At the end of the 1985 film “Back to the Future.” Doc Brown swoops in from the future to pick up his partner in a De-Lorean fueled by trash. In 2022 trash-powered vehicles still sound like science fiction, but a technology revolution may be turning them into a reality.
Hidden among the carefully striated (条纹) layers of waste at the local landfill is a potent energy source: methane gas. When it isn’t transformed into something else, methane is an extremely strong pollutant, 82 times as powerful as carbon dioxide. In a lesson about how the energy transition is likely to play out, landfill operators’ ability to make use of excess gas has exploded in recent years. New facilities are being created to convert (转化) trash into renewable natural gas (RNG).
The potential has spurred (刺激) major sanitation and energy companies to break into this new market. In October the British company BP agreed to acquire Archaea Energy, a company that designs, builds and operates RNG plants in the U. S. to convert waste emissions. Archaea produces 6, 000 oil-equivalent barrels (油桶当量) a day through 13 RNG facilities with plans to construct 88 more to serve rising demand. Our only input is trash.
Archaea sells largely to voluntary buyers who wish to lock in clean gas at fair prices. RNG still comes at a high price compared with other fuel sources, but reducing the cost of producing RNG will mean more of it is available to buyers on attractive terms. We are working to lower the price of RNG by creating standardized and modular (模块化的) production facilities with decreased operating costs, higher processing efficiency, and uptime rates that start above 90%. Small-scale breakthroughs in gas processing enabled us to improve the portion of usable natural gas recovered from landfills to 95%, up from an industry standard of 75%.
Some of the predictions in “Back to the Future” proved too far-fetched. Flying cars seem as distant today as they were in the 1980s. But power from trash? Today trash represents a permanent carbon-negative source of natural gas. Voluntary transactions in RNG and the micro-scale process improvements that have boosted this market suggest a far more circular economy on the horizon.
1. According to the passage, which one of the following is true?A.There are high concentrations of carbon methane gas in the waste of landfills. |
B.The burning efficiency of methane is 82 times that of carbon dioxide. |
C.In recent years, landfill operators have abused excess gas and caused explosions. |
D.People are building new facilities to convert garbage into renewable energy. |
A.70% |
B.75% |
C.90% |
D.95% |
A.the company closed down in October unluckily |
B.if there are 88 RNG facilities, Archaea will be able to produce more than 6000 barrels of oil per day |
C.Archaea produces renewable natural gas by importing garbage and some chemical additives |
D.the company is committed to enabling buyers to get more RNG on attractive terms |
A.Optimistic. |
B.Objective. |
C.Pessimistic. |
D.Neutral. |
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【推荐1】To address the plastic pollution troubling the world’s seas and waterways, Cornell University chemists have developed a new polymer (聚合物) that can degrade (降解) when exposed to ultraviolet (紫外线的) radiation, according to the research published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
“We have created a new plastic that has the mechanical properties required by commercial fishing gear. If it eventually gets lost in the water environment, this material can degrade on a realistic time scale,” said lead researcher Bryce Lipinski, professor of chemistry and chemical biology at Cornell University. “This material could reduce persistent plastic accumulation in the environment.”
Commercial fishing contributes to about half of all floating plastic waste that ends up in the oceans. Fishing nets and ropes are primarily made from three kinds of polymers, none of which easily degrade. “While research of degradable plastics has received much attention in recent years,” Lipinski said, “obtaining a material with the mechanical strength comparable to commercial plastic remains a difficult challenge.”
Coates and his research team have spent the past 15 years developing the new plastic called isotactic polypropylene oxide, or iPPO. While its original discovery was in 1949, the mechanical strength of this material was unknown before this recent work. The high isotacticity and polymer chain length of their material makes it different from previous plastics and provides its mechanical strength.
Lipinski noted that while iPPO is stable in ordinary use, it eventually breaks down when exposed to UV light. The change in the plastic’s composition is evident in the laboratory, but “visually, it may not appear to have changed much during the process,” he said, “The rate of degradation is light intensity-dependent, but under their laboratory conditions, the polymer chain lengths degraded to a quarter of their original length after 30 days of exposure.”
Lipinski and other scientists want no trace of the polymer to be left in the environment. He notes there is precedent for the biodegradation of small chains of iPPO which could effectively make it disappear and ongoing efforts aim to prove this.
