You might have heard someone say that a song changed their life. And maybe you used to hate tomatoes, but now you like it. No one doubts that we change as we grow older. But do we change in major ways? Can we really change who we are? People used to believe we stay pretty much the same throughout our lives, but researchers are increasingly finding that we can and do change in big ways.
Psychologists have identified five dimensions that help us understand someone’s personality, which are called the “Big Five.” They are: 1. Openness: How open are you to trying new things? 2. Conscientiousness (尽责性): How responsible are you? 3. Extroversion (外向):How friendly, outgoing, and enthusiastic are you? 4. Agreeableness: How caring, trusting, and generous are you? 5. Emotional stability: How calm are you, especially when problems arise? Everyone has different levels of the big five dimensions. For example, Harry Potter has high levels of openness to experience, while Hermione Granger would score high in conscientiousness.
Scientists used to think that each person’s “Big Five” stayed the same their whole life, but newer research suggests that the dimensions do change. People who took a personality test as teen-agers scored very differently when they took the same test 50 years later. Three dimensions usually changed more than the others, which are emotional stability, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. In fact, most adults were more emotionally stable, more conscientious, and more agreeable than when they were younger. Researchers considered this a sign that we mature over time, perhaps learning to get along better with others.
Even though people change over time, the relationship between dimensions often remains similar. For example, someone who was very open to new experiences but who was not agreeable as a teenager was likely still more open to new things than agreeable as an adult. Scores changed, and sometimes changed a lot, but they didn’t change randomly.
1. Why does the author mention Harry Potter and Hermione Granger in Paragraph 2?A.To identify the impact of the big five dimensions. |
B.To stress the value of openness and responsibility. |
C.To analyze some main characters in popular fiction. |
D.To illustrate various degrees of personality dimensions. |
A.Becoming more hot-tempered. | B.Becoming more considerate. |
C.Becoming less responsible. | D.Becoming less generous. |
A.Personality dimensions change accidentally. |
B.One is likely to be more open than agreeable. |
C.Relationship between dimensions stays unchanged. |
D.Changes in personality dimensions follow some pattern. |
A.The Effects of Changing. | B.What Are the “Big Five”? |
C.Do People Really Change? | D.Personality Dimensions Matter. |
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【推荐1】A study done by University of Michigan researchers found that shopping to relieve stress was up to 40 times more effective at giving people a sense of control and that shoppers were three times less sad compared to those who only browsed for items without buying.
More than half of the 1,000 consumers surveyed said they had impulsively (冲动地) shopped to deal with feelings of stress, anxiety or depression. Twenty-three percent of respondents said they had maxed out a credit card to relieve stress.
In terms of age, 68 percent of Millennials (千禧一代) said they would go shopping when having stress, compared to 53 percent of Gen Xers, who were born between 1965 and 1976, and only 26 percent of baby boomers born after World War Ⅱ.
In regards to genders, 48 percent of men and 31 percent of women purchased alcohol impulsively when stressed. Eighty-two percent of women spent on clothing compared to 52 percent of men. 42 percent of women also preferred to buy jewellery, compared to 22 percent for men, with men spending more for electronics 44 percent versus 30 percent for women.
In fact, shopping to reduce stress can actully help you live a healthier life by making sure that your blood pressure is lowered. The survey found that 82 percent had only positive feelings about their purchases and that the positive mood boost was long-lasting. Shopping to relieve stress is also called retail therapy as a form of regulating stress. However, the side effect of it can start out as a relatively harmless mood booster but could possibly grow into a compulsion (冲动) that causes financial collapse and conflict, thereby adding a significant amount of stress to a person’s life.
1. What can we infer about the finding of the study?A.Shopping was three times more effective to relieve stress. |
B.23 percent of respondents maxed out a credit card to relieve stress. |
C.Younger people tended to go shopping to relieve stress. |
D.Most men preferred alcohol and electronics to relieve stress. |
A.By clarifying a concept. | B.By presenting a fact. | C.By making an argument. | D.By making a comparison. |
A.The retail therapy. | B.The stress regulation. | C.The mood booster. | D.The shopping survey. |
A.To share people’s preferences for shopping. | B.To introduce the effect of shopping. |
C.To recommend ways of shopping. | D.To show the popularity of shopping. |
【推荐2】In ancient times, people tracked the seasons by following the lunar months. Many times, the names of the moons were related with what features the seasons had.
