You can relax if remembering everything is not your strong suit. Recent research makes the case that being forgetful can be a strength — in fact, selective memory can even be a sign of stronger intelligence.
Traditional research on memory has focused on the advantages of remembering everything. But looking through years of recent memory data, researchers Paul Frankland and Blake Richards of the University of Toronto found that forgetting can be just as important to our decision-making as what our minds choose to remember.
Making intelligent decisions does not mean you need to have all the information at hand, it just means you need to hold onto the most valuable information. And that means clearing up space in your memory palace for the most up-to-date information on clients(客户) and situations. Our brains do this by generating new neurons(神经元) in our hippo-campus(海马体), which have the power to overwrite existing memories that are influencing our decision-making.
When we forget the names of certain clients and details about old jobs, our brain is making a choice that these details do not matter. Although too much forgetfulness can be a cause for concern, the occasional lost detail can be a sign of a perfectly healthy memory system. The researchers found that our brains further decision-making by stopping us from focusing too much on minor past details.
If you’re an analyst who meets with a client weekly, your brain will recognize that this is a client whose name and story you need to remember. If this is someone you may never meet again, your brain will weigh that information accordingly.
We can get blamed for being absent-minded when we forget past events in perfect detail. These findings show us that our brains are working smarter when they aim to remember the right stories, not every story.
1. Researchers of the University of Toronto found that forgetting could __________.A.help make intelligent decisions |
B.do harm to the brain |
C.indicate people’s low intelligence |
D.make people focus on everything |
A.Make an intelligent decision. |
B.Influence our decision-making. |
C.Provide room in your memory. |
D.Remember clients and situations. |
A.People needn’t worry about forgetfulness at all. |
B.Our brain is smart enough to select useful details. |
C.Forgetting details is a sign of an unhealthy memory. |
D.Focusing on all details contributes to decision-making. |
A.the memory | B.the relationship | C.the frequency | D.the detail |
A.To show how to remember the right stories. |
B.To introduce the necessity of forgetting. |
C.To help people make smart decisions. |
D.To explain how the brain actually works. |
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【推荐1】We sacrifice our power of full presence when we're multitasking, and we do so for a benefit of improved productivity that simply doesn't exist. Multitasking is a myth(虚构的东西).
Research indicates that multitaskers are actually less likely to be productive, yet they feel more emotionally satisfied with their work. We're not actually accomplishing what we think we are — we've been fooling ourselves.
In fact, research also shows that multitasking, i. e. trying to do two cognitive (认知的)things at the same time, simply can't be done—the mind doesn't work that way. Even trying to do a cognitive activity and a more automatic activity at the same time doesn’t really work. That’s why the National Transportation Safety Board reports that texting while driving is the equivalent (等同之物)of driving with a blood-alcohol level three times the legal limit.
We believe we're effective at multitasking when in reality we’re good at what researchers call “task-switching”. Earl Miller, a professor at MIT, says, “Switching from task to task, you think you're actually paying attention to everything around you at the same time. But you're actually not.” The brain is forced to switch among multiple cognitive tasks as these tasks use the same part of the brain.
In fact, research indicates up to 40 percent of productivity could be lost due to task-switching. It actually takes more time to complete the tasks you re switching between and you make more errors than when you focus on doing one task at a time in order.
A Stanford study confirmed this by showing that those who multitask are indeed worse performers. Studies have shown that it takes four times longer for the brain to recognize new things, further slowing clown task completion and that we have a much lower retention (保留)rate of what we learn while we are multitasking.
1. What can be inferred from the text?A.Task-switching makes better performers at work. |
B.We take multitasking for task-switching by mistake. |
C.We feel good about what we do while multitasking. |
D.Our brain focuses on different tasks when we multitask, |
A.We can't force our brain to multitask. |
B.We should pay attention to everything around us. |
C.We can occupy different parts of the brain with different tasks. |
D.We shouldn't take texting while driving as the equivalent of drunk driving. |
A.To introduce a new approach. |
B.To compare different research findings. |
C.To correct a common misunderstanding. |
D.To analyze the consequence of a social phenomenon. |
A.Multitasking is a myth |
B.Full presence is impossible |
C.Cognitive tasks are time-consuming |
D.Task-switching improves productivity |
【推荐2】Some students get so nervous before a test. They do poorly even if they know the material. Sian Beilock, a professor at the University of Chicago in Illinois, has studied these highly anxious test-takers. The students start worrying about the results. And when we worry, it actually uses up attention and memory resources(资源).
Professor Beilock and another researcher, Gerardo Ramirez, have developed a possible solution. Just before an exam, highly anxious test-takers spend ten minutes writing about their worries about the test.
The researchers tested the idea on a group of twenty anxious college students. They gave them two short maths tests. After the first one, they asked the students to either sit quietly or write about their feelings about the upcoming second test.
