A Finnish study coordinated by the Centre for Population Health Research at the University of Turku shows that accumulated adverse (不利的) psychosocial factors in childhood are associated with worse midlife learning and memory, and specifically child’s self-regulation and social adjustment.
Along with aging population, the problem of cognitive deficits (缺陷) is growing. Thus, revealing the role of various exposures beginning from childhood is important in order to bring tools for cognitive health promotion. An adverse psychosocial environment in childhood may harm cognitive development, but the associations for adulthood cognitive function remain obscure. Results from a longitudinal (纵向的) Finnish study show that unfavorable childhood psychosocial factors may be linked to poorer learning and memory in midlife.
“Previous evidence on adverse psychosocial factors and cognitive outcomes comes from short-term studies focusing on single psychosocial factor or adversity. This study is a prospective longitudinal study focusing on the associations between multiple childhood psychosocial factors and adulthood cognitive function,” says Doctoral Researcher Amanda Nurmi from the Centre for Population Health Research at the University of Turku and Turku University Hospital.
Cognitive performance was measured at the age of 34-49. Of over 2,000 participants with cognitive function data, 1,191 also had complete data on childhood psychosocial factors. Socioeconomic and emotional environment, parental health behaviours, stressful events, self-regulation, and social adjustment were questioned in the baseline. The results suggest that accumulation of unfavorable psychosocial factors in childhood may associate with poorer cognitive function in midlife. Specifically, poor self-regulatory behavior and social adjustment in childhood are associated with poorer learning ability and memory approximately 30 years later.
“The results of our study can be employed to develop targeted interventions directed towards those families with accumulated negative psychosocial factors. Interventions towards promoting a better psychosocial environment in childhood might have carry-over associations on cognitive function and thus be reflected also in future generations through parenting attitudes,” Nurmi says.
1. What is the purpose of revealing the role of various exposures from childhood?A.To provide data for scientific research. | B.To record children’s growth environment. |
C.To find means to improve cognitive health. | D.To stress the importance of surroundings. |
A.Obvious. | B.Secure. | C.Efficient. | D.Unclear. |
A.The disadvantages of the previous studies. |
B.The number of participants in the new study. |
C.The findings of the new study and the old ones. |
D.The difference between the new study and the old ones. |
A.Poor family, hard social adjustment. |
B.Tough childhood, memory problem later. |
C.With people aging, cognitive deficits growing. |
D.Adverse surroundings, strong character forming. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Bumblebees(大黄蜂) are clever: when pollen(花粉) is short and plants near the nest are not yet flowering, they have learned to force them to bloom. Research published on Thursday in Science shows that the insects puncture the plants’ leaves, which causes them to flower about 30 days earlier than they otherwise would. How the technique developed and why the plants react by blooming remain unclear.
Consuelo De Moraes, a chemical ecologist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, says she and her teammates were observing one kind of bumblebee in an unrelated experiment when they noticed the insects were damaging plant leaves and wondered why. “At first we thought they might be feeding on the plants,” she says. And because previous research had shown stress could cause plants to flower, they also wondered whether the bees might be creating blooms on purpose.
To find out, the team placed bumblebees together with tomato plants in cages. The bees soon cut several holes in the leaves of each plant. As a test, the researchers tried to copy the bumblebee damage in additional plants with a knife. Both sets of plants with injured leaves bloomed faster, but the ones punctured by the bees flowered weeks earlier, suggesting that chemicals in the insects’ saliva(唾液) may be involved as well.
Next, the researchers moved out of the laboratory to see whether bumblebees would continue to damage nonflowering plants near their nest even if blooming plants were available farther away. They did so. The findings suggest the bees’ behavior is an adaptation that improves food-hunting efficiency(效率).
In the future, scientists could test how the behavior may have developed and how widespread it is among other wild bumblebees, as well as what is happening in plants after a bee bite. Understanding those questions could help us better face the climate change.
1. What does the underlined word “puncture” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?A.bite | B.touch |
C.kiss | D.eat |
A.The stress causing plants to flower. | B.The difference in plants’ flowering time. |
C.The bumblebees’ feeding on the plants. | D.The bumblebees’ damaging plants’ leaves. |
A.To prove a knife cut can work as a bee bite. |
B.To figure out what helps plants flower faster |
C.To find out why bumblebees damage plants. |
D.To show bumblebees’ saliva helps plants bloom. |
A.What happens in plants after a bee bite. |
B.How bumblebees have learned the technique. |
C.Whether bumblebees are clever in finding food. |
D.Whether all the bumblebees have learned the skill. |
【推荐2】Russell Warne has spent many hours examining college psychology textbooks. As a professor of psychology at Utah Valley University , he wasn't looking for insight, but for mistakes一and he found plenty. Some of the worst concerned IQ tests. “ The most common inaccuracy I found, by far, was the claim that intelligence tests are biased against certain groups,”he says. Yet intelligence researchers are at pains to ensure that IQ tests are fair and not culturally biased.“Another very common one was the idea that intelligence is difficult to measure."
