Most of the efforts aimed at reducing climate change concentrate on reducing the use of fossil fuels. But a new study warms that pollution from the worlds food production system is also a major cause of rising temperatures on the earth.
The study finds that if the world food system grows at the current speed, it will produce nearly 1.4 trillion metric tons(公吨)of greenhouse gases over the next 80 years. That pollution is expected to come from fertilizers used in agriculture, mismanaged soil, food waste and methane gas released from cows and other animals. Other causes include land-clearing operations and deforestation(乱砍乱伐).
Researchers from the University of Minnesota and the University of Oxford in Britain led the study. They predict that even if fossil fuel emissions (排放) were stopped now, emissions from the world food system would make it impossible to reach the international climate change targets. They say emissions from food production alone could push world temperatures over 1.5degrees Celsius by the middle of this century and above 2 degrees Celsius by the end of the century.
The new study calls for immediate improvements in farming practice, as well as what we eat and how much food we waste.
Jason Hill is a professor of biosystems engineering at the University of Minnesota and he helped lead the study. He says that the research clearly shows that food has a much greater effect climate change than widely known. Fixing the problem would not require the world’s population to completely stop eating meat. We can eat better, healthier foods. We can improve how we grow foods. And we can waste less food, he adds.
Besides, the researchers say such efforts are achievable and can also lead to many other improvements beyond controlling climate change. These include making humans healthier, reducing water pollution, improving air quality, preventing animal extinctions and improving farm profitability(盈利能力).
1. What did the new study find about the world’s food production system?A.It produces many poisonous gases. |
B.It causes a rise in global temperature. |
C.It helps to reduce the use of fossil fuels. |
D.It tries to solve the world hunger problem. |
A.Fossil fuel emissions will gradually stop. |
B.The temperature will have an unexpected rise. |
C.The climate change target will be eventually achieved. |
D.Emission from food production will cause serious effects. |
A.Reducing food waste. | B.Growing more crop. |
C.Stopping eating any meat. | D.Producing less junk food. |
A.Reducing water pollution. | B.Improving farming methods. |
C.Protecting endangered animals. | D.Increasing farming productivity. |
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【推荐1】Getting paid to stay in bed all day sounds pretty good, but what if someone pays you $ 23, 000 to stay in bed for two months? That’s the deal that a medical research team in France is offering to 24 volunteers.
The researchers are looking for volunteers to help them study the effects of weightlessness (失重状态) on the human body and find ways to stop problems. Lying in bed isn’t exactly the same as being weightless, but the effects are alike.
When astronauts spend a long time in an environment with no gravity, their bodies change in many ways. After several months, their hearts don’t beat as hard. Their muscles become smaller and weaker. Their bones may be broken more easily. There may also be changes in the astronauts’ immune systems (免疫系统) and sleep habits.
The study will take 88 days. During the first two weeks, the volunteers will be tested to make sure of their levels of fitness. Then they will spend 60 days lying in bed with their heads lower than their bodies. They will have to do everything while lying down, including eating, brushing their teeth, and going to the bathroom. The rule is that they must have at least one shoulder touching the bed at all times. The last two weeks of the study will be spent trying to build up the volunteers’ fitness again.
Volunteers must be men between the ages of 20 and 45 who are in perfect health. The researchers completed one study in April. A second study will take place from September to December.
1. What’s the third paragraph mainly about?A.How astronauts work in an environment without gravity. |
B.Astronauts’ sleep habits in an environment without gravity. |
C.Why astronauts’ bodies change in an environment without gravity. |
D.The effects of an environment without gravity on astronauts’ bodies. |
A.be women | B.come from France |
C.be in excellent condition | D.be under twenty years old |
A.How to build up astronauts’ fitness. |
B.Researchers pay volunteers to stay in bed. |
C.Effects of weightlessness on the human body. |
D.Disadvantages of lying in bed for two months. |
A.A medical magazine. | B.A short novel. |
C.A grammar book. | D.A travel guidebook. |
【推荐2】Eleven of the world’s languages have at least 100 million native speakers. The biggest are Mandarin Chinese, English, Spanish, Arabic and Hindi. Next come Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, Japanese, French and German. Experts say these eleven languages are the mother tongues of half the world’s population. But the world has close to 7,000 languages. Linguists (语言学家) predict that as many as half of these may be at risk of disappearing by the end of this century. That would mean another language dies every two weeks.
