The US government has recently helped people learn more about the dangers of earthquakes by publishing a map. This map shows the chances of an earthquake in catch part of the country. The areas of the map where earthquakes are most likely to occur are called earthquake belts. The government is spending a great deal of money and is working hard to help to discover the answers to these two questions:
Can we predict earthquakes?
Can we control earthquakes?
To answer the first question, scientists are looking very closely at the most active fault (断层) systems in the country, such as the San Andreas fault in California. A fault is a break between two sections of the earth’s surface. These breaks between sections are the places where earthquakes occur. But it will probably be many years before we can predict earthquakes correctly. And the control of earthquakes is even farther away.
However there have been some interesting developments in the field of controlling earthquakes. The most interesting development concerns the Rocky Mountain Arsenal earthquakes. Here water was put into a layer of rocks 4,000 metres below the surface of the ground. Shortly after this injection (注射) of water, there was a small number of earthquakes. Scientists have decided that the water which was injected into the rocks worked like oil on each other.
When the water “oiled” the fault, the fault became slippery and the energy of an earthquake was given out. Scientists are still experimenting at the site of these earthquakes. They have realized that there is a connection between the injection of the water and the earthquake activity. They have suggested that it might be possible to use this knowledge to prevent very big, dangerous earthquakes, that is, scientists could inject some kind of fluid like water into faults and change on a big earthquake into a number of small, harmless earthquakes.
1. Earthquakes belts are .A.maps that show where earthquakes are likely to occur |
B.zones with a high probability of earthquakes |
C.breaks between two sections of the earth's surface |
D.the two layers of earth along a fault |
A.an active fault system |
B.a place where earthquakes have been predicted correctly |
C.a place where earthquakes have been controlled |
D.at the foot of the Rocky Mountain |
A.They occur at about 4.000 metres belowground level |
B.The injection of water into earthquake faults prevent earthquakes from occurring. |
C.They are usually caused by the oil in the faults. |
D.Harmful earthquakes could be prevented by causing harmless earthquakes. |
A.They have no practical value in earthquake prevention. |
B.They may have practical value in earthquake prevention. |
C.They are certain to have practical value in earthquake prevention. |
D.Nothing is told about their practical value in earthquake prevention. |
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【推荐1】British anthropologists (人类学家) Russell Hill and Robert Barton of the University of Durham, after studying the results of one-on-one boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman wrestling and freestyle wrestling matches at the Olympic Games, conclude that when two competitors are equally matched in fitness and skill, the athlete wearing red is more likely to win.
Hill and Barton report that when one competitor is much better than the other, colour has no effect on the result. However, when there is only a small difference between them, the effect of colour is enough tip the balance. The anthropologists say that the number of times red wins is not simply by chance, but that these results are statistically significant.
Joanna Setchell, a primate (灵长目动物) researcher at the University of Cambridge, has found similar results in nature. She studies the large African monkeys known as mandrills. Mandrills have bright red noses that stand out against their white faces. Setchell’s work shows that the powerful males — the ones who are more successful with females — have a brighter red nose than other males.
As well as the studies on primates by Setchell, another study shows the effect of red among birds. In an experiment, scientists put red plastic rings on the legs of male zebra finches and this increased the birds’ success with female zebra finches, Zebra finches already have bright red beaks (鸟喙), so this study suggests that, as with Olympic athletes, an extra flash of red is significant. In fact, researchers from the University of Glasgow say that the birds’ brightly coloured beaks are an indicator of health. Jonathan Blount, a biologist, and his colleagues think they have found proof that bright red or orange beaks attract females because they mean that the males are healthier. Nothing in nature is simple, however, because in species such as the blue footed booby, a completely different colour seems to give the male birds the same advantage with females.
Meanwhile, what about those athletes who win in their events while wearing red? Do their clothes give them an unintentional advantage? Robert Barton accepts that “that is the implication” of their findings. Is it time for sports authorities to consider new regulations on sports clothing?
