals came on the earth. Some had big brains and were fast and strong. They could kill dinosaurs.
There may be other reasons that we don’t know about yet. Scientists are trying to make more discoveries about dinosaurs.
Dinosaurs have many sizes and shapes (形状). Some were as small as chickens, while some were about 90 feet long.
There were also terrible fights between dinosaurs. They might have happened more than 100 million years ago. Though there was no man to see any of the fights, we can be told by the footprints (足迹) that fights did take place.
1. According to the passage, dinosaurs did exist only________on the earth.A.for millions of years |
B.millions of years ago |
C.more than 100 million years ago |
D.when it was warm and wet somewhere |
A.there were too many dinosaurs |
B.parts of the earth became warm and wet |
C.there were many green forests |
D.they couldn’t find enough to eat |
A.scientists are trying to make some dinosaurs |
B.dinosaurs are dangerous enough |
C.dinosaurs are worth studying further |
D.scientists know nothing about dinosaurs |
A.footprints | B.imagination | C.rocks and forests | D.dinosaurs’ eggs |
【推荐3】The deserts of the world are not all covered with sand. Many of them have surfaces of rock or clay or small stones. They are not flat, either. They often have high hills and deep valleys. There is some plants’ life in many parts of the desert. There is little rain in the desert, but it does fall often enough for most plants.
The deserts of the world are not uninhabited (not lived by people). People also live outside oases (绿洲), but these people are not farmers. They have camels, goats, donkeys, sheep, etc. These animals can live on the desert plants and do not need much water.
The people of the desert have to move constantly from place to place, they must always look for grass or desert plants for their animals. They usually live in tents. When there is no more food for their animals, they fold up their tents, pat them on their camels and donkeys, and move to another place. In good years, when there is enough food for their animals, they trade their skins and their goats and camel hairs with the people of oases for wheat and fruit. But in bad years, when there is not enough food for their animals, the people of the desert would attack the oases people. But they are also hospitable, no man in the desert would ever refuse to give a stranger food and water.
1. The underlined word “hospitable” has the meaning of being ________.A.brave | B.cruel | C.strange | D.kind |
A.it rains in spring only | B.there is some rain, but far from enough |
C.it rains for a short time every month | D.the rainfall is just enough for the plants |
A.only inside the oases | B.only outside the oases |
C.both inside and outside the oases | D.in places with regular rainfalls |
A.is hard in deserts | B.is happy in deserts |
C.is impossible in deserts | D.in deserts is much better now |
【推荐1】These days there is so much tempting technology to look at: smart phones, tablets, computer games and TV screens. Much of children's entertainment and education comes from using them, so it's no wonder they spend so much time staring at them. But even if the saying that looking at a screen for too long gives you square eyes isn't true, there is still some concern. So, should we be worried?
Certainly for children who spend hours glued to a screen, there is a concern that their health might be at risk. Also there is a fear that their eyesight is declining too. Although there's not much evidence to prove this yet, recent findings have brought the problem into light.
Chris Hammond, consultant at St Thomas' Hospital, says “We find short-sightedness is becoming more common It has greatly spread in East Asia, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea where approaching 90 of 18-year-olds are now short-sighted.”
But can this be linked to children's obsession with using electronic gadgets? Annegret Dahlmann, expert at Moorfields Eve Hospital in London. says lack of natural light seems to be the key issue. She's suggested that children in East Asia study a lot, using computers, smart phones or tablets, and they go outside less. Wearing glasses is one solution, but it's not ideal.
This leads to a dilemma: achieving short-term academic success or protecting your long-term eyesight. It's always going to be a challenge to drag children away from their screens and it's likely that more and more studying will be done online. But despite that, Professor Hammond says. “In countries like urban China, where 10% of children in each class per year are becoming short-sighted from about the age of six. there's an argument for saying we should be trying to prevent it.” It's evidence we can't turn a blind eye to. So, maybe it's time to hit the “off” button and get our children outside?