No wonder IQ tests often cause disagreements. But that simply isn't the case.“ Despite the criticism, the intelligence test is one of the most reliable tests ever invented," says Rex Jung at the University of New Mexico. Nevertheless , you shouldn't trust the kind of 10-minute test that might pop up in your Facebook feed.
A comprehensive IQ test takes over an hour and is ideally administered by a professional examiner. It is designed to assess precisely those cognitive (认知的) skills that constitute intelligence, so consists of a series of subtests that cover reasoning, mental processing speed, spatial (空间的) ability and more. Shorter IQ tests, assessing fewer of these skills, can still provide a general indication of someone's mental abilities ,however, because the nature of intelligence means that someone who scores highly on one type of cognitive test will also do comparatively well on others.
However, particular applications of IQ tests have faced a thorough inspection. A common criticism of using them to select job applicants is that they only measure certain cognitive skills.They don't scientifically measure creativity, for instance. Neither do they measure personality, which tends to make for reliable and hard-working employees一or ability to get on with other people. However, it is rare for examiners to test IQ independently: candidates might be given a personality test too and a practical exercise to assess job-related skills. They usually also have to name several professionals to judge.
1. What does the underlined words“biased against" in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.Unfamiliar to. | B.Irrelevant to |
C.Unfavorable for. | D.Irresponsible for. |
A.They are inaccurate |
B.They are trustworthy. |
C.They are properly used. |
D.They are precisely designed. |
A.They are rarely accepted. |
B.They are heavily criticized. |
C.They may still be employed. |
D.They can motivate creativity. |
A.Do IQ tests really work? |
B.Applications of IQ tests. |
C.Misinformation in textbooks. |
D.Can IQ tests shape personality? |
【推荐3】There are some sounds most of us acknowledge are annoying — the crunching of crisps, the noise of the air conditioning or a screaming baby. These noises, for many people, act as a mere inconvenience that can distract us from the task at hand. However, there are some among us who have a much more severe response to these noises. The question we ask today is: Has a noise ever made you feel so angry that you could explode with rage? If the answer is yes, you may be suffering from misophonia.
The word “misophonia” literally means “a hatred of sound” and is sometimes called Selective Sound Sensitivity Syndrome. There are some experts who doubt the existence of the condition. However, for those who claim to suffer from it, the experience can be traumatic. Certain sounds cause intense emotional or psychological responses that may seem over the top compared with a non-sufferer’s complaints.
The sound of a loved one chewing their food could trigger a sufferer’s anxiety levels, or cause them to panic. It may even activate their fight-or-flight reaction, making them want to flee. In extreme cases, that feeling of panic may result in extreme anger and end up with sufferers going crazy. Also, these conditions can lead to social isolation and the sufferers may feel cut off, according to James Cartreine, a clinical psychiatrist.
Sadly, there’s no known cure. However, tinnitus (耳鸣) retraining therapy, which helps people tolerate noises, may aid sufferers, while cognitive behavioural therapy and counselling could also help people manage the condition. Sufferers use coping strategies that include avoiding places with lots of noises, like restaurants, or moving away when they feel like hitting someone due to their breathing.
So, the next time you see someone fly into a rage because of a sound that is driving them crazy, it may be due to a difficult condition they are trying to manage, and not just because they hate a certain sound.
1. What can annoying sounds do to non-sufferers of misophonia?A.They take their attention away from what they’re doing. |
B.They generate intense emotional responses among them. |
C.They make sufferers doubt the presence of the condition. |
D.They lead to some complaints and severe responses. |
A.Physically painful. | B.Emotionally disturbing. |
C.Spiritually comforting. | D.Mentally satisfying |
A.They can’t be able to manage misophonia. |
B.They won’t be cured through medical treatments. |
C.They may be angered by the feeling of being cut off. |
D.They may panic over the sound caused by a loved one. |
A.A news report. | B.A health magazine. |
C.A medical textbook. | D.A psychologist’s notebook. |
【推荐1】Once I told someone I wanted to get a master’s degree of fine arts in creative writing and they told me it was the second-to-worst post-graduation plan they’d ever heard from a student. Arts degrees—especially fine arts degrees, which usually come in the form of music, studio art, creative writing and theater—have been, over the years, labeled useless.