1. According to their research. Hill and Barton conclude that ________.A.the colour of clothing has an effect on most sport events |
B.red should be the choice of colour for clothing in sports |
C.red plays a role when competitors are equally capable |
D.athletes perform better when surrounded by bright red |
A.achieve | B.advance | C.keep | D.change |
A.male birds use different body parts to draw attention |
B.red is not the only colour to attract female birds |
C.blue gives female birds the same advantage |
D.blue can indicate how healthy a bird is |
A.The colour red gives male animals the most advantage. |
B.Male zebra finches prefer to have red plastic rings on their legs. |
C.Rules on sports clothing are going to be changed. |
D.Athletes wearing red may have an advantage over their opponents. |
【推荐2】Runners in a relay race pass a stick in one direction. However, merchants passed silk, gold, fruit, and glass along the Silk Road in more than one direction. They earned their living by traveling the famous Silk Road.
The Silk Road was not a simple trading network. It passed through thousands of cities and towns. It started from eastern China, across Central Asia and the Middle East, and ended in the Mediterranean Sea. It was used from about 200 B.C. to about 1300 A.D., when sea travel offered new routes. It was sometimes called the world’s longest highway. However, the Silk Road was made up of many routes, not one smooth path. They passed through what are now 18 countries. The routes crossed mountains and deserts and had many dangers of hot sun, deep snow and even battles. Only experienced traders could return safe.
The Silk Road got its name from its most prized product. Silk could be used like money to pay taxes or buy goods. But the traders carried more than just silk. Gold, silver, and glass from Europe were much found in the Middle East and Asia. Horses traded from other areas changed farming practices in China.
Indian merchants traded salt and other valuable goods. Chinese merchants traded paper, which produced an immediate effect on the West. Apples traveled from central Asia to Rome. The Chinese had learned to graft different trees together to make new kinds of fruit. They passed this science on to others, including the Romans. The Romans used grafting to grow the apple. Trading along the Silk Road led to world-wide business 2,000 years before the World Wide Web. The people along the Silk Road did not share just goods. They also shared their beliefs. The Silk Road provided pathways for learning, diplomacy, and religion.
1. What is required to be traders along the Silk Road?A.Remembering the entire trade route. | B.Dealing with a lot of difficulties. |
C.Receiving certain special training. | D.Knowing the making of products. |
A.Silk was the most prized product. | B.The Silk Road led to world-wide business. |
C.People traded many goods along the route. | D.The Silk Road used to be the world’s longest highway. |
A.Trading goods along the route. | B.Sharing each others’ beliefs. |
C.Learning from one another. | D.Making a living by traveling. |
A.The Silk Road: East Meets West | B.The Silk Road: Past and Present |
C.The Silk Road: Routes Full of Dangers | D.The Silk Road: Pathways for Learning |
【推荐3】A picture might be worth a thousand words, but sometimes, a few words tell a bigger story. Instagram users find that a carefully thought-out caption for an image can make viewers pause, reveal something about the creator’s personality, drive engagement, and perhaps inspire one to take action. Do labels in museums and art galleries do something similar when paired with artworks?
A recent study, done by Kohinoor M. Darda and Anjan Chatterjee, researchers from University of Pennsylvania, was carried out to find the answer. They asked subjects how much they liked abstract and representational paintings. In the first experiment, Northern American subjects viewed Jackson Pollock’s abstract works with no additional information or accompanied by biographical information about Pollock as well as his technique for creating art. In the second experiment, Northern American subjects viewed Indian and American-European representational paintings that were either presented with no information or with information about the artwork’s content, the artist, and their technique.
They found that viewers’ aesthetic judgments of liking abstract paintings increased when they had information about Jackson Pollock and his technique, compared to no information. Similarly, viewers liked Indian and American-European representational paintings more when presented with information about the content, the artist, and their technique compared to no information. The influence of this information did not apply equally to everyone. Its effects appeared in people who are open to experience and people with less exposure to art.
Contextual information also impacted Indian paintings more than American-European paintings. Without contextual information, North Americans showed an in-group bias, a tendency to show favoritism toward members of one’s own group. In their study, Northern Americans liked American-European paintings more than Indian paintings when no information about the paintings was presented to them. But when the artworks were put into context, this in-group bias was reduced.
Museums or art galleries serve as information spaces where the museum architecture, the location of objects in its space, guided tours, audio guides, and the use of text labels all transmit information and knowledge to viewers to enhance the aesthetic experience. Further, given that the arts create a snapshot of a society or culture at a particular point in space and time, educators can take advantage of context to exert its impact on viewers. Multicultural art education could reduce stereotyping of “the other”. Would today’s world be just a little bit kinder if we could view each other through art and learn a little bit more about different cultural contexts?