1. What is special about the new polymer?A.It can reduce plastic consumption. | B.It is expected to lower fishing costs. |
C.It can degrade plastic waste in the sea water. | D.It has been developed to solve plastic pollution. |
A.Fishing should be forbidden in the sea. |
B.It requires great effort to invent the new plastic. |
C.Nets and ropes are not the major pollution source. |
D.Degradable plastics were not studied until recently. |
A.Its original use. | B.Its special intensity. |
C.Its mechanical strength. | D.Its complex composition. |
A.Hopeful. | B.Indifferent. | C.Skeptical. | D.Negative. |
【推荐2】For years, the U.S. has experienced a shortage of registered nurses. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that while the number of nurses will increase by 19 percent by 2022, demand will grow faster than supply, and that there will be over one million unfilled nursing jobs by then.
So what’s the solution? Robots.
Japan is ahead of the curve when it comes to this trend. Toyohashi University of Technology has developed Terapio, a robotic medical cart that can make hospital rounds, deliver medications and other items, and retrieve records. It follows a specific individual, such as a doctor or nurse, who can use it to record and access patient data. This type of robot will likely be one of the first to be implemented in hospitals because it has fairly minimal patient contact.
Robots capable of social engagement help with loneliness as well as cognitive functioning, but the robot itself doesn't have to engage directly—it can serve as an intermediary for human communication. Telepresence robots such as MantaroBot, Vgo, and Giraff can be controlled through a computer, smartphone, or tablet, allowing family members or doctors to remotely monitor patients or Skype them, often via a screen where the robot's ''face'' would be. If you can't get to the nursing home to visit grandma, you can use a telepresence robot to hang out with her. A 2016 study found that users had a ''consistently positive attitude'' about the Giraff robot's ability to enhance communication and decrease feelings of loneliness.
A robot’s appearance affects its ability to successfully interact with humans, which is why the RIKEN-TRI Collaboration Center for Human-Interactive Robot Research decided to develop a robotic nurse that looks a huge teddy bear. RIBA (Robot for Interactive Body Assistance), also known as ''Robear'', can help patients into and out of wheelchairs and beds with its strong arms. On the less cute and more scary side there is Actroid F, which is so human-like that some patients may not know the difference. This conversational robot companion has cameras in its eyes, which allow it to track patients and use appropriate facial expressions and body language in its interactions. During a month-long hospital trial, researchers asked 70 patients how they felt being around the robot and “only three or four said they didn't like having it around.”
It's important to note that robotic nurses don't decide courses of treatment or make diagnoses (though robot doctors and surgeons may not be far off). Instead, they perform routine and laborious tasks, freeing nurses up to attend to patients with immediate needs. This is one industry where it seems the interaction of robots will lead to collaboration, not replacement.
1. What does the author say about Japan?A.It delivers the best medication for the elderly. |
B.It takes the lead in providing robotic care. |
C.It provides retraining for registered nurses. |
D.It sets the trend in future robotics technology. |
A.Directly interact with patients to prevent them from feeling lonely. |
B.Cater to the needs of patients for recovering their cognitive capacity. |
C.Closely monitor the patients' movements and conditions around the clock. |
D.Facilitate communication between patients and doctors or family members. |
A.It interacts with patients just like a human companion. |
B.It operates quietly without patients realizing its presence. |
C.It likes to engage in everyday conversations with patients. |
D.It uses body language even more effectively than words. |
A.Doctors and surgeons will soon be laid off. |
B.The robotics industry will soon take off. |
C.Robots will not make nurses unnecessary. |
D.Cooperation will not replace completion. |
【推荐3】On a farm in England, Gavin and Alice Munro are taking sustainability (持续性) to the next level: they harvest trees which they grow into chairs.
The couple have a furniture (家具) farm in Derbyshire where they are growing 250 chairs and 50 tables. It is their answer to what they see as the inefficient (效率低的) process of cutting down mature trees to create furniture.
“Instead of growing a tree for 50 years and then cutting it down and making it into smaller and smaller bits ... the idea is to grow the tree into the shape that you want directly. It’s like a kind of 3D printing,” said Gavin.
Part of the inspiration for the idea came when Gavin was a young boy. He found an overgrown bonsai tree (盆景树) which looked like a chair.
The 44-year-old man began experiment in 2006. In 2012, Gavin and Alice set up the company Full Grown. Within several years, the couple developed the most effective way to shape a tree without limiting its growth. They guide shoots (新枝) heading in the right direction, rather than forcing them the wrong way against their natural growth.
