Scientists may have found a way to reduce shortage of type O blood. Type O is the kind of blood that hospitals most often need. What the researchers are testing is an easier way to make type O blood out of other kinds of blood.
There are four main kinds of blood. Most people are born with one of these four: Type A, Type B, Type AB or Type O. Type O can be safely given to anyone. So it is commonly used when a person is injured or sick and has to have blood.
Type O is the most common blood group. But the supplies of it available in hospitals and blood banks are usually limited. This is because of the high demand for it. Type O blood is used in emergencies when there is no time to identify the patient’s blood type.
Giving A, B or AB to someone with a different blood type, including O, can cause a bad reaction by the person’s defense system. Their immune system can reject the blood. This immune reaction can be deadly.
The differences among blood types are linked to whether or not red blood cells contain certain kinds of sugar molecules (分子). These molecules are found on the surface of the cells. They are known as antigens (抗原), these antigens are found with Type A, B and AB blood but not with Type O.
More than twenty-five years ago, scientists found that the antigens could be removed to create what they called universal-type cells. They could be removed with chemicals called enzymes (酶). But large amounts of enzymes were required to make the change.
Doctor Henrik Clausen of the University of Copenhagen in Denmark led the study. The next step, he says, is to complete safety tests. The team is working with the American company ZymeQuest to test the new method. If it meets safety requirements and is not too costly, it will become a widely used life-saving tool to increase the supply of universal blood.
1. How do scientists deal with the problem of lacking type O blood?| A．Make type O blood out of other kinds of blood. |
| B．Make the most of the present type O blood. |
| C．Develop new ways of using type O blood. |
| D．Appeal to more people to donate type O blood. |
| A．Sugar molecules in red blood cells. | B．Peopled different living conditions. |
| C．The variety of people’s cells and genes. | D．People’s various immune systems. |
| A．Antigens could not be removed to create universal blood. |
| B．A Danish company wanted to involve itself in studying blood. |
| C．Type O blood and Type AB blood can be safely given to anyone. |
| D．The new method is not safe enough to be put into use in hospitals now. |
| A．Four Different Kinds of Blood. | B．A New Way to Make Type O Blood. |
| C．The Latest Research on Blood Type. | D．Find the Proper Type of Blood. |
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【推荐1】The clockwork radio is the only radio that doesn’t need electricity. It works by turning the handle (手柄)for a minute. Nowadays, thousands of these radios are made every day. They are bought by people in some places, where there isn’t any electricity. The clockwork radio was invented in 1991 by Trevor Bayliss, a British inventor. He had the idea within half an hour while he was listening to some news in the radio about Africa: some Africans were dying of AIDS and there was no easy way to send them information about the disease. The first one he made ran for 14 minutes before needing to turn the handle again, but one year later, it improved. However, people didn’t know it until it appeared on a television programme called Tomorrow’s World.
At the beginning, no one would help Trevor develop his idea for a new kind of radio. Finally, in 1994，his invention was shown on the TV programme, and afterwards, a South African businessman watched it and decided to help him. The first Freeplay radios were built in South Africa in 1995. Since then, the radios have been a great success. And then Trevor has become famous. He has been given many awards(奖品)，including one from Nelson Mandela.
Mr. Bayliss, whose latest project is a wind-up walking stick, created a website offering inventors suggestions on patenting (专利)and marketing. After that, he also invented electric shoes, which produce electricity as you walk. And the self-weighing suitcase is also his invention- you pick it up and the handle tells you how much it weighs. That’s very useful when you go to the airport.
1. When did the radio appear on Tomorrow’s World?| A．In 1991. | B．In 1992. | C．In 1994. | D．In 1995. |
a. He invented electric shoes. b. He met a South African businessman.
c. His clockwork radio was welcomed by people. d. He improved his radio.
| A．acdb. | B．bcda. | C．cadb. | D．dbca. |
| A．To introduce his ideas about inventions. | B．To help inventors with their patents. |
| C．To sell the clockwork radios. | D．To show his awards on it |
| A．The invention of the clockwork radio. | B．The good use of the clockwork radio. |
| C．Mr. Bayliss’ patent protection. | D．Mr. Bayliss’ inventive ideas. |
【推荐2】In space, there is no up or down. Without the gravity that we experience on Earth, as-tronauts and everything else on a spaceship float freely.
Humans can experience the sense of zero gravity without going into space. How？A zero-gravity flight. When an airplane flies in a lot of parabolas（抛物线）, a man-made zero-gravity environment is set up. Everything in the plane floats, even passengers.