1. The author mentioned Instagram users’ example in the first paragraph to______.A.introduce the topic |
B.arouse readers’ interest |
C.emphasize the importance of words |
D.compare the similarity between Instagram and Museums |
A.Themes. | B.Participants. |
C.Courses. | D.Citizens. |
A.Viewers presented with contextual information liked abstract and representational paintings equally. |
B.Contextual information can reduce in-group bias concerning American-European paintings. |
C.Viewers with less exposure to art are less likely to be affected by contextual information. |
D.Contextual information proved to have different impacts on paintings with different origins. |
A.Meet a Kinder World through Art |
B.The Impact of the Sociocultural Information |
C.Understanding Art within the Context |
D.The More Informed, the Less Favoritism |
【推荐1】Today, China has conducted its first 3D printing experiment in space in a newly launched spacecraft, which was put into low-Earth orbit by China’s Long March 5B heavy lift carrier rocket.
Video broadcast on CCTV showed that the printer has printed a flat section of a honeycomb-shaped structure as well as a symbol of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp, the parent company of the China Academy of Space Technology. The experiment was done by a 3D printer, developed and built by its Beijing Spacecrafts Manufacturing Factory, inside the prototype (原型) of China’s new — generation manned spacecraft.
The printer, named the Space-Based Composite Material 3D Printing System, uses carbon fiber-reinforced materials to autonomously print objects. It is placed in the reentry module (返回舱) of the experimental spaceship, and will be brought back to Earth once the module returns.
The printer features advanced technologies in material modeling, accuracy control and automation. Once the space-based 3D printing technology becomes operationally ready, it can extensively benefit space programs as astronauts can use it to manufacture (大规模制造) a lot of things they currently now need to obtain from resupply flights by cargo spacecraft.
Wang Yanan, editor-in-chief of the Aerospace Knowledge magazine, said the 3D Printer will be very useful in extended space missions, such as those in a space station, because it will allow astronauts to make components (零件) quickly and conveniently in space. The technology will save future space journeys considerable resources and costs.
In fact, the device is not the only representative of 3D printing on board the Prototype.
A CubeSat deployer, designed and made through 3D printing by CoSats Space Technology, is also carried by the spacecraft to check the adaptability of 3D-printed equipment in space. CoSats Chief Operating Officer Bai Ruixue said the 3D-Printed deployer is much lighter and stronger than its counterparts and it will have huge potential in the space industry.
1. What did the video broadcast on CCTV show to the audience?A.The process and the products of the 3D printing. |
B.The name and the shape of the 3D printer. |
C.The significance of the 3D printing technology. |
D.The relationship between the two companies. |
A.It has to be sent by spaceship back to earth for repair. |
B.The astronauts make one using 3D printing and replace it. |
C.The astronauts can fix it conveniently by hand on the spot. |
D.It has to be unloaded and abandoned in space. |
A.To introduce the CubeSat deployer produced in space. |
B.To explain the advantages of the 3D printing in space. |
C.To show the adaptability of 3D printing in space. |
D.To indicate a bright future of 3D printing in space. |
A.3D printing experiment conducted in space. | B.3D printing set to help ease space trips. |
C.3D printing launched by Long March 5B. | D.3D printing—a new way to explore space. |
【推荐2】In one of the more unusual experiments we’ve seen recently, researchers attached a large pair of cartoonish huge eyes to the front of a small, self-driving vehicle—and it turns out that this kind of adaptation could actually improve pedestrian (行人) safety.
A pair of eyes on the front of driverless vehicles could, according to the researchers, give people standing by the road a better idea of whether they’ve been seen. That’s one useful bit of information to have when it comes to determining the perfect moment to cross in front of oncoming traffic. “If the car is not looking at the pedestrian, this implies that the car does not recognize the pedestrian,” said one of the researchers. “Thus, pedestrians can judge that they should not cross the street, thereby avoiding potential traffic accidents.”
For the purposes of this study, the researchers used a car which seemed as if no one was inside. A pair of large, swiveling (旋转的) eyes on the front were controlled by researchers, but in the future could be controlled by the car’s AI on an actual self-driving vehicle.
To keep the 18 participants safe, experiments were conducted in virtual reality. The volunteers—nine men and nine women—were asked to decide whether or not to cross the road as the car approached. Four scenarios(方案) were tested in total; two when the car was fitted with eyes, and two when it wasn’t. The researchers measured how often people hesitated to cross when it was in fact safe to do so, and how often they chose to cross when it was dangerous. Overall, the presence of the eyes led to safer and smoother crossing experiences for the participants.