Members of the Siletz Indian tribe (部落) in the northwestern state of Oregon take pride in their language. Their language, they say, “is as old as time itself”. But today very few people can speak it fluently. In fact, you can count the number of fluent speakers on one hand.
More than 10,000 entries can be found in the Siletz Online Talking Dictionary. Professor Harrison has posted talking dictionaries for seven other highly endangered languages from around the world. He says technology can not only spread the influence of major languages but also help save endangered ones. Smartphone applications, YouTube videos and Facebook pages have all become digital tools for language activists and experts.
Mr. Harrison and a researcher in Oregon have mapped areas of endangered languages. One is the Pacific Northwest in the United States. Others include the upper Amazon basin, Siberia and northern Australia.
In Canada’s far north, the Inuit people are struggling to preserve their native language, Inuktitut. Part of the effort involves Microsoft. The company is translating terms in its Windows operating system and Office software into Inuktitut. The programming group had to invent new words to include all the terms in some Windows and Word document menus.
Nowadays so many people will spend their entire day sitting in front of a computer. If you’re sitting in front of your computer in English all day, that just reinforces (强化) English. If you’re now using Inuktitut, it is reinforcing that this is your language. Microsoft has also worked with language activists in New Zealand, Spain and Wales to translate its software into Maori, Basque, Catalan and Welsh.
Nothing takes the place of speakers speaking to other speakers and to people who are learning. But this bridges a gap (空缺) that was just needed in some communities and in some tribes. Young members of the tribe are now texting each other in Siletz.
1. People of the Siletz Indian tribe are proud of their language because .A.it’s easily mastered | B.it’s widely spoken nowadays |
C.it has a long history | D.it deserves scientific research |
A.changes the way young people learn a language |
B.makes learning a language a fashionable thing |
C.makes it possible to master a language quickly |
D.helps the endangered languages known to more people |
A.make their language spoken worldwide | B.learn other languages conveniently |
C.help to spread the new technology | D.strengthen the use of their native language |
A.it’s hopeful to save the endangered language |
B.young people like to accept and use the new technology |
C.means of communication in the tribe has changed a lot |
D.young people try their best to save their language |
A.There are more than 7,000 languages in the world. |
B.English has the most native speakers in the world |
C.The Inuit people ‘s native language, Inuktitut, are disappearing. |
D.It is wrong for people to reinforce English |
【推荐3】The Great Wall in China is an iconic cultural landmark that has stood for a long time. But the long structure is also at risk of disappearing because of natural erosion. Now, scientists have discovered that some parts of the wall are better conserved from the elements than others. Some plants have created a layer of biocrusts (生物外壳) on some sections of the wall, according to a study published in a journal. In addition to strengthening the wall, the biocrusts shield it from wind and water. The researchers report the “living cover” also insulates the wall from temperature changes.
The Great Wall was constructed and connected over thousands of years ago to help create a “united defense system” for China’s northern border. Some sections were built using rammed earth (夯土), a process that involves compacting natural materials like stones and soil to create firm structures. Those materials also provided an ideal habitat for organisms to grow—and over time, they created a biocrust layer atop the rammed earth.
Scientists in China wanted to better understand the wall’s biocrusts, so they took samples from a roughly 300-mile-long section. When they analyzed the samples, they found that 67% of the area they studied was covered in biocrusts. They also conducted a series of experiments to compare the bare and biocrust-covered samples. The biocrust-covered sections held up better in tests measuring their strength and stability. Some biocrust samples were three times stronger than the bare rammed earth samples.
The new research could help inform conservation strategies for the Great Wall and other heritage structures created from rammed earth. Some conservationists have supposed that biocrusts may cause historic structures to worsen more quickly, but this study suggests otherwise. Instead, biocrusts helpfully combine the functions of several conventional measures into one nature-based, eco-friendly and long-lasting strategy.
1. What does the underlined word “insulates” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Protects. | B.Takes. | C.Removes. | D.Creates. |
A.How the Great Wall was built. | B.What rammed earth once was like. |
C.What role the Great Wall played in history. | D.How biocrusts were formed on the Great Wall. |
A.Conserve plant samples. | B.Stop the formation of biocrusts. |
C.Help keep rammed earth heritage structures. | D.Replace conventional building protection measures. |
A.By analyzing the methods of wall restoration. |
B.By comparing different sections of the Great Wall. |
C.By tracking the historical significance of the Great Wall. |
D.By explaining a new scientific discovery and its impacts. |
【推荐1】Saving the environment might seem like a tall order, but living an environmentally friendly life is actually quite easy.