Gravity has an effect on everything from the human body and mind to the behavior of plants and the way machines run. Space travel is expensive and dangerous. But zero-gravity flights let scientists conduct experiments in an environment that mimics（模拟） the conditions of space. On each of its research trip, Zero-G flies about 30 parabolas, each of which creates a period of weightlessness that lasts about 30 seconds. Nikolaus Kuhn of the University of Ba-sel, in Switzerland, flew with Zero-G. He was conducting an experiment about soil and the flow of water on Mars. The Red Planet has about one-third of the gravity that Earth has. This means water flows more slowly on Mars. By making the parabolas less steep, zero-gravity flights can make the feeling of Martian gravity. Flying with Zero-G has been necessary for Kuhn’s research. “It is the only chance, other than going to Mars, to mimic movement of water as it would be on Mars,” he told TFK.
For years, NASA used zero-gravity flights to prepare and train astronauts. “I have not been to space,” Peters of Zero-G says, “But I have been told by astronauts that zero-gravity feels exactly the same.” As humans continue to explore the universe beyond Planet Earth, zero-gravity flights will remain an important and fun tool. “It never gets old,” Peters says “I would do it every weekend for the rest of my life if I could.”
1. Why do scientists set up man-made zero-gravity environment？| A．To study the water on the earth. |
| B．To offer weightlessness as a business. |
| C．To take scientists to any other planets. |
| D．To mimic the condition of space for experiments. |
| A．About 30 seconds. | B．About 90 seconds. |
| C．About 15 minutes. | D．About 30 minutes. |
| A．The gentler parabolas are, the more satisfied the researchers are. |
| B．The steeper parabolas are, the less weight the passengers feel. |
| C．The steeper parabolas are, the more successful the experiments are. |
| D．The gentler parabolas are, the more quickly water on Mars flows. |
| A．It is useless for training astronauts. |
| B．It has no side effect on human body. |
| C．It creates a substitutable environment of zero gravity in space. |
| D．It is cheaper but more dangerous than space travel. |
【推荐3】Anyone who uses the ChatGPT website can ask the chatbot questions on any topic and get a speedy, detailed response in paragraph form. It has been highly welcomed and favored by people since its release (发行) in November, 2022.
However, the company OpenAI is honest about some of the technology’s shortcomings. According to its website, the chatbot occasionally “generates incorrect information” and “produces harmful instructions or prejudiced content”. It lists a third question: having “limited knowledge of the world and events after 2021”.
The New York City Department of Education banned the use of ChatGPT this month on devices and networks owned by schools across the state. The department mentioned concerns from local school teachers about student success. Oakland Unified School District in California and Seattle Public Schools have moved against ChatGPT, because it creates human-like responses that can be difficult to detect. Other large school systems including Miami-Dade County and Houston haven’t banned ChatGPT so far. Universities including Princeton are refusing to ban the chatbot; instead, they are advising professors to set their own rules.
Blocking (堵塞) a particular platform may be far less effective than schools think. “If students are not using it in their classes, they can use it at home or on their personal devices,” said Adam Phyall, “an education technology expert. Are we going to have a conversation about how we’re going to unblock it? Or is it going to be: If we’re scared, let’s give it up and move onto the next thing? Instead, schools could use ChatGPT to teach kids how to improve their writing, for instance,” he said.
An OpenAI spokesperson said the company wants to help schools with their concerns and that users should reasonably use their Al-generated text. The company is working on a system for teachers to check whether students have used ChatGPT to cheat.
1. Which is NOT the disadvantage of the ChatGPT?| A．It may have wrong information. |
| B．It can’t detect the human-like responses. |
| C．It may give improper directions and contents. |
| D．It doesn’t know all the knowledge and event after 2021. |
| A．Different reactions to ChatGPT. | B．The background of ChatGPT. |
| C．Difficulties to ChatGPT’s improvement. | D．The use of ChatGPT in school. |
| A．Favourable. | B．Unclear. | C．Disapproving. | D．Cautious. |
| A．Train teachers to use ChatGPT. | B．Introduce ChatGPT into more school. |
| C．Perfect the technology of ChatGPT. | D．Help educators recognize ChatGPT text. |
【推荐1】Scientists from Georgia Tech have developed a new robot named ESTHER (Experimental Sport Tennis Wheelchair Robot), which can move around the court and even return human serves.
The team believes the robot could serve as a training partner (搭档) for professional players in the future, lowering the pressure of training with another human.
The robot is the brainchild of Georgia Tech’s Matthew Gombolay, professor of robotics in the School of Interactive Computing. He wanted to develop a better training challenge than a ball feeder that stays in one place, one that would act like an always on-call partner or even team up with someone in doubles matches. The result is ESTHER, an adapted wheelchair tennis chair that can race to balls at ten metres per second and probably outplay a human.
Mr Gombolay explains: “The wheelchair has the ability to rapidly move around the court and get into position (恰当位置) to hit a ground stroke (击落地球). ESTHER can move up to two metres after a ball is struck to hit a successful return, which is comparable to the longest distance moved by human players for 80 per cent of shots (击球).”
