Researchers at the University of Helsinki recently examined hyperactivity (过分好动) and inattention in more than 11, 000 Finnish pet dogs. They found that the dog’s age and gender, as well as exposure to other dogs, played a part.
“We wanted to collect a large behavioral data of dogs to better understand behavior problems that are common in our companion dogs. We studied seven characteristics: noise sensitivity, fearfulness, fear of surfaces and heights, inattention, compulsive behavior, separation – related behavior, and aggression,” says Sini Sulkama, a researcher at the University of Helsinki.
Their goal was to identify demographic (人口统计的), environmental, and behavioral risk factors that could influence these anxiety - related characteristics in dogs. Their analysis showed that hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention were more common in young dogs and male dogs. They also found some major differences among breeds.
Interestingly, researchers discovered that the owner’s experience with dogs also had an impact. They found that hyperactivity and impulsivity are more common in dogs that aren’t their owners’ first dogs. “We can only conclude the possible relationship between these factors, but one possible explanation is that people try to choose easy individuals from less active breeds, like companion dog breeds as their first dogs,” says Sulkama.
They also calculated the urban environmental score for each dog. That describes how the land is used around the dog’s current home, breaking it down into artificial surface, agricultural areas, forests, and semi natural areas.
Although it might seem like most dogs are easily distracted to some extent, studies suggest that about 15% of dogs display high levels of hyperactivity and 20% show high levels of inattention. Researchers say they can make it easier to identify and treat dogs’ hyperactivity and inattention and may benefit the research. They can also be helpful when choosing to add a dog to the family. You might want to adopt a pet with the characteristics of a breed that matches your lifestyle.
1. What’s one of the factors causing dogs’ hyperactivity?| A．Their noise sensitivity. | B．Their owners’ character, |
| C．Their aggressive behavior. | D．Their exposure to other dogs. |
| A．The research content. | B．The research process. |
| C．The background of the study. | D．The composition of the research team. |
| A．Active dogs are less likely to suffer from hyperactivity. | B．People are sick of dogs with hyperactivity. |
| C．Hyperactivity in dogs is transmitted by their owners. | D．People’s first pet dog is often less active. |
| A．To understand dogs’ behavioral problems. | B．To collect a large behavioral data of dogs. |
| C．To help a company promote pet supplies. | D．To research dogs’ mental health. |
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【推荐1】Is dark chocolate healthy? Yes, dark chocolate has compounds (化合物)that offer health benefits and can be enjoyed without guilt, even on a daily basis. But the amount matters, since too many bites can contribute to extra fat, sugar and calories and get rid of its health benefits.
Dark chocolate is rich in cocoa, which contains compounds known as flavanols(黄烷醇). At high levels, cocoa flavanols have been shown to help lower blood pressure and the risk of diabetes. Dark chocolate has the highest amount of cocoa flavanols: milk chocolate has lens, and white chocolate has none.
But while cocoa flavanols in dark chocolate make it a healthful treat, they give it a bitter flavor. Producers may process chocolate to make it more delicious, but doing so can remove some of these beneficial compounds, said Matt Hartings, an American professor. In spite of this, dark chocolate is still a healthier choice than milk chocolate, which tends to have more sugar. Additionally, cocoa powder contains minerals. So you can enjoy a piece of dark chocolate even after a meal. Just keep the following in mind.
First , buy chocolate that has at least 60% cocoa. “Generally speaking, the higher the percentage, the more flavanols. These higher-percentage chocolates have the added benefit over the lower percentages and milk and white chocolates because they contain less sugar and less fat,” Hartings said,
Second, if possible, choose natural cocoa over Dutch processed cocoa, which is treated with an alkali (碱). This gives chocolate a milder flavor but removes healthful flavanols.
And finally, to keep weight in check, limit to 30 grams of dark chocolate daily, or about 150 calories,
1. Dark chocolate is healthy mainly because of the existence of .| A．rich minerals |
| B．less sugar |
| C．cocoa flavanols |
| D．fewer calories |
| A．Something enjoyable. |
| B．A salt-free diet. |
| C．Food paid by others. |
| D．A cure for an illness. |
| A．Cocoa flavanols leads to high blood pressure. |
| B．White chocolate is good for health. |
| C．One can feel free to eat dark chocolate. |
| D．Alkali can affect flavanols’ content. |
| A．To show his love for dark chocolate.. |
| B．To promote the sales of chocolate. |
| C．To provide facts about dark chocolate. |
| D．To make a distinction among chocolates. |
【推荐2】Are you good with money? I learned to be careful with it during my childhood. My father would give me some pocket money and tell me it should last for a whole week. So, I learned I had to save some if I didn’t want to run out of cash quickly. No surprise there: my dad was an accountant!