Professor Beilock says those who sat quietly scored(得分) an average of 12% worse on the second test. But the students who had written about their fears improved(提高) their performance by an average of 5%. Next, the researchers used younger students in a biology class. They told them before final exams either to write about their feelings or to think about things unrelated(不相关的) to the test. Professor Beilock says highly anxious students who did the writing got an average grade of B+, compared to a B-for those who did not.
"What we showed is that for students who are highly test-anxious, and who'd done our writing intervention(干预), all of a sudden there was no relationship between test anxiety and grades. They were performing just as well as their classmates who don't normally get nervous in these tests."
But what if students do not have a chance to write about their fears immediately before an exam? Professor Beilock says students can try it themselves at home or in the library and still improve their performance.
1. What do the students start worrying about before an exam?A.Whether they can pass the exams. |
B.What other students do during the test. |
C.Whether they have remembered the materials. |
D.What kind of problems they will meet on the test paper. |
A.Making the students focused on the test. |
B.Asking the students to sit quietly before the test. |
C.Having the students write about their worries about the test. |
D.Asking the students to direct the attention away from the test. |
A.became less nervous before the test |
B.were better at controlling their feelings |
C.did worse than those who wrote about their feelings |
D.did better than those who wrote about their feelings |
A.writing about our worries before an exam can work a bit |
B.we can only write about our worries right before an exam |
C.the best place to write about our worries is in the test room |
D.it doesn't matter where we write about our worries before an exam |
【推荐3】The reality TV wildlife edition has just come to a dramatic end. The world watched as the bears packed on pounds before they went into their den (兽穴) for the winter. Over the next few months, Fat Bear Week winner, 435 Holly, will go into hibernation (冬眠). Why do bears do this?
The mysteries around hibernating bears have attracted curious researchers for ages. What is hibernation, and what causes it? And probably most interestingly — could humans do this someday?
Dr. Kelly Drew, who studies hibernation, is one of the scientists consulting on a project funded by NASA, looking to put humans into hibernation for spaceflight. “For sending people to space, I think our first step is to perfect short-term hibernation-like periods in humans,” she says. “If we can figure this out, we can then try for longer periods.” We still have a long way to go before this science fiction dream becomes a reality, but several scientists around the country have been studying hibernation.
Cory Williams, at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, says, “A huge variety of mammals (哺乳动物) hibernate. However, hibernation in bears is different from that in small mammals…their body temperature only drops a few degrees and they don’t experience periodic rewarming.” In general, mammals with lower body temperatures during hibernation awaken every few days to raise their body temperature, or eat a bit. Bears do not emerge for any of these activities. Instead, they live off the fat they have collected during the summer and autumn months and even recycle their metabolic (新陈代谢的) waste.
At the moment, the study of hibernation has and continues to contribute greatly to applications in the human world. For example, bears are able to maintain their bone mass during hibernation, and understanding this could help advance the study of treating people with weak bones. Perhaps one day, it will be the key to sending humans far off into space too.
1. Why is 435 Holly mentioned in Paragraph 1?A.To show the popularity of Fat Bear Week. | B.To introduce the topic of hibernation. |
C.To call for the protection of bears. | D.To advertise reality TV. |
A.They produce new body fat. |
B.They lower their body temperature greatly. |
C.They sleep through the whole winter. |
D.They rewarm themselves regularly. |
A.The new findings about hibernation. | B.The significance of studying hibernation. |
C.The ways bears maintain their bone mass. | D.The barriers to sending humans into space. |
A.What could bears and astronauts have in common? |
B.What effects does hibernation have on bears? |
C.Why do bears need to go into hibernation? |
D.How do humans and bears get along? |
【推荐1】An interesting study posted on Facebook recently shows how men and women develop new interests as they mature(成熟).
While women tend to take exercise seriously from the age of 34, men will wait until their 45th birthdays before working hard to get in shape.
The average woman spends more time talking about sports, politics, career and money as she gets older.
Women’s interest in books reaches its peak(顶峰) at the age of 22, while that of men does so when they are in their 50s.
Men start to change their focus from the workplace to other things after age 30, while women do not do so until eight years later. Both, however, care most about fashion at age 16.
The research used anonymous(匿名的) data donated by thousands of Facebook users, recording the statuses, ‘likes’ and ‘interests’ they had posted on their profiles.
It found the average woman talks about television most at 44, while men peak much younger, at age 31.
Men are also most likely to see a film in a cinema at age 31, while women go out to see films most when they are only 19.
Men are most interested in travel at 29, women at 27, while women talk most about food and drink at 35, and men at 38.
And if you are middle aged, a safe topic for anyone is the weather, which is a key interest for many as they reach 60.
Stephen Wolfram, the British scientist who carried out the research, says, “It’s almost shocking how much this tells us about the changes of people’s typical interests.
“People talk less about video games as they get older, and more about politics.”
