There are many types of tombs in Egypt. However, throughout Egypt’s past, the tombs of kings and high officials, upper class artists and craftsmen, and poor people were very different. For poor people, the types of tombs they used stayed about the same, but the tombs of kings and high officials changed a lot over time.
At first, the kings of Egypt were buried in what are known as mastabas in southern Egypt, mainly at a place called Abydos. They had a pit where the dead were buried in the ground covered by stones above ground. Later mastabas sometimes had many rooms below and above ground to store the items that the dead person wished to take with him or her into the afterlife.
Later, during a period known as the Old Kingdom, the kings decided to be buried in a more northern location around the capital of Egypt. It was a city called the White Walls, but the Greeks called it Memphis. There were several cemeteries around Memphis. The first was a place called Saqqara, where the earliest pyramids were located. These were not true pyramids, as they had stepped sides rather than being smooth. Later kings experimented with true pyramids at a place called Dashure, where they finally built the first true pyramid tomb. However, the largest and grandest pyramids were later built at a place called the Giza Plateau, which is now just outside of the modern city of Cairo, Egypt. However, there were a number of other locations where the kings of Egypt built pyramids, but almost all of them were built near Memphis in the north or only as far south as a place called the Fayoum.
1. With time passing by, the tombs of poor people in Egypt________.| A．became deeper and deeper | B．changed a lot in shape |
| C．moved from place to place | D．didn’t change much |
| A．To keep stones in them. | B．To make the tomb look bigger. |
| C．To bury the dead people’s families. | D．To store things for the dead people. |
| A．At Abydos. | B．At the Giza Plateau. | C．Near Memphis. | D．At the Fayoum. |
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【推荐1】Baron Pierre de Coubertin was a Frenchman. At his time sports were not taught in French schools. De Coubertin believed that sports should go hand in hand with studies. He had an idea. His idea was to begin the Olympics all over again.
Sports teachers of other countries liked De Coubertin ideas. So in 1896, the modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece. Since then the Olympics have been held once every four years, except three times, when there were wars.
The modern Olympic games have many foot races and field sports programs. The longest race in the games is called marathon.
Before the start of the Olympic Games, runners carry lighted torch( 火炬 ) through many nations towards the stadium where the games will be held. These sportsmen are from different countries. Yet they work together to carry the Olympic torch. It is passed from runner to runner, When the last runner enters the stadium, he or she places the torch in a special basin filled with oil. It catches fire. It is then, only then, that the Olympic Games can begin.
The Olympic flame burns throughout the games. It is the flame of peace.
1. Before 1896 French schools didn't teach ______.| A．match | B．history |
| C．sports | D．physics |
| A．In Athens,Greece | B．In German |
| C．In French | D．In Russia |
| A．1896 | B．1904 |
| C．1915 | D．1924 |
【推荐2】There are 195 countries in the world today and actually none of them have purple on their national flags. Throughout history, purple was never used to represent a kingdom.
So what’s wrong with purple? It’s such a popular color today. The answer is really quite simple. Purple was just far too expensive.
The color purple has been related to royal power and wealth for centuries. Queen Elizabeth I didn’t allow anyone except close members of the royal family to wear it. Purple’s unique position comes from the rarity and high cost of the dye used to produce it. The dye was from a small sea snail that was only found in the Tyre area of the Mediterranean. Over 10,000 snails were needed to create just one gram of Tyrian purple; not to mention lots of work went into producing the dye, which made purple dye so expensive even for some royal families. Third century Roman Emperor Aurelio famously wouldn’t allow his wife to buy a scarf made from purple silk because it cost three times its weight in gold. A single pound of dye cost three pounds of gold, which equals 56,000 dollars today. Therefore, even the richest countries couldn’t spend that much having purple on their flags.
In 1856, 18-year-old English chemist William Henry Perkin by accident created a man-made purple dye while attempting to produce an anti-malaria drug. He noticed that it could be used to dye cloth. He patented the dye and mass-produced it. Therefore everybody could afford it.
Till now, a handful of new national flags have been designed and a few of them have chosen to use purple.