It’s never too early to become money savvy. That’s what British personal finances expert Martin Lewis thinks. He is part of a successful campaign to include financial education on the school lessons in England. It will be planted in maths and citizenship education. This includes children from 5 to 16 years old. Lewis says: “We eagerly need to break the cycle of financial illiteracy(无知) in the UK” Lewis has made millions from his website which advises people to be saving and refuses any suggestion that he is tight. The expert says in an interview with the English newspaper the Daily Express: “The better you are with your cash, the better your life can be. People think I am telling them to stop spending money but I am simply telling them to spend it wisely.” The British say ‘take care of the pennies and the pounds will take care of themselves’. It means you have to watch your daily expenses and not just the big purchases in your life such as houses.
Being careful with money pays off. Banks in Britain recently found themselves having to make up for a large number of people who were persuaded to part with their cash and buy insurance policies (保单)they didn’t need. Many wasted their money on investments(投资) which were not for them. Few have the patience to read the small print.
1. The underlined words “money savvy” in Paragraph 2 refers to _______.| A．a person who is crazy about money |
| B．a person who is good with money |
| C．a person who is careless with money |
| D．a person who has nothing to do with money |
| A．It’s no good. | B．It is never too late. |
| C．The earlier, the better. | D．It’s not helpful. |
| A．Martin Lewis is a maths teacher good at financial education. |
| B．Martin Lewis is a successful personal finances expert. |
| C．Martin Lewis is an expert making his fortune in interviews. |
| D．Martin Lewis is careful with his pennies in purchasing houses. |
| A．Banks in Britain were eager to have people part with their cash. |
| B．Buying insurance policies means you are careful with money. |
| C．People are unwilling to spend their money on some investments. |
| D．People are easy to miss the small print on insurance policies. |
【推荐3】US and Canadian researchers recently calculated the total amount of the world's groundwater and estimated that it is equal to a lake 180 metres deep covering the entire Earth. This makes groundwater the largest active freshwater resource on the planet. The team also investigated its age. How did they do this?
Humans introduced a convenient time signature on the Earth when we started testing atomic (原子的) weapons. This leaves a time stamp which can be found in water, rocks and living organisms. By seeing if radioactivity (放射性) from atomic bomb testing was present in the groundwater, the researchers could estimate that about 6% of this groundwater is younger than50 years old. If this water was spread evenly over the continents, then there is just three metres depth of "modern" groundwater spread equally over the continents.
It could be argued that if we use only this "modern" groundwater, then this is sustainable, as we know that it has been replaced (or recharged) by natural processes over the last 50years. But how quickly groundwater recharges changes over time.
Water has to reach the inside of rocks, either now or in the past. This means that the amount of rainfall has to be more than the amount of water evaporating (蒸发) from the land surface, and more than the amount of water used by all the plants. Whenthisoccurs, fresh water can recharge the groundwater from either water "leaking" from the beds of rivers or from rainwater that passes through the soil.
In many parts of the world we know that groundwater recharge varies due to natural climate variability such as El Nino. Groundwater recharge will also change with global warming.
1. In order to know the age of groundwater, we can ________.| A．find its time stamp | B．test atomic weapons |
| C．examine its freshness | D．spread groundwater equally |
| A．It's fresh. | B．It's limited. | C．It's vital. | D．It's sufficient. |
| A．Water evaporating. | B．Water leaking from river beds. |
| C．Water getting into rocks. | D．Water being used by all the plants. |
| A．Climate variability. | B．Global warming. |
| C．Groundwater exploration. | D．Groundwater sustainability. |
【推荐1】Imagine a plate holding two strawberries, identical in appearance. One came from a supermarket, meaning it was probably harvested when it was still unripe. By the time it reached the plate, it may have been off the vine for weeks. The other strawberry was picked from a garden minutes before being eaten.
The first one will probably taste soft and sour. The second is likely to be sweet and the flavor will linger in the mouth. The two berries differ from each other in the same way that hearing Bach’s music in a concert hall differs from listening to it on an old recorder. The home-grown fruit is an edible (可食用的) case for cultivating a home garden.
Those who long consider gardening a waste of time argue that it seems ridiculous. Convenient, well-stocked supermarket shelves are available all week. But the same could be said of cooking: Cheap and decent restaurants abound. So why bother to make your own meals?
That attitude thinks wrongly of the final appeal of gardening: It mistakes the product for the purpose. It is true that a garden can yield peas that taste like the green essence of spring, and tomatoes and carrots of incomparable sweetness. Finding the produce in the shops can take some time, effort and expense; growing your own vegetables insures a reliable supply.