It’s true that for the most part, STEM degrees lead to higher paying jobs than liberal and fine arts degrees, and it’s understandable why young people care about a higher starting salary and financial security. Student loan debt is playing a role in the physical and mental stress of young people.
And while STEM majors usually have starting salaries that are $20,000 higher than those of liberal arts majors, by the time people reach the age of 40, the salaries between those who majored in the liberal arts and those who majored in STEM are virtually the same. For example, women who major in STEM earned nearly 50% more than social science and history majors at ages 23-25, but only 10% more by ages 38-40, a New York Times analysis reported. So even in terms of salary, which doesn’t solely determine whether or not a degree is useful, liberal arts degrees aren’t all that far behind STEM.
It seems too that since people nowadays are going to have to work longer, it’s more important than ever that we actually like and care about what we’re doing. Pursuing something enjoyable, or else a passion, is continuously found to be a key factor in maintaining healthy relationships, mental health, physical health and energy. In other words, not useless.
Art is also a method of communication. It allows people from different backgrounds, from different walks of life to communicate with each other. In a world where borders and division seem to be all over the place, we need art more than ever. We need liberal arts majors. And more than anything, we need to be able to pursue what we love with confidence, and we need to not get caught up in the ”usefulness“ of what we love.
And just because someone’s primary job isn’t in their field of study—a writer who teaches high school for example—doesn’t make the degree useless. It just means that their way of finding a stable income is different. The same goes for artists who have to work multiple jobs to support themselves. They might have to find other means of supporting themselves and their artistry. It might be copy editing or it might be tutoring,
So I am going to graduate school, and I am going to graduate school for writing. I might be paying rent by way of overnight restaurant shifts—there’s so much I’m not sure of. But one thing I am sure of is this—I would rather be a writer working two jobs to pay my bills than be no writer at all.
1. A New York Times analysis report is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to .A.analyse the potential value of different majors |
B.put forward the opinion on majors by example |
C.prove the argument against arts degrees wrong |
D.demonstrate the link between majors and incomes |
A.Following one’s dream of arts keeps one in good condition. |
B.Doing what one loves builds up one’s self-confidence in arts. |
C.Mastering arts improves one’s understanding of different jobs. |
D.Developing a love for arts helps one maintain passion for work |
A.Students learning arts are more concerned about the value of life. |
B.People tend to place income in the first place when choosing majors. |
C.The man who doesn’t love his work won’t stick with the job for long. |
D.Graduates can find a broader space of development in the field of arts. |
【推荐2】A nation-wide honeybee crisis is under way in the United States. Lately bees have begun to rapidly disappear in24 states across the country. For reasons unknown, bees are flying off in search of nectar and pollen and simply never returning to their colonies.
Bees are extremely social insects; they never desert their young or bee queens. Researchers argue that bees are most probably dying during their search for nectar. A range of theories is also investigated, including a virus and poor bee nutrition. Researchers are looking into a group of pesticides that were banned in European countries to find out whether the chemical preparations(still used in the U. S.) are somehow causing damage to bees' born ability to find their way back home. According to yet another theory, the losses may have resulted from a massive attack by mites, which have repeatedly damaged bee colonies in the past.
The bees disappear as pressure has been building on the U. S. bee industry. The costs to maintain hives are continuously rising. The bee business becomes less profitable as a result. According to estimates by the Agriculture Department, the number of hives has dropped by a quarter over the last twenty years, and the number of beekeepers decreased by half. Beekeepers also have to deal with the problem of suburban spread as they search for areas where bees can hunt for nectar to stay healthy and feel good during the pollination season.
A terrible epidemic breaks out in The Plague, a novel by Albert Camus, shortly after hundreds of dead rats are discovered all over the town. The recent bee mystery, already nicknamed a "colony collapse disorder" by U. S researchers, seems to somewhat resemble the situation described in the novel. We can only hope that the "bee plague" will not take shape of a problem of global proportions.
1. What does the text mainly tell us?A.terrible epidemic breaks out in America. |
B.The reason for honeybees' disappearance. |
C.Measures should be taken to solve the problem. |
D.The tragedy of mysterious disappearance of America's honeybees. |
A.Bees are not fond of living together. |
B.The scientists have found out the reason for bees disappearance. |
C.Probably, the losses may result from their colonies being damaged. |
D.It is likely that the bees die while looking for nectar. |
A.240. | B.200. | C.120. | D.60. |
A.Because they think the bee plague will kill them. |
B.Because they believe man will be defeated in the end. |
C.Because they think the US bee industry is going to come to an end. |
D.Because they fear the coming of the disaster described in the novel. |
【推荐3】Today when it comes to the use of digital(数码的) technology, girls have less basic education, leaving them far behind boys. And because the world is more digital. those who lack(缺少) basic internet skills will find it more difficult to take part in the formal economy(经济), to get a quality education, and to have their voices heard.