The average chair takes six to nine years to grow and another year to dry out. The labor and time involved in producing the organic pieces mean they do not come cheap. Chairs sell for£10,000 each and tables for£2.500 to £12.500.
1. What is special about the farm?A.3D printing is used. | B.Bonsai trees grow there. |
C.It was set up by a couple. | D.Trees can grow into furniture. |
A.By limiting its growth. |
B.By following its natural growth. |
C.By forcing it against its natural growth. |
D.By guiding its shoots in the right direction. |
A.Over 50 years. | B.6 to 9 years. |
C.6 years at most. | D.7 to10 years. |
A.It has brought in huge amounts of money. |
B.Trees grow there inefficiently. |
C.It’s a good try of sustainability. |
D.It will gain popularity soon. |
【推荐1】Antarctic blue whales have been perceived again in the sub-Antarctic, island of South Georgia. An international team of researchers discovered the animals five decades after whaling (捕鲸业) nearly caused them to disappear forever. “The ocean resources at South Georgia were heavily developed during the early 20th-century industrial whaling,” says lead author Susannah Calderan, an ecologist with the Scottish Association for Marine Science.
Antarctic blue whales were plentiful in the area until whaling began there in 1904, kicking off the beginning of industrial whaling in the Southern Ocean. While hunters originally focused on species that could be easily caught, like the humpback whale, the focus quickly moved to the blue whale. Between 1904 and 1973, 345, 775 Antarctic blue whales were killed in the Southern hemisphere (半球) and in the northern Indian Ocean. Around South Georgia, blue whale catches were reported year-round without stopping. Between 1904 and 1971, industrial whaling caused 42, 698 blue whales’ death, blue whales almost disappeared in these areas.
Researchers studied all Antarctic blue whale data from the last three decades. They examined sightings (目睹) from scientific surveys collected by observers on ships, as well as opportunistic. Sightings reported by sea men and ship passengers to South Georgia. They also examined acoustic (声音的) recordings of blue whales.
They found that whale surveys from ships off South Georgia resulted in just one blue whale sighting between 1998 and 2018. But more recent surveys suggest better news. A survey in February of 2020 found nearly 60 blue whale sightings, and several acoustic detections (探测). A total of 41 blue whales have been recognized through photos from South Georgia between 2011and 2020.
“Their return is very meaningful, as it was widely thought that blue whales at South Georgia might have been hunted beyond a point where they could recover, and. might never be seen again in great numbers at South Georgia,” Caldera n says. “Our research shows that, populations can recover even from very low levels if they’re given enough protection.”
1. What does the underlined word “perceived” in paragraph l mean?A.Kept. | B.Spotted. | C.Hunted. | D.Destroyed. |
A.The wide spread of blue whales in the past. |
B.The development of industrial whaling. |
C.The cause of blue whales’ disappearance. |
D.The tricks of catching blue whales easily. |
A.More and more people like watching blue whales. |
B.There is an increasing return of blue whales. |
C.Blue whales are in a more dangerous situation. |
D.South Georgia is a good place to watch blue whales. |
A.The risk of killing whales at higher rates. |
B.The signs of Antarctic blue whales’ return. |
C.The ways of protecting Antarctic blue whales. |
D.The great loss of ocean resources around the Antarctic. |
【推荐2】For sharks, the Mesoamerican Reef, which stretches over 600 miles, is a busy highway. Sharks use it to find their way and it provides them with food and habitat.
But as with on-land highways, this superhighway can be dangerous. Overfishing, commercial development and illegal practices are endangering the species. “We’re seeing a continued decline in shark populations. Our goal is to turn that round.” says Rachel Graham, founder of Mar Alliance, a non-profit organization focused on conserving sharks.
By monitoring sharks, Mar Alliance can collect important knowledge on the species to help inform conservation and push for political action. But rather than acting in opposition to the local fishing community, MarAlliance enlists their help.
“They are the ones who are on the sea every single day,” says Graham, “and they’re the ones who decide the species’ future.”
MarAlliance employs up to 60 fishermen across its range, mostly on a project basis, training them to collect data, record and release fish. Not only does this provide an alternative income to fishing communities, making them less dependent on natural resources, but it also teaches them about the benefits of a healthy ocean ecosystem and how to fish sustainably.
Among them, Ivan Torres, who used to catch sharks to sell locally as food, has learned how critical they’re to the whole ecosystem, saying he’d never fish sharks any more.
If this attitude change continues to spread throughout fishing communities, Graham has hope for the shark populations. “The primary threat to sharks is unquestionably overfishing,” she says, “By reforming the industry, populations can bounce back.”