Regardless of where the name Wolf Moon comes from, wolves howl (嚎叫) to communicate over long distances both in North America and in Europe. It is a way of saying “here I am” to the rest of the pack or “stay away” to enemies.
Science has not shown that the Moon phase (月相) plays any particular part in the calls of wolves, but wolves are animals that are in general more active at night.
A.They are energetic in January. |
B.Wolves howl in the direction of the Moon. |
C.In spring and early summer, wolves howl to seek mates. |
D.An average howl from a single wolf lasts from 3 to 7 seconds. |
E.That is probably why people related January with howling wolves. |
F.It doesn’t quite fit in with the traditional Full Moon naming system. |
G.January’s Full Moon in North America is known as the Wolf Moon. |
【推荐3】By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms (海洋微生物) called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean's appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃, it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing.” she said, “but the type of phytoplankton is changing.”
And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to disappear from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said, “it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive.” Those kinds of changes could affect the food chain.
Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes. “It’ll be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change,” Dutkiewicz said, “but the change in the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.
1. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A.The various patterns at the ocean surface. |
B.The cause of the changes in ocean colour. |
C.The way light reflects off marine organisms. |
D.The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton. |
A.Sensitive. | B.Beneficial. |
C.Significant. | D.Unnoticeable. |
A.To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes. |
B.To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain. |
C.To explain the effects of climate change on oceans. |
D.To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton. |
【推荐1】Along Utah's Highway 68 in the small community of Elberta, Utah stands an industrial dome(圆屋顶). Inside is a futuristic collection of shelves, towering 25 feet tall. The dome is home to a vertical farm, which doesn't grow food for humans but for cows.
Three years ago, Lance Bateman and his three brothers agreed to be part of a pilot project that would use vertical farming to grow and feed the cows for their dairy and beef farm, Bateman Mosida Farms. Grov Technologies, an agriculture tech company in Vineyard, Utah, partnered with Batemans on the project and developed all the equipment for the vertical farm.
The brothers are now using six towers to pump out fresh wheatgrass for their herd of 20,000 cows 365 days a year. The vertical farm takes up about 857 square feet of space, but it does the work that would be required on 35 to 50 acres of land, according to Grov Technologies. Supporters claim vertical farms use 95% less water than in conventional field farming. A full harvest cycle in the Bateman's farm takes anywhere from five to seven days, starting with a tray of seeds that is carried to the top of the tower and rotated on wheels through the entire structure.
Bateman says each tower provides about 2,800 pounds of feed each day, which is only about two percent of what his cows eat in a day. His farm grows feed conventionally when it can and buys the rest. The farm is also planning to install four more towers within the next six weeks.
According to Bateman,studies conducted by Grov Technologies in 2019 found that, when the cows were fed 12-15% of the vertical farm's feed in their diets, they produced more milk or at the same pace while eating less feed overall, ultimately improving the farm's bottom line.
“A farm is an expensive venture, but I know with this facility, we can compete, especially with different climate scenarios(说明)across the world,”he says. “I believe this will make farming available in areas where it hasn't been able to happen. ”
1. What's the purpose of the writer by writing the second paragraph?A.To describe how the vertical farm works. |
B.To value the history of the vertical farm. |
C.To show the structure of the vertical farm. |
D.To explain how the vertical farm came into being. |
A.It has replaced conventional farming. |
B.It needs more acres of land to work. |
C.It is water-conserving and efficient. |
D.It is relatively easy to maintain. |
A.70,000 pounds. | B.72,800 pounds. | C.140,000 pounds. | D.142,800 pounds. |
A.Vertical farming has a promising future. |
B.Vertical farming remains to be improved. |
C.Competition is usually an expensive venture. |
D.Farming won't happen with climate scenarios. |
【推荐2】Adults perform better when they have a lot to gain or lose. But scientists did not know whether teens did too. To find out, Insel asked 88 people between the ages of 13 and 20. She had them try a game. The participants looked at pictures of planets on a computer screen. They had to click as fast as they could when they saw a planet with designs. They were not supposed to click if a planet had no designs.