However, there was a gender split in the results. For men, the eyes only really helped in dangerous situations, warning them to pause when they might otherwise proceed. For women, the eyes boosted confidence by signaling it was safe to cross.
1. What is the function of cartoonish huge eyes?A.Improving the safety of self-driving vehicles. |
B.Helping people decide when to cross the road. |
C.Keeping pedestrians in a complete safe state. |
D.Promoting the appearance of self-driving vehicles. |
A.There was a robot in the car. |
B.The pair of large eyes were controlled by AI. |
C.The experiments were designed by 18 volunteers. |
D.Experiments weren’t conducted in real surroundings. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Objective. | C.Negative. | D.Positive. |
A.To advertise a new self-driving technology. |
B.To enhance pedestrians’ awareness of safety. |
C.To inform us of a new research on driverless vehicles. |
D.To introduce the influence of a new type of car. |
【推荐3】Anyone who has had a long-term illness knows that recovering at home can be boring. This can be especially true of children. They may feel cut off from their friends and classmates. Now, these children may have a high-tech friend to help feel less lonely. That friend is a robot.
The robot is called Avatarl (AV1). It takes their place at school. Through the robot, the children can hear their teachers and friends. They also can take part in classes from wherever they are recovering. And the children's school friends must help. They carry the robot between classes and place the robot on their desks.
A Norwegian company called No Isolation created the robot. There are another two co-founders: Karen Dolva and Marius Aabel.
Dolva explains how the robot works. She says from home the child uses an iPad or a phone to start the robot, control the robot’s movements with touch, and talk through it. The child can take part in classroom activities. The robot is equipped with speakers, microphones and cameras that make communicating easy. So it’s the eyes and the ears and the voice of the child at school. Inside AVI is a small computer connected to a 4G network. A small camera connected to a small computer could do the job. But that would not be the same.
AV1 was designed to be tough. It won't allow water to pass through it and can take a fall from a desk without damage. AV1 is large and looks like a human for a reason. Dolva says it can't be just a tiny camera because the other kids can't pick it up and take it with them. This is important because the robot is supposed to be a friend to the children.
Hopefully AV1 will help some children feel less lonely while they are absent from class.
1. What is the passage mainly about?A.The robot has been used widely in many fields. |
B.The robot can make friends with sick children. |
C.The robot will take sick children to take part in classes. |
D.The robot may help sick children feel less lonely. |
A.an iPad | B.a camera | C.a computer | D.a speaker |
A.Strong. | B.Amazing. | C.Attractive. | D.Fancy. |
A.A tourist guide. | B.An exhibition guide. |
C.A science textbook. | D.A science report. |
【推荐1】The sunrises over the Cordillera mountain ranges in the Philippines, lighting up the beautiful terraced rice fields. Rows of terraces(梯田) wraparound the mountainsides from the ground to the very mountaintops, as far as the eye can see. Built with stonewalls at least 1, 000 years old, possibly 2, 000years, they are maintained by the ancient tradition and the lifestyle of the local Ifugao people. However, with the development of economy, life here is changing. And with it comes threats to this World Heritage(遗产) Site.
Young people are influenced by modern media and no longer want to work such long hours. More educational opportunities mean that many choose to make a life outside of the villages and rice fields. Roads are being built, allowing trucks bearing agricultural goods and buses bringing more tourists to and from. More tourists mean the need for more water and food, and the production of more waste and pollution. Ugly tall buildings, rather than beautiful traditional wooden homes, spring up in some villages.
Can these changes be managed so that the terraces continue to produce rice, and remain a beautiful part of our world heritage? Jimmy Padchanan, an official of the village of Mayoyao, said in an interview, “We are combining the old societies with the new, while maintaining many of our values.” He and the local people were confident that they would keep the best of the new and the strength of the past to protect the terraces, which are described as “a living cultural landscape of breathtaking beauty”. They said cultural heritages are very valuable for human, and it is a necessary duty for everyone to try his/her best to protect them.