The robot was named in homage to well-known wheelchair tennis player Esther Vergeer, who held the world No. 1 position in women’s wheelchair tennis for almost 13 years straight.
The team placed a network of cameras around a tennis court and used computer vision algorithms (视觉算法) to help ESTHER recognise an incoming tennis ball. Using cameras from different positions, they could know where the ball is in the air and feed this information to ESTHER. The team reached a breakthrough when they successfully and continually programmed ESTHER to track the tennis ball coming toward it and to hit a return.
ESTHER will now be developed to act as a highly-skilled tennis player.
1. What is ESTHER able to do?| A．Return a shot. | B．Clean up a court. | C．Push a wheelchair. | D．Control a ball feeder. |
| A．In search of. | B．In honour of. | C．As a result of. | D．With the help of. |
| A．They improve its vision. | B．They direct it to the ball. |
| C．They help it stay in position. | D．They picture unexpected things in the air. |
| A．Athletes in wheelchairs | B．An all-purpose robot at home |
| C．Rules are changing for tennis courts | D．A robot moves around the tennis court |
【推荐2】In today's Internet age, online games can be a change from the pressure of school and work. However, they can also cause problems and unhealthy addictions. This is most clearly seen in the example of South Korea. This country has the world's highest percentage of high-speed Internet services. It has also a high number of game players who are addicted to online games.
In 2004, a young man died after playing online games almost nonstop for 86 hours. A 12-year-old boy stole $16,000 from his father to continue online games which he could not get away from. Such problems are spreading to other parts of Asia as well. In 2005, it was reported that about 80 percent of China's 13.8 million online game players were under 25.
And many of these were said to be addicted. Such numbers point toward a growing problem among Chinese youth.
Dr. Sue-Huei Chen, a psychologist（心理学家）, discovered some signs of at-risk people. Such people often go online to escape from their problems. And they usually have no friendship or good social skills. They feel the need to spend more and more time online, so they may be absent from school or family. And they become upset if anyone tries to limit their online game playing.
1. The passage is mainly about .| A．online game addiction | B．problems caused by online games |
| C．computer problems in Asia | D．problems caused by young people |
| A．South Korea has a large number of Internet schools |
| B．More and more young men are stealing money for online games |
| C．China's online game players are all under the age of 25 |
| D．Online game addiction is a very common problem in South Korea |
| A．many young people are playing online games for fun |
| B．many young people are getting addicted to online games |
| C．only those under 25 like to play online games for long periods |
| D．80 percent of the Chinese depend on online games to get relaxed |
| A．people under great pressure from school and work |
| B．people well-known in the field of computer games |
| C．people with unsolved problems and few friends |
| D．people who'd like to take a risk in computer games |
【推荐3】Anyone who has never been to China Braille Library will draw to mind various images of the place.They would wonder how the library works all the way.In fact, the library offers readers a pleasant space with several broad reading rooms on the third floor,and has 18,269 kinds of books, including 3,523 kinds of braille books, 809 kinds of braille journals, 419 kinds of books written in both braille and visible language, and 142 kinds of children’s ordinary books.
The library is open to the 17 million visually impaired people in China. This library has an arrangement with China Post, under which it has manufactured a special kind of mailing bag with cards where the address of the library is printed on one side.The borrowers can make phone calls, or send WeChat messages or emails to the librarian, listing the books they are seeking. The librarian then fishes out these books, puts them into the mailing bag, fills in the address of the borrower on the other side of the card and waits for a postman to pick up the bag.Whenever the borrower finishes reading, he or she needs to put the books back into the bag, turn the address card around and put it into a postbox for the books to return to the library.
In the age of multimedia, books have taken various forms. That applies to the world of the visually impaired, too.CBL offers its readers a smart listening device that looks like an old-fashioned cellphone. Guided by a recorded voice, a user has to just press a few buttons to gain access to 20 terabytes of audiobooks stored on the CBL website.The smart listening device is part of a Digital Reading Project for the Blind launched by China Disabled Persons’ Federation in 2017.
As part of the program, the government purchased 200,000 such devices and distributed them to the over 400 Braille libraries and barrier-free reading rooms nationwide for lending to the visually impaired. Now, 80 percent of them are still in use, which means more than 160,000 visually impaired people are benefiting from it.
1. What work does the China Braille Library aim at doing?
| A．Helping the blind people with their education. |
| B．Increasing the collections of its books. |
| C．Building a super library. |
| D．Changing the service style of Chinese library. |
| A．Coming to the library | B．Going to school |
| C．Staying at home | D．Being in the post office |
| A．tests out | B．tries out | C．pulls out | D．squeezes out |
| A．The government has more supporting programs |
| B．Eighty percent of the blind people can come to the library. |
| C．Average libraries have received 200,000 books. |
| D．Most of the government’ efforts have come into effect. |