Recycle
Recycling is a simplest lifestyle to lower the amount of environmental waste. Every resident can get involved by taking advantage of nearby recycling services.
Buy locally-sourced foods
Eating fresh, local food consumes less fuel and packaging materials. Shipping products by truck, rail, flight, or boat creates pollution and goes against an environmentally friendly lifestyle. Instead, shop at local farmers’ markets and grocery stores stocking locally-sourced products.
Cut back on driving
Applying alternate forms of transportation consumes less gasoline.
Advocacy allows more people to create a positive impact. Spread the word about environmental conservation by sharing some of the lifestyle changes you’ve made on social media and in conversations with people around, calling on everybody to play a role.
A.Cut back your carbon footprint |
B.Walk or ride a bike whenever possible |
C.Encourage others to help save the environment |
D.Check the regulations to ensure you use them properly |
E.The topic of preserving natural resources entertains everyone |
F.With just a few small lifestyle changes, you can make a difference |
G.Alternatively, use community-supported services to get fresh produce regularly |
【推荐2】During the COP27 climate conference (会议) in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, an important deal on “loss and damage” was reached. This was a big step forward because at COP26 conference in Glasgow, Scotland, there were no talks on loss and damage at all. The plan is that richer countries will pay money into a special fund that will be used to help poor countries.
Loss and damage means the damaging impact of climate change on developing countries. For nearly 30 years, poorer countries have been asking richer countries for money to help to protect communities from the effects of climate change. Richer countries have produced the most greenhouse gases, but poorer countries are often the worst affected by extreme weather conditions because they are less well equipped to face extreme climate events.
Brazil’s newly elected President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva made a speech about preserving the largest rainforest on Earth, the Amazon. During the last 50 years, more than 17% of the Amazon rainforest has been destroyed to make way for farms and towns. However, in his speech, Lula promised that there would be zero deforestation (伐树) in the Amazon by 2030. The conference didn’t just focus on world leaders. It brought together more than 45,000 people to discuss how climate change is affecting their lives. Climate refugees (难民) also had their voices heard. Tshilombo from the Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya said, “Refugees don’t only flee because of war or conflict. It’s also about drought, the effects of climate change.”
Some countries weren’t happy with the overall outcome of COP27 because decisions weren’t made on cutting the use of fossil fuels, such as coal, gas and oil, etc. The UK Government’s Alok Sharma said, “I’m incredibly disappointed.”
However, this deal was a great achievement for developing countries. Sherry Rehman, the climate minister for Pakistan, said, “I am confident we have tuned a comer in how we work together to achieve climate goals.”
1. What is a successful outcome of the COP27 climate conference?A.The deal on loss and damage. |
B.The deal on using fossil fuels. |
C.The deal on rainforest preservation. |
D.The deal on helping climate refugees. |
A.More greenhouse gases. |
B.Massive deforestation. |
C.Shortage of money and supplies. |
D.Terrible weather conditions. |
A.Climate change is influencing people’s lives. |
B.17% of the Amazon rainforest was destroyed. |
C.Many factors lead to the appearance of refugees. |
D.There will be less deforestation in the Amazon by 2030. |
A.Never put off till tomorrow. |
B.Many hands make light work. |
C.Knowledge starts with practice. |
D.No way is impossible to courage. |
【推荐3】A man from Ivory Coast has found a creative way to repurpose (稍加改动) footwear that washes up on the beach-he turns it into artwork.
Aristide Kouame is a 26-year-old artist. But he says no one would know this when they see him going around beach areas picking up flip-flops (人字拖) and other kinds of footwear. They probably think he is gathering the old objects to sell on the street. But Kouame has recognized the real value of such waste. He has created artworks from the material that can sell for up to $1,000. He cuts the rubber and plastic bottoms from the footwear into pieces and uses them to create largo collages (拼贴画).