The participants could earn 20 cents for right answers but lose 10 cents for wrong ones. In other sessions, they’d get a dollar for right answers, and lose a half dollar for wrong ones. Players of all ages wanted to win the money, and cared more about bigger rewards than smaller ones.
As Insel expected, adults performed better when the stakes were high. But teens 13 to 18 played just as well whether they stood to win 20 cents or a dollar. Only 19- or 20-year olds stepped up their game for the higher stakes.
Insel’s team published this work November 28, 2017, in Nature Communications.
Brains change and mature during adolescence. And not all parts grow at the same rate. Insel was interested in two areas in particular. One is deep inside the brain and just above the ears. Called the ventral striatum (腹侧纹状体), it helps the brain calculate rewards. The ventral striatum becomes mature during the teen years.
The brain’s prefrontal cortex (前额叶) takes longer to mature. This area is important for planning and setting goals. It may not mature until early adulthood.
Nerve pathways - think of them as the brain’s “wiring” - connect the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex. This lets the two regions communicate to make decisions. But because the prefrontal cortex matures later, the wiring between the two may not be complete until adulthood.
1. Which of the following can explain Insel’s research?A.Teens ignore key points in many aspects. |
B.Adults behave better with higher rewards. |
C.Teens give more attention to exams than usual work. |
D.Adults behave more maturely than children in every way. |
A.The final results of games or experiments. |
B.The things that can be gained or lost in races. |
C.The ambitions or energies that one experiences in games. |
D.The powers that make one feel less pressure or pain. |
A.the experiment aims to find out adults’ behaviour facing high stakes |
B.teens have better performances in the first rounds |
C.adults care less about the experiment at first |
D.adults and teens show differently with high stakes |
A.Unlike adults, teens don’t perform better with high stakes |
B.Who perform better, adults or children? |
C.Stakes are the key points in promoting one’s passion |
D.Whether low stakes or high stakes, one behaves similarly |
【推荐3】Are you happy? Do you remember a time when you were happy? Are you seeking happiness today?
Many have sought a variety of sources for their feelings of happiness. Some have put their heart and efforts into their work. Too many have turned to drugs and alcohol. Meanwhile, untold numbers have looked for it in the possession of expensive cars, exotic (异国的) vacation homes and other popular “toys”. Most of their efforts have a root in one common fact: people are looking for a lasting source of happiness.
Unfortunately, I believe that happiness escapes from many people because they misunderstand the journey of finding it. I have heard many people say that, “I’ll be happy when I get my new promotion,” or “I’ll be happy when I lose that extra20 pounds.” It is dangerous because it accepts that happiness is a “response” to having, being or doing something.
In life, we all experience stimulus (激励) and response. Today, some people think that an expensive car is stimulus. Happiness is a response. A great paying job is stimulus. Happiness is a response. A loving relationship is stimulus. Happiness is a response. This belief leaves us thinking and feeling: “I’ll be happy when...”
It has been my finding that actually the opposite is true. I believe that happiness is a stimulus and response is what life brings to those who are truly happy. When we are happy, we tend to have more success in our work. When we are happy, people want to be around us and enjoy loving relationships. When we are happy, we more naturally take better care of our bodies and enjoy good health. Happiness is not a response but a stimulus.
Happiness is a conscious choice we make every day of our lives. For unknown reason to me, many choose to be painful, unsuccessful and angry most of the time. Happiness is not something that happens to us after we get something we want—we usually get things we want AFTER we choose to be happy.
1. From the second paragraph, we know too many people __________.A.all desire exotic vacation homes |
B.are not happy when they work hard |
C.are not happy when they drink or take drugs |
D.are happy when they possess their own expensive cars |
A.they get what they want to have |
B.they get a great paying job |
C.they get an expensive car |
D.they think happiness is rooted in their deep hearts |
A.Most people today are happy. |
B.Work is a necessary part in our daily life. |
C.We should try to get more and then we’ll be happy. |
D.If you want to get what you want, you first choose to be happy. |
A.based on our needs | B.out of reach |
C.unconditional | D.limited |