1. Why was color purple expensive in the past?| A．Because only royal families were allowed to wear purple. |
| B．Because it took a long time to get purple dye from snails. |
| C．Because purple was worth as much as its weight in gold. |
| D．Because purple dye used to be uncommon and hard to produce. |
| A．The anti-malaria drug. | B．Snails. |
| C．The man-made purple dye. | D．Tyrian purple. |
| A．A few new national flags have chosen to use purple. |
| B．William Henry Perkin got rich by producing the purple dye. |
| C．Royal families stop using purple because it’s not expensive. |
| D．A single pound of dye cost three pounds of gold. |
| A．No Purple Flags? | B．Purple vs. Gold |
| C．How to Produce Purple Dye? | D．The Birth of Purple Color |
【推荐3】Ireland has had a very difficult history. The problems started in the 16th century when English rulers tried to conquer Ireland. For hundreds of years, the Irish people fought against the English. Finally, in 1921,the British government was forced to give independence to the south of Ireland. The result is that today there are two “Irelands”. Northern Ireland, in the north, is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland, in the south, is an independent country.
In the 1840s, the main crop, potatoes, were affected by disease and about 750,000 people died of hunger. This, and a shortage (短缺) of work, forced many people to leave Ireland and live in the USA, the UK, Australia and Canada. As a result of these problems, the population fell from 8.2 million in 1841 to 6.6 million in 1851.
For many years, the majority of Irish people earned their living as farmers. Today, many people still work on the land but more and more people are moving to the cities to work in factories and offices. Life in the cities is very different from life in the countryside, where things move at a quieter and slower pace.
The Irish are famous for being warm-hearted and friendly. Oscar Wilde, a famous Irish writer, once said that the Irish were “the greatest talkers since the Greeks”. Since independence, Ireland has revived (复兴) its own culture of music, language, literature and singing. Different areas have different styles of old Irish songs which are sung without instruments. Other kinds of Irish music use many different instruments such as the violin, whistles, etc.
1. What does the author tell us in paragraph 1?| A．How the Irish fought against the English. | B．How Ireland gained independence. |
| C．How English rulers tried to conquer Ireland. | D．How two “Irelands” came into being. |
| A．Food shortages in the 1840s led to a decline in population. |
| B．People are moving to the cities for lack of work in the countryside. |
| C．It is harder to make a living as a farmer than as a factory worker. |
| D．Different kinds of old Irish songs are all sung with instruments. |
| A．Life in Ireland | B．A Very Difficult History |
| C．Ireland, Past and Present | D．The Independence of Ireland |
【推荐1】Valencia is in the east part of Spain. It has a port on the sea, two miles away on the coast. It is the capital of a province that is also named Valencia.
The city is a market centre for what is produced by the land around the city. Most of the city’s money is made from farming. It is also a busy business city, with ships, railways, clothes and machine factories.
Valencia has an old part with white buildings, coloured roofs, and narrow streets. The modern part has long, wide streets and new buildings. Valencia is well known for its parks and gardens. It has many old churches and museums. The university in the centre of the city was built in the 13th century.
The city of Valencia has been known since the 2nd century. In the 8th century it was the capital of Spain. There is also an important city in Venezuela (委内瑞拉) named Valencia.
1. From the text, how many places have the name Valencia?| A．One. | B．Two. | C．Three. | D．Four. |
| A．2nd century. | B．8th century. | C．13th century. | D．20th century. |
| A．Its seaport. | B．Its university. | C．Its churches and museums. | D．Its parks and gardens. |
| A．markets | B．business | C．factories | D．farming |
【推荐2】People living in the UK take quite a few holidays abroad and in this country each year.
Choices made about where to go, how to get there and what to do while there can either benefit or harm the environment.
While on holiday
Many of the things you can do to the greener on holiday will be the same things you can do at home — but there are also sonic extra things too, like avoiding gifts made from endangered plants and animals. Here are some suggestions:
●Making the most of locally produced food and drink, and local activities and attractions will support people in the area you are visiting and reduce the need for further environmental influence from transport;
●Switching off any air conditioning, heating and lights will help reduce climate change effect;
●Save water — some countries suffer from water shortages and saving water can help avoid damage to our natural habitats.
Endangered species
Some gifts and foods available in some countries can be made from endangered plants or animals.
Check before you buy and avoid animal and plant gifts. More details of the types of products to avoid and illegal trade hot spots can be found on the Souvenir Alert webpage.