“This is the rubbish people have thrown into the sea and the sea brings it back to us because it doesn’t want it,” Kouame told Reuters News Agency. He was collecting material from a beach in Abidjan, Ivory Coast’s economic and cultural capital. “I make art from used shoes. It’s a way to give Life to the objects that litter the beaches,” the artist explained.
Sitting on the floor of a narrow street, Kouame creates shapes, letters and faces with the rubber pieces he picked up on the beach. His method is not costly and does not harm the environment. Plastic and other waste-including large amounts of lost flip-flops-litter most city beaches in West Africa. The waste is thrown away in cities and carried out to sea. But a lot of it ends up on the beach later.
In just a few years, Kouame’s methods have caught the attention of Ivory Coast’s art establishment and his works have hung in galleries in Ivory Coast and in oilier countries. His works have included large portraits of civil rights and political leaders such as Nelson Mandela. Other pieces were created to draw attention to world problems, including climate change, COVID-19 and economic inequality.
The United Nations estimates that about 13 million tons of plastic waste is put into the world’s oceans each year. Two of Africa’s biggest waste producers, Ghana and Nigeria, share the same Atlantic coastal areas as the beach where Kouame searches for supplies. For his part, Kouame says he plans to keep collecting and creating. “My goal is to get people lo question the issue of their environment, in order to create a better life.”
1. Where does Kouame create his artworks?A.On a beach in Abidjan. | B.In galleries in Ivory Coast. |
C.On the floor of a narrow street. | D.In the coastal areas shared by Ghana and Nigeria. |
A.Making money by selling his artworks. |
B.Arousing people’s environmental awareness. |
C.Purposing footwear that washes up on the beach. |
D.Catching the attention of Ivory Coast’s art establishment. |
A.Kouame collects used items to sell on the street. |
B.Kouame has drawn a large portrait of Nelson Mandela. |
C.Plastic and other waste litter everywhere in West Africa. |
D.Tons of waste is thrown into the world's oceans annually. |
A.Amazing Artworks Made of Rubbish |
B.A Creative Way to Get Rid of Rubbish |
C.Aristide Kouame, Waste Collector from Ivory Coast |
D.Ivory Coast Man Turning Old Flip-Flops into Artworks |
【推荐1】Developing new materials requires significant time and labor, but some chemists are now hopeful that AI could one day shoulder much of this burden. In a new study in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, a team used a popular AI model, ChatGPT, to perform one particularly time-consuming task: searching scientific literature. With that data, they built a second tool, a new model to predict experimental results.
Reports from previous studies offer a vast amount of information that chemists need, but finding and analyzing the most relevant details can be laborious. For example, those interested in designing highly porous, crystalline (晶体) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) — which have potential applications in areas such as clean energy—must sort through hundreds of scientific papers describing a variety of experimental conditions. Researchers have previously attempted to let AI take over this task; however, the language processing models they used required significant technical expertise , and applying them to new topics meant changing the program. Omar Yaghi and colleagues wanted to see if the next generation of language models, which includes ChatGPT, could offer a more accessible, flexible way to extract information.
To analyze text from scientific papers, the team gave ChatGPT prompts (提示符) it through three processes intended to identify and summarize the experimental information the papers contained. The researchers carefully constructed these prompts to minimize the model’s tendency to make up responses, and to ensure the best responses possible.
When tested on 228 papers describing MOF syntheses (合成), this system drew more than 26, 000 factors relevant for making roughly 800 of these mixtures. With these data, the team trained a separate AI model to predict the crystalline state of MOFs based on these conditions. And finally, to make the data more user-friendly, they built a chatbot to answer questions about it. The team notes that, unlike previous AI-based efforts, this one does not require expertise in coding. What’s more, scientists can shift its focus simply by adjusting the narrative language in the prompts. This new system, which they call the “ChatGPT Chemistry Assistant,” could also be useful in other fields of chemistry.
1. What does the research team hope the new model to do?A.Search and classify scientific literature. |
B.Analyze data and predict laboratory findings. |
C.Prevent the model from making up responses. |
D.Generate a faster language processing system. |
A.To suggest their potential applications in clean energy. |
B.To illustrate the laborious analysis of scientific papers. |
C.To confirm they are of importance in chemistry industry. |
D.To stress the testing system is extraordinarily complicated. |
A.Secure. | B.Virtual. | C.Practical. | D.Specialized. |
A.Making the MOFs be more useful |
B.Doing further analysis for scientific papers |
C.Improving the language processing models |
D.Turning ChatGPT into a “chemistry assistant” |
Telemedicine has existed for a long time, but the rise of smart phones, tablets and webcam-equipped computers is raising telemedicine to new levels. Some health care systems in the United States now offer Virtual Urgent Care, patients see a doctor by video chat without having to leave home.