1. What can we infer from the first two paragraphs?A.Recent findings have opened our eyes to the issue of eyesight. |
B.Looking at a screen for too long will get you square eyes. |
C.It has been confirmed that children's eyesight is failing. |
D.Using electronic gadgets affects children's education. |
A.Wearing glasses. | B.Heavy school work. |
C.Lack of natural light. | D.Booming technology. |
A.Learning online or offline. |
B.Reading for pleasure or exams. |
C.Focusing on study or protecting eyesight. |
D.Protecting eyesight or promoting technology. |
A.Study hard. | B.Head outdoors. | C.Quit computer. | D.Challenge more. |
【推荐2】The Amazon rainforest is now alarmingly close to dying by 2030 due to climate change and forest loss, a WWF report warns.
The world’s largest rainforest is now close to a “tipping point” (临界点) that could mean it changes forever, no longer benefiting humanity in dealing with climate change by soaking up greenhouse gases, the report says.
Deforestation (森林砍伐) in the Amazon reached a record high this year, as illegal trees cutting increased to the highest levels in 15 years. Between 13 to 17 percent of the Amazon rainforest area has already been lost in the past 50 years. The WWF report said an area of 1.4 million square miles of the Amazon has experienced a lack of rain, a constant dry season and deforestation, which could lead it to become degraded, turning to a dry land.
What’s worse, the “tipping points” could lead to irreversible (不可逆的) loss, including receiving less than 1500mm annual rainfall, a dry season of more than 7 months and deforestation of the area to reduce to just 20 percent of the original cover. The loss of the Amazon would further reduce the chances of alleviating (减轻) global warming as the areas’ trees take in enormous amounts of carbon dioxide.
“This paper sounds an alarm bell for humanity, revealing the threats of climate change and forest loss are pushing the world’s largest rainforest at risk,” Professor Gagen, lead author of the WWF report, added. “The evidence gives a serious warning that we need to take the tipping point risk seriously and act immediately to cut emissions (排放), saving natural resources, and, most importantly, change the indifferent attitude to forest loss which are sending people and our planet down a path to disaster.”
“Only by listening to the voices of Amazonia’s peoples and by preserving nature can we bring our world back to life,” Gagen said.
1. What does the underlined phrase “soaking up” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Absorbing. | B.Adapting. | C.Abandoning. | D.Applying. |
A.To show why deforestation happens. | B.To show how big the Amazon rainforest is. |
C.To explain how bad the current situation is. | D.To suggest what to do to stop global warming. |
A.Cutting down emissions right away. | B.Saving the Amazon from deforestation. |
C.Preventing natural resources going to waste. | D.Change the unconcerned attitude to the problem. |
A.Environment. | B.Health. | C.Technology. | D.Entertainment. |
【推荐3】Rainforests provide much of the world’s oxygen. People have been trying to protect them for years. But another type of forest, the cloud forest, is just as important to humans.
These forests are at the tops of mountains, generally near the equator (赤道). These wet, wooded mountaintops are mainly in African and Central and South American countries. They are called “cloud forests” because their height allows for the formation of clouds among the trees. The trees in these forests pull water out of the clouds. The water gathers on the leaves and falls into small rivers below, which flow into towns at the bottom of the mountain. The yearly rainfall in these areas is about 180 centimetres. Cloud forests can pull in up to 60 percent of that. The water is important to the plants and the people in the area. It helps them survive.
Cloud forests are also home to countless species of plants that can’t be found anywhere else. One small cloud forest has as many types of plants as there are in all of Europe. In fact, there are so many that scientists haven’t made a complete list of them yet.
These forests are being destroyed at an increasing speed. Trees are being cut down, and roads are being built in their place. Some people have a goal to get government money to protect the forests. But they have had little success so far. Another way is to take the place of the destroyed plants with new ones. That, too, has been difficult because the plants are so special. There’s plenty of work to be done, but saving the cloud forests is still possible with creative solutions.
1. Where can you probably find cloud forests?A.In North America. | B.Far from the equator. |
C.In some African countries. | D.At the foot of mountains. |
A.About 60 cm. | B.About 108 cm. | C.About 180 cm. | D.About 300 cm. |
A.Europe is short of plant types. | B.Scientists are working on a list. |
C.Cloud forests are getting smaller. | D.Cloud forests house many plants. |
A.In a storybook. | B.In a travel guide. |
C.In a chemistry textbook. | D.In a geography magazine. |