In 2020, Belize outlawed the use of gillnets, large panels of netting of trapping large sealife. The ban’s impact is already noticeable with a recorded 10-fold increase in shark populations.
But such regulations need to be copied along the whole superhighway for long-lasting impact, and countries need to find a sustainable balance between fishers and the fished. “We need to find a win-win strategy between fisher livelihoods and shark survival,” Graham emphasizes. “I hope that through education and providing an economic alternative for fishing communities, MarAlliance will help ensure safe passage for sharks along the reef”.
1. Which of the following best describes the Mesoamerican Reef for sharks?A.Romantic but messy. | B.Vital but insecure. |
C.Adventurous but beautiful. | D.Unfamiliar but reliable. |
A.MarAlliance. | B.The fishers. |
C.Monitoring authorities. | D.The sharks. |
A.A stricter fishing ban. | B.The insurance payout he earned. |
C.An offer of extra work. | D.The fishing communities’ intervention. |
A.Solution to overfishing. | B.Difficulties facing MarAlliance. |
C.Impact of existing regulations. | D.Features of international cooperation. |
【推荐3】Even with an injured leg, a tall, grey-crowned crane (灰冠鹤) walks proudly through a bird shelter in the Rwandan capital Kigali. The shelter—called Umusambi Village—has rescued more than 200 cranes from captivity (囚禁). Olivier Nsengimana founded the Umusambi Village in 2015, and runs it together with the government. Umusambi means “grey-crowned bird” in the Kinyarwanda language. In just four years, the organization has helped to increase the population of these endangered birds from 487 to 881.
Before this work began, local neighborhoods were hunting or catching the birds to sell, said Nsengimana. Nsengimana recently explained why this was possibly happening. In Rwanda, the bird is often a symbol of high social position and wealth. So, they are often raised in private homes or hotels.
In fact, six years ago, he said there were more cranes living in captivity in hotels and homes than in the wild. Nsengimana added that poverty and a lack of awareness (意识) of animal protection in the local neighborhoods also led them to catch and sell the birds illegally. He said raising awareness of their endangered position is helping to protect the birds.
For Nsengimana, his own love of the bird goes back to his childhood. He grew up in a village filled with grey crowned cranes. They not only woke up people in the morning, but they also provided entertainment.
Some of the rescued birds are brought to the village after being injured by illegal hunters. Others come from homes where their owners broke their legs or cut their wings to prevent them from flying away.
At Umusambi Village, the cranes are able to recover. When they are healthy enough to survive in their natural environment, Nsengimana sets them free in a protected forest. However, the cranes are still endangered by illegal hunting and by the destruction of their natural environment. This is happening not only in Rwanda, he said. Cranes are endangered in many other parts of the world, including North America.
1. What is a reason for the illegal selling of the birds?A.Local people knew little about protecting them. |
B.The government didn’t take measures. |
C.Their population was too large. |
D.They could bring good luck. |
A.They lost their homes. | B.Many of them got hurt. |
C.They were used to tell time | D.They were hunted for meat |
A.Staying in the Village forever. | B.Being kept with kind people. |
C.Moving to public parks. | D.Living in the wild. |
A.Man Reminds People to Protect Endangered Birds. |
B.Birds Become a Symbol of Wealth in Rwanda |
C.Man Saves Endangered Birds in Rwanda |
D.Birds Are Part of People’s Life in Rwanda |
【推荐1】They give us paper and fuel, as well as vital ecological services — like cleaning the air, storing carbon and providing habitat. We’re talking about trees, of course. But changes in the environment largely caused by humans appear to be causing great transformations in trees around the world.
In a new study, scientists reviewed global research on trends in tree seedlings, growth and death. They combined those data with an analysis of deforestation (森林砍伐). And they found that worldwide, older trees are dying at a higher rate than in the past due to factors like rising air temperature, wildfires, drought and pathogens (病原体).
“And most of the drivers of this decrease in large, old trees, such as rising temperatures, severe droughts, wildfires, windstorms and deforestation are all — although variable across the globe — generally increasing. And so both the loss has already occurred, but we expect more continued loss of big, old trees,” said Nate McDowell, an earth scientist at Pacific Northwest National Lab, who was one of the study’s authors.
“So if we have an increasing rate of death, particularly of the larger, older trees, what’s left are the younger trees. So that’s why, on average, through the loss of bigger, older trees, our forests are becoming younger and shorter.”