Diana Rae is a nurse educator in the western state of Washington. She recently showed how Virtual Urgent Care works. She used an iPad tablet and skype — the video chat service.
Doctor Green has the patient describe her symptoms, then the doctor performs a physical exam by demonstrating what he wants her to do. Doctor Green decides that the problem is a silence infection. For medicine, he prescribes an antibiotic. He says about 3 out of 4 patients have health problems that can be treated like this —through Virtual Urgent Care, that means a video chat could replace a visit to the doctor's office.
The Franciscan Health System is based in Tacoma, Washington. Franciscan charges $35 for this kind of virtual house call, that is much less than the cost of going to an emergency room, a doctor's office or an urgent care clinic.
After trying the video conference, Diana Rae says, “I would've paid twice that for the convenience of getting taken care of without having to sit in a waiting room, wait, and get exposed to everyone else's germs.”
Franciscan has a deal with a company called Carena to add virtual urgent care by Skype or phone. Carena is one of several companies doing this kind of work around the country. But a company official says state rules have not kept progress with developments in telemedicine. The workers who provide virtual urgent care must be separately licensed in each state where the company does business. For now, that means Carena doctors can treat patients in Washington state and California for example, but not in neighboring Oregon or Idaho.
1. The second paragraph is mainly used to show ________.
A.why telemedicine becomes popular |
B.the advantages of telemedicine |
C.many factors contribute to telemedicine |
D.what telemedicine is |
A.through his observation of the patient |
B.through a careful examination |
C.by knowing what he wants her to do |
D.by prescribing an antibiotic |
A.are tough to deal with |
B.can be treated through a video chat |
C.should result from work pressure |
D.nearly cost little to recover |
A.he finds it convenient to see a doctor by using a video chat |
B.he sings high praise for this kind of treatment form |
C.he must be tired of waiting too long in the hospital |
D.it should be very unhealthy while staying in hospital |
【推荐3】Researchers say new evidence suggests Mimas, the icy moon of Saturn (土星), likely has a large underground ocean. Researchers based their finding on data collected by the American space agency NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. Cassini observed Saturn and its more than 140 moons for more than 10 years before ending operations in 2017.
Researchers reported the data provided the best evidence yet of a hidden ocean about 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the frozen surface.
Mimas is a relatively small moon, about 400 kilometers wide. Researchers say Mimas doesn’t have formations (构造) on its surface found on other moons, which suggests the presence of underground water. These can include a broken surface as well as spring activity.
The amount of water thought to exist below the surface of Mimas would represent just 1.2 to 1.4 percent of Earth’s oceans. That is because the moon is very small.
However, Mimas does have a very large crater caused by a crash with a space object. The edges of it are raised very high. For this reason, the appearance of the moon has been compared to the fictional “Death Star” space station in the popular movie series Star Wars.
The researchers said the underground ocean appears to have formed recently in space terms, possibly between 5 and 15 million years ago. The ocean would likely have an overall temperature of around zero degrees Celsius. But the temperature at the seafloor might be much higher.
The water is in contact with the moon’s rocky center, which may create the right complex (复杂的) chemical conditions to support life. But the researchers noted that because the ocean is believed to be young, it might be a challenge for life’s development.
However, nobody knows how long life needs to appear from a suitable environment. The ocean on Mimas may offer a unique opportunity to explore the first stage of life’s development.
Scientists have said that in the past another moon of Saturn, Enceladus, might possess the warmth, water and chemical materials necessary to support life.
1. What indicates there is water on Mimas?A.Its unusual surface. | B.Its small size. | C.Its turning speed. | D.Its position in space. |
A.River. | B.Mountain. | C.Hole. | D.Land. |
A.Its ocean bottom is too warm. | B.It has no atmosphere around. |
C.The water of its ocean is salty. | D.Its ocean hasn’t existed long enough. |
A.Study the formation of early life. | B.Search for a possible human habitat. |
C.Look for useful chemical materials. | D.Explore the oceans on Earth. |