Making a positive contribution to the place you are visiting
There are ways in which your holiday can help support local people and the environment;
●There are many opportunities to volunteer and help with projects that conserve and improve natural habitats;
●When you are away, or if you are looking for somewhere to visit, you can support projects or attractions which protect wildlife, such as nature reserves and conservation projects.
1. According to the passage, we can______ to help reduce climate change effect.| A．make good use of water |
| B．buy local food and drink |
| C．save electricity |
| D．go around on foot |
| A．sometimes they are of poor quality |
| B．they may not be typical local products |
| C．some of them will do harm to our health |
| D．they may be made from endangered animals or plants |
| A．it is not easy for people to travel abroad |
| B．not everyone can tell an illegal souvenir |
| C．green holidays have been accepted by people |
| D．volunteer work is a must for protecting natural habitats |
| A．travel dos and don’ts |
| B．the harm done to the environment |
| C．greener choices for holiday |
| D．tips on protecting endangered species |
【推荐3】Organic food is very popular. It is also expensive. Some organic food costs twice as much as nonorganic food. Some parents and pet owners pay up to 200 percent more for organic food while some people think organic food is a waste of money.
There is one main difference between organic and non-organic food. Organic farms do not use agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides (杀虫剂). This makes sure that the products are natural.
Some people think “organic” means “locally grown”. At the beginning, this was true. Over time organic farming became more difficult. The demand for organic food grew larger than the supply. Small companies had to sell out to large companies. There weren’t enough organic materials. This made it difficult for many organic companies to stay in business. Today, many large companies have an organic line of products.
Is organic food more nutritious? This is part of the debate. Many farmers and consumers believe it is. They think agricultural chemicals cause health problems, such as cancer. Many health experts disagree. Few studies prove that organic food prevents health problems. Health experts worry more about bacteria. These can come into contact with organic and non-organic food. Doctors recommend washing produce very carefully.
Most people agree that naturally grown food tastes better. Is tastier food worth the extra money? This is a matter of opinion. Whether it is healthier or not may require more research. However, organic consumers argue it is better to be safe than sorry.
1. Which is the NOT the advantage of organic food for most people?| A．safe. | B．cheap. | C．healthy. | D．tasty. |
| A．Reduce the use of pesticides． | B．Wash the food very carefully． |
| C．Grow organic food on your own. | D．Buy large companies’ products． |
| A．It is more nutritious. | B．It tastes better． |
| C．It contains more fat． | D．It has more bacteria． |
| A．A chemistry paper． | B．A restaurant menu. |
| C．An advertisement． | D．A health magazine. |
【推荐1】In England, there are а few сhаіnеd (用锁链栓住) lіbrаrіеѕ still hidden away in medieval (中世纪的) buildings. The following list is based on those libraries that are open to tourists.
Wells Cathedral Library, Somerset
The medieval library of Wells Cathedral was built in the mid-15th century. Most of the 2,800 volumes (书) in the collection today were got in the 16th to 18th centuries. The earliest book is a copy of Pliny’s Naturalis Historiae printed in 1472. The library also has a set of Aristotle’s works finished in 1497.
Phone: 44 (0)1749 674483
Cost: Guided tours cost ￡10 per person
Merton College Upper Library, Oxford
The oldest part of Merton College Library, known as the Upper Library, dates from 1373. Presently, one remade book chain is provided as an example of how the chained library might have looked. Although the original chains are gone, the library is a step back in time.
Phone: 44 (0)1865 276310
Cost: ￡5 per person; ￡3 for University members
Wimborne Minster Library, Dorset
The Chained Library of Wimborne Minster dates to the mid-17th century. After the Trigge Library of St Wulfram’s, it is one of the first public libraries in the UK. Many of the book chains survive at Wimborne.
Phone: 44 (0)1202 884753
Opening Times: Daily, 10:30 am-12:30 pm and 2 pm- 4 pm
Cost: Free
Hereford Cathedral Library, Hereford
The library of Hereford Cathedral has collected 229 medieval manuscripts (手稿) and 1,200 early printed books. A key attraction in the library is the famous medieval Mappa Mundi dating back to 1300. Hereford Cathedral has been named Autism Friendly and joined in Disabled Access Day, an event in the UK to celebrate accessibility across the country.