1. When do women love books best?
A.At the age of 22. | B.At the age of 50. |
C.At the age of 30. | D.At the age of 15. |
A.gain more and more weight |
B.be less interested in their jobs |
C.do more exercise |
D.pay more attention to their appearance |
A.Getting in shape. |
B.Going to the cinema. |
C.Popular style of clothing. |
D.Food and drink. |
A.People’s interests are different from each other. |
B.People’s interests change greatly with age. |
C.It is normal for people to change their interests. |
D.It is not good for people to change their interests. |
【推荐2】In an era of endless notifications(通知) from apps, devices and social media platforms, as well as access to more information than we could possibly consider, how do we find ways to manage? And is the way we think, focus and process information changing as a result?
Maryanne Wolf is the director of the Center for Dyslexia, Diverse Learners, and Social Justice at the University of California in the United States. Wolf is concerned that “the amount of interaction we have with our screens and devices and the speed at which we necessarily have to function have changed us by removing from us the ability to be present. And we’re so accustomed to going so fast that becoming completely involved in an activity is difficult.”
Kai Lukoff is an assistant professor at Santa Clara University in the US. He researches how apps, social media platforms and technology designers attempt to attract a user’s attention. “There are a thousand or more engineers, developers, designers on the other side of the screen who are purposefully or intentionally designing these services in order to attract your attention, to get you to spend more time on the site and to get you to click on more ads.”
Daniel Le Roux is a senior lecturer at Stellenbosch University in South Africa. He looks at the effects of what we’re doing when we’re “media multitasking”. “Everybody’s doing it, and it’s, in a large way, a natural adaptation to the technological environment that has been created around us.” he said.
Media multitasking, like skimming, is an adaptive response to an environment filled with information. And media multitasking comes at a cognitive(认知的) cost. Le Roux points out. “We bring what we might call a switch cost; that means our performance in our central task is going to suffer. If you think of driving as the central task, the reason we prohibit drivers from using their smartphones while they’re driving is that it distracts them from the task of driving.”
1. What is the result of much interaction with screens and devices according to Maryanne Wolf?A.Having trouble in concentrating. |
B.Becoming addicted to the Internet. |
C.Being exposed to harmful information |
D.Building more relationships with others. |
A.Why social media apps are popular. | B.How social media platforms operate. |
C.Platform workers try to attract users. | D.Social media platforms provide great services. |
A.To explain media multitasking is common. |
B.To show the harm of media multitasking. |
C.To explain why we’re media multitasking. |
D.To show the difficulty avoiding media multitasking. |
A.By quoting from some experts’ speeches. |
B.By providing some typical examples. |
C.By using the results of some surveys. |
D.By analyzing some social phenomena. |
【推荐3】Speech and language recognition technology is a rapidly developing field, which has led to the birth of novel speech dialogue systems, such as Amazon Alexa and Siri. A significant landmark in the development of dialogue artificial intelligence (A) systems is the addition of emotional intelligence. A system that is able to recognize the emotional states of the user, in addition to understanding language, would generate a more empathetic (共情) response, leading to a more immersive (沉浸式) experience for the user.
“ Multimodal sentiment analysis (多模态情感分析) ” is a group of methods that consist of the gold standard for an AI dialogue system with sentiment detection. These methods can automatically analyze a person’s psychological (心理的) state from their speech, voice color, facial expression, and posture and are crucial for human-centered AI systems. The technique could potentially realize an emotionally intelligent AI with beyond-human capabilities, which understands the user’s sentiment and generates a response accordingly.
However, current emotion estimation methods focus only on observable information and do not account for the information contained in unobservable signals, such as physiological signals. In a new study published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, physiological signals were added to multimodal sentiment analysis for the first time by researchers from Japan.
The team analyzed 2,468 exchanges with a dialogue AI obtained from 26 participants to estimate the level of enjoyment experienced by the user during the conversation. On comparing all the separate sources of information, the biological signal information proved to be more effective than voice and facial expression. When we combined the language information with biological signal information to estimate the self-assessed internal state while talking with the system, the AI’s performance became comparable to that of a human.
These findings suggest that the detection of physiological signals in humans could pave the way for highly emotionally intelligent AI-based dialogue systems, making for more natural and satisfying human-machine interactions. Moreover, emotionally intelligent AI systems could help identify and monitor mental illness by sensing a change in daily emotional states.
1. What is the breakthrough in the development of dialogue AI systems?A.The addition of emotional intelligence. | B.The recognition of speech and language. |
C.The birth of novel speech dialogue systems. | D.The creation of human-centered AI systems. |
A.By photographing what a person sees. |
B.By communicating directly with a person. |
C.Through a person’s verbal and nonverbal languages. |
D.By receiving professional training from AI scientists. |
A.Write an application. | B.Create a situation. |
C.Have a talent. | D.Keep an eye open. |
A.Entertainment. | B.Sports. | C.Economy. | D.Technology |