This trend is a problem because old trees are vitally important. “For sure, the increase in death does limit the carbon storage of an ecosystem and can force the system to become a carbon source to the atmosphere. The second reason we care is from a biodiversity perspective: Old trees tend to house a higher biodiversity than young forests do. And the third reason is linked with beauty: As a society, we care about these trees. We have national parks named after these big trees. So there’s a personal reason for people to care about this as well,” McDowell added.
1. What formed the basis for the new study on trees?A.Previous study data on trees. | B.wildfires, drought and pathogens. |
C.Research on changes in the environment. | D.Information about climate change. |
A.The transformations brought by the loss of older trees. |
B.The factors causing the death of older trees. |
C.The causes of the disappearance of forests. |
D.The environmental impacts of cars. |
A.they can limit the carbon storage of an ecosystem |
B.they play an important role in forming national parks |
C.they allow the existence of a higher biodiversity |
D.they bring in a much younger forest |
A.To prove that forests are becoming less diverse. |
B.To call on society to plant more trees. |
C.To explain the reasons behind the loss of old trees. |
D.To describe the importance of old trees for our world. |
【推荐2】Dyslexia (失读症) is a reading and writing disability characterized by difficulties in reading and spelling, and for some readers to understand what they have read. Experts say dyslexia affects about five to ten percent of the population of the United States. Researchers have long known that people with dyslexia write or read words and letters backwards in the wrong order.
But a new study shows that people with dyslexia may have trouble redirecting (重新传入) their attention between senses, from seeing something to hearing something. Vanessa Harrar of Britain's University of Oxford led the study. She reported the findings in the journal Current Biology. The study suggests that dyslexic people may have trouble moving quickly from what they read to what they hear. Doctor Harrar calls this a sluggish shifting of attention across the senses.
''So, if you are trying to read something and then trying to listen to somebody who's reading aloud and you're trying to follow along with what they are reading, they have to switch their attention from hearing what they are saying to looking at the piece of paper and back again. '' said Harrar.
She found that people with dyslexia were just as fast as the others when they saw only a picture or heard only a sound. But the dyslexics had a slower reaction time when they heard a sound and saw a picture at the same time.
Doctor Harrar feels like playing action video games could help dyslexic people shift from seeing to hearing more quickly. She adds that images in video games force the eyes to move and focus quickly.
''Video game types of things pop out of here and there, they move your eyes around the screen quickly in response to things quite quickly, and the more you play a video game the faster you get that kind of thing. So the video game is really training the attention system to move quickly, '' said Harrar.
The study also shows that dyslexic people have the most difficulty going between what they saw and what they heard, this may have an effect on how dyslexic children are taught how to read. When children learn the alphabet, they usually see the letter first and then hear the sound, or they see and hear the letter at the same time. The study shows that dyslexics might learn more quickly if they hear the sound of a letter or word first before seeing it.
1. Dyslexic people have the following problems except _________.A.writing or reading words and letters in the right order |
B.redirecting their attention between senses, from seeing something to hearing something |
C.moving quickly from what they read to what they hear |
D.seeing a picture or hearing a sound |
A.Slow. | B.Wrong. |
C.Specific. | D.Accurate. |
A.Because they will train their reading and hearing. |
B.Because they will have a good knowledge of the system. |
C.Because they can train the attention system to move quickly. |
D.Because they can arouse their interest in reading and learning. |
A.People with dyslexia will be cured by playing video games. |
B.People with dyslexia will not be made fun of by others. |
C.People will play more video games for dyslexic children. |
D.People will know how to teach dyslexic children to read. |
【推荐3】Attending a concert is an activity appealing to many. However, as a first-timer, you probably feel anxious about entering a heavily crowded space with overexcited music enthusiasts. The following tips may help you enjoy the experience.
Buy tickets in advance.
Wear comfortable clothes.
Attending a concert will be an exhausting experience.
Waiting outside the venue for eight hours is not what you should do, but you should be reasonable and get to the venue ahead of time. Getting there early will have its own advantages.
Have your phone fully charged.
You’ll want your phone fully charged for taking photos and videos, contacting any friends you’ll be attending with, booking a ride home, and other necessary tasks on the day of the concert.
A.Head to the venue early |
B.Research the venue ahead of time |
C.You can find a good spot for yourself |
D.If the concert is of music by a popular artist |
E.Since there probably won’t be any plugs at the venue |
F.Because you book your ticket from a reliable company |
G.You may have to stand the whole night and wait in long queues |