Phone: 44 (0)1432 374200
Opening Times: Monday-Saturday 10 am-4 pm (last admission 30 minutes before closing)
Cost: Grown-up, ￡6; Student, ￡5
1. How much will a student from Merton College spend on visiting Upper Library?| A．￡3. | B．￡5. |
| C．￡6. | D．￡10. |
| A．Somerset. | B．Hereford. |
| C．Dorset. | D．Oxford. |
| A．It is friendly to the disabled. | B．It allows people to enter at 4 pm. |
| C．It has the same price for everyone. | D．It successfully remade Mappa Mundi. |
【推荐2】Among tens of thousands of castles that were created across the world in the last one thousand years, some managed to distinguish themselves by their construction style, location, use, architecture, and involvement in various historical events. Here you can learn more about some of them.
Cité de Carcassonne
Cité de Carcassonne is a castle that was used to not only provide protection to the large garrison(驻防地)which had access to impressive suite of defensive buildings, but also to provide protection to the whole city of Carcassonn. With its 52 towers and 3km of walls, Cite de Carcassonne represents one of the most celebrated castles in France.
Lichtenstein Castle
Lichtenstein Castle is one of the most scenic and beautiful castles in Germany. Created on top of the hill cliff that hosted several medieval castles, this modern work of art was built in the mid-18th century by Duke Wilhelm of Urach and famous architect Carl Alexander Heideloff.
Tower of London
Tower of London is one of the most famous castles of all time. Created during Norman Conquest of England, this military(军事的)building in London was quickly redesigned to be a royal(皇家的)house, and went through rich history that marked it as one of the best-known castles in England.
Heidelberg Castle
As a landmark of the city Heidelberg in Germany, Heidelberg Castle is today considered by historians and architects as one of the most influential castles of the 13th and 14th century Europe. It guided fashion, architecture and engineering for centuries to come, becoming important focus point of countless artists from all around Europe and the World.
1. What was Cite de Carcassonne used for?| A．Preventing enemies. | B．Housing royal family. | C．Displaying artworks. | D．Entertaining tourists. |
| A．Cite de Carcassonne. | B．Lichtenstein Castle. | C．Tower of London. | D．Heidelberg Castle. |
| A．They enjoy great fame in history. |
| B．They have very beautiful natural scenery. |
| C．They were firstly built for military purpose. |
| D．They attract countless artists around the world. |
【推荐3】The National Gallery
Description:
The National Gallery is the British national art museum built on the north side of Trafalgar Square in London. It houses a diverse collection of more than 2,300 examples of European art ranging from the 13th-century religious paintings to more modern ones by Renoir and Van Gogh. The older collections of the gallery are reached through the main entrance while the more modern works in the East Wing are most easily reached from Trafalgar Square by a ground floor entrance.
Layout (布局):
The modern Sainsbury Wing on the western side of the building houses the 13th-to 15th-century paintings, and artists include Duccio, Uccello, Van Eyck, Lippi, Mantegna, Botticelli and Memling.
The main West Wing houses the 16th-century paintings, and artists include Leonardo da Vinci, Cranach, Michelangelo, Raphael, Bruegel, Bronzino, Titan and Veronese.
The North Wing houses the 17th-century paintings, and artists include Caravaggio, Rubens, Poussin, Van Dyck, Velazquez, Claude and Vermeer.
The East Wing houses the 18th-to early 20th-century paintings, and artists include Canaletto, Goya, Turner, Constable, Renoir and Van Gogh.
Opening Hours:
The gallery is open every day from 10 am to 6 pm (Fridays 10 am to 9 pm) and is free, but charges apply to some special exhibitions.
Getting There:
Nearest underground stations: Charing Cross (2-minute walk), Leicester Square (3-minute walk), Embankment (7-minute walk), and Piccadilly Circus (8-minute walk).
1. Which subway station is the farthest from the National Gallery?| A．Charing Cross. | B．Piccadilly Circus. |
| C．Leicester Square. | D．Embankment. |
| A．In the East Wing. | B．In the main West Wing. |
| C．In the Sainsbury Wing. | D．In the North Wing. |
| A．It is open for eight hours every day except Saturday and Sunday. |
| B．You should pay to enter it and charges apply to all of the exhibitions. |
| C．It houses a diverse collection of more than 2,300 examples of art worldwide. |
| D．You can have access to the more modern collections by a ground floor entrance. |