On the other hand, a garden, especially in the early years, can also yield little but frustration. New gardeners may plant the wrong crops for their soil. Squirrels always take single bites of vegetables, and then leave the rest part to rot. And even expert gardeners can lose a season’s harvest to uncooperative weather.
No matter what, the real joy of gardening is the time spent doing it. The deepest pleasure—as with cooking, writing etc. —is in the work itself. A gardener’s memories revolve not around the food produced, but around long summer afternoons with hands in the dirt, surrounded by families. To garden is to patiently, lovingly help life flourish, in the ground and above it.
1. Why does the author mention the strawberries at the beginning of the passage?| A．To compare the strawberries from different sources. |
| B．To stress the taste of the garden-grown fruits. |
| C．To introduce the topic of real gardening enjoyment. |
| D．To show the importance of home gardening for strawberries. |
| A．The process of engaging in the journey of life is the most joyful. |
| B．It is a good way to maintain a good relationship with family members. |
| C．The memorable moments in a garden are all about the dirt and the food. |
| D．The joy of the work itself is equal to the pleasure of appreciating the harvest. |
【推荐2】My colleagues and I investigated the presence of the “musical reminiscence bump(音乐记忆突点)” in a group of 470 adults who were between 18 and 82 years old. Our aim was to investigate how a person’s age when a song was popular affected three related but distinct concepts: the degree to which the song was associated with autobiographical memories, how familiar the song was and how much they liked the song.
Participants in our study were shown the titles and artists of 111 pop songs across a 65-year period (1950-2015) and provided ratings of the three concepts of interest.
We discovered that music during one’s adolescence was not only rated as more familiar, but was also associated with more autobiographical memories. This music-related reminiscence bump reached the highest around age 14. In addition, older adults (around age 40+) also liked songs from their adolescence more than other songs. However, younger adults (aged 18 — 40) did not show this same trend, and in some cases gave even lower liking ratings to music from their adolescence than music released before they were born.
This suggests that songs from our adolescence can become closely related with memories from our past even if we don’t personally value the music. This may be because it has accompanied various memorable settings from this period.
Some songs were preferred regardless of a participant’s age, however. For instance, we saw a general increase in how much people liked songs from the late 1970s to early 1980s, even in participants who weren’t yet born during that time period. This suggests pop music from certain time periods is intergenerationally valued. Examples of songs we used from this time period include Hotel California by the Eagles and Billie Jean by Michael Jackson.
1. Participants in the investigation are ________.| A．expected to comment on the songs | B．to test the three concepts of songs |
| C．ranging in ages from a kid to a senior | D．provided the titles and singers of the songs |
| A．People listen to songs less after this age. |
| B．People’s preferences of songs divide at this age. |
| C．People get most memories from songs of this age. |
| D．People at this age begin to have autobiographical memories. |
| A．Some songs keep alive beyond time. |
| B．Years around 1980 are a golden age for music. |
| C．The memorable situation of a song decides its popularity. |
| D．Hotel California and Billie Jean are adored across nations. |
| A．Music changes our life |
| B．Everyone is a follower of songs |
| C．We’re crazy about music from our youth |
| D．Songs possess the unique features of a time |
【推荐3】Keeping pace with teachers is a fine way to study English. Teachers are experienced and their plans are systematic. But remember to work in a way that suits you. It's important to learn from past mistakes as well. Keep a notebook to make a record of the mistakes you make — It'll help you avoid making the same ones later.
The time of life may be hard, but you're not alone. You may be busy studying, but you can show your care by calling your friends or sending short messages. Don't let your friendships die.
It's as important to live well as it is to study well. Going to bed no later than 11:30 pm is important. It puts you in the right mood for the next day. You needn't follow a special diet, but make sure you are eating nutritious meals each day.
The person who plays well studies well. Having a lot of schoolwork doesn't mean having to give up other activities. Playing basketball or having a talk with your classmates can relax yourself.Time out is not a waste of time but helps you study more efficiently.
Besides taking the College Entrance Examination, you have other choices for college. Some students even apply for studying abroad. Pay attention to the useful information you can find, whether it's from school, the news media or other sources.
1. What should you do if you want to keep your friendship fresh?| A．Have frequent talks with them. | B．Always have lunch with them. |
| C．Make them at some distance. | D．Keep connected by some means. |
| A．health | B．friendship | C．relaxation | D．study |
| A．An activity without a break. | B．Sleeping outdoors. |
| C．A pause from studying. | D．Studying outside. |
| A．Headmasters. | B．Students. | C．Teachers. | D．Parents. |