1. What do we know about the Cordillera terraces from the first paragraph?A.They are often lit up at night. |
B.They are maintained in old ways. |
C.They are built at the foot of the mountain. |
D.They are covered with various crops. |
A.Media pay too much attention. | B.Agricultural land is largely taken up. |
C.Villagers cause safety concerns. | D.Many youths left the area. |
A.Have a mix of old and new. | B.Open our mind to new ideas. |
C.Stop the modernization of the region. | D.Involve more development in the area. |
A.Disappointed. | B.Worried. | C.Hopeful. | D.Sorry. |
【推荐2】The coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northernmost coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline. The term comes from the glacial (冰川的) activity of the Ice Age. At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier declined, however, it applied enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea.
As the mountains sank, ocean water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land. And the highest parts of the former mountain range, nearest the shore, remained as islands. Marine fossils found here are 225 feet above sea level indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier.
The 2,500-mile-long rocky and jagged (锯齿状的) coastline of Maine keeps watching over nearly 2,000 islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to blooming communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands left behind by the glacier. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles, Mt. Desert was very nearly formed as two distinct islands. It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a very deep and very narrow stretch of water seven miles long.
For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, has afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recently, though, Bar Harbor has become a new arts community as well. But the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Since the island sits on the border between two different geographical zones, the park supports the plants and animals of both zones. It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds.
1. The large number of small islands along the coast of Maine is the result of ______.A.the drowning of the Maine coastline | B.glacier’s forcing mountains into the sea |
C.the irregularity of the Maine coastline | D.ocean water’s flooding the mountain range |
A.To ask an amount of money. |
B.To accuse someone publicly of doing something wrong. |
C.To rush in a particular direction. |
D.To pass electricity through something. |
A.The wealthy residents of Mt. Desert Island selfishly kept it to themselves. |
B.Acadia National Park is one of the best national parks. |
C.On Mt. Desert Island, there is great tension between the residents and tourists. |
D.Mt. Desert Island supports an incredibly diverse animal and plant life. |
A.the coastline of Maine is ten times longer after the Ice Age |
B.there are more than 2,500 islands along the Maine coastline |
C.Mt. Desert Island has been broken apart by a 7-mile-long water stretch |
D.an arts community gave way to the summer homes on Mt. Desert Island |
【推荐3】Wildfire, or wildland fire, is the uncontrolled fire occurring in a forest, grassland or bushlands.
Fire danger in a wildland setting varies with weather conditions: drought, heat, and wind. Once a fire is burning, drought, heat, and wind all increase its intensity. Topography(地形) also affects wildfire, which spreads quickly uphill and slowly downhill. Dried grass, leaves, and light branches are considered flash fuels, and fire spreads quickly in them, often generating enough heat to burn heavier fuels such as tree stumps(树桩), heavy branches, and the organic matter of the forest floor. Such fuels, ordinarily slow to burn, are difficult to extinguish. Green fuels—growing vegetation-are not considered to catch fire easily, but an intense fire can dry out leaves and needles quickly enough to allow ready burning. Green fuels sometimes carry a special danger. Evergreens, such as pine and spruce(云杉), contain oils that easily burst into flames when heated sufficiently by the searing drafts(灼热的气流) of a forest fire.
Firefighting forces are specially trained to deal with wildfires. Aircraft were first used in fighting wildland fires in 1919. Now airplanes and helicopters are primarily used for dumping water, for observation, and occasionally for assisting in communication and transporting personnel, supplies, and equipment
Tools for fighting wildfires range from the standard equipment of urban fire departments to portable pumps, tank trucks, and earth-moving equipment. It can also change the fire’s direction as well as slowing its progress. They are maintained by public and private owners of forestlands. Such a force may attack a fire directly by spraying water, beating out flames, and removing vegetation at the edge of the fire to contain it behind a fire line. When the very edge is too hot to approach, a fire line is built at a safe distance, sometimes using strip (长条地带) burning to get rid of the fuel in the path of the uncontrolled fire.
1. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A.What causes wildfire to happen. |
B.How topography affects wildfire intensity. |
C.Why wildfire danger hides in green fuels. |
D.Where wildfire often breaks out. |
A.Carrying thin leaves. A. When the fire dies down. |
B.Having heavy branches. |
C.Lacking enough water. |
D.Containing some oil. |
A.When the fire dies down. |
B.When the wind blows hard. |
C.When the fuel burns uncontrollably. |
D.When the pump works effectively. |
A.An advertisement brochure. |
B.A news report. |
C.A sci-fi lecture, |
D.A geography magazine. |