Since 2013 the global gender gap(性别差异) in male and female about the Internet has actually increased from 11 to 12 percent. Worse yet, women and girls living in the poorest countries are 31 percent less likely than men and boys to surf the Internet. In developing countries, some 200 million fewer women than men own a mobile phone, the most common means of surfing the internet there. This digital divide is increasing. and if it continues at the present pace, it is predicted that over 75 percent of women and girls will lack internet access (进入) and digital skills.
There are many causes of the digital gender gap. They include girls’ exclusion (排斥) from basic education, from specific technology education and high costs of mobile phones and internet access.
Indeed, one of the so-called reasons why girls may be discouraged from learning how to access and use digital technology is also a groundless(毫无根据的) one: that girls are simply not good at using technology.
Without the help of the government, most of the benefits of technological change will be enjoyed only by men, making gender inequality even more serious.
1. What can we know from paragraph 1?A.Girls usually don’t like to share their ideas. |
B.Girls don’t have enough digital knowledge. |
C.Boys are more interested in making money. |
D.Boys may always receive advanced education. |
A.By listing numbers. | B.By giving reasons. |
C.By following time order. | D.By giving examples. |
A.Positive. | B.Acceptable. | C.Negative. | D.Unclear. |
A.Girls are lacking in education. |
B.Women suffer a lot from poor economy. |
C.Internet continues to develop fast and fast. |
D.Girls are at a disadvantage compared with boys in digital technology. |
【推荐1】There is a day every year that most people look forward to because of a cake, balloons, presents and sometimes a party. Yes, this is your birthday. A "birthday" is described as the name given to the date of the annual event of a person's birth. It is a global tradition for people to celebrate this specific day.
In the beginning, people did not have birthday celebrations, because people did not keep very good birth records. They weren't even sure what year they were born. And when people started to celebrate the birthday, there was no tradition of bringing gifts, and guests attending the birthday celebrations would bring good wishes for the birthday person. However, if a guest did bring gifts it was considered to be a good sign for the person of honor. Later, flowers became quite popular as birthday gifts.
Nowadays, different cultures have their own birthday celebrations. In Chinese culture, elders and family members gather around the one-year-old child and bring toys such as books, dolls and coins. It is believed that the child's future career will depend on the object that he or she picks. The Chinese consider a child a year old at birth. In Japan, people's 3rd, 5th, and 7th birthdays are the most important, because they will get to participate in the annual "Seven-Five-Three” festival. Participants usually visit shrines (神殿)to show thanks for their health and strength.
Some in Britain still practice an ancient way of celebrating birthdays by placing thimbles (顶针)and coins in the cake. The person who will get the coin will be wealthy and the one who gets the thimble will never marry. Ireland has a funny way of celebrating birthdays. It is believed that it is for good luck that a child is lifted upside down and gets “bumped”(撞击)on the floor! These bumps will depend how old the child is. An extra bump is also added for good luck
1. What's the main purpose of the first paragraph?A.To lead in the topic of the text. |
B.To pick a way of celebrating birthday. |
C.To show readers how to develop the text. |
D.To introduce how to celebrate the birthday. |
A.they had no money | B.they didn't have time |
C.they didn't remember their birthdays | D.they thought it unnecessary |
A.Great wealth. | B.Long life. |
C.Happy marriage. | D.Good luck. |
A.Newborn babies should be brought to shrines. |
B.Children have three most important birthdays.. |
C.Children have to visit the church to show thanks. |
D.One-year-old children pick the objects around them. |
【推荐2】Climate change does not offer comfort, but it can produce winners as well as losers. With parts of England as hot as the Champagne region of France was in the 1980s, the sparkling-wine industry is already bubbling. Longer sunny periods will make it easier for British winemakers to make quality wines.
A recent study from the London School of Economics finds that climate change is also expanding the area in England suitable for making wine. Most vineyards (葡萄园) are in south-east England but more land as far north as the east Midlands could come into use. Alistair Nesbitt, the study’s lead author, says that by 2040 higher temperatures may also allow winemakers to grow more disease-resistant varieties of grapes.
As a result, a mini land rush is under way. According to Strutt & Parker, a consultancy, Britain has over 900 vineyards, up by 80% in the past five years. Essex, Sussex and Kent are of most interest to winemakers. This summer Jackson Family Wines, an American firm, became the first big maker of wines to invest in England; it plans to acquire around 26 hectares (公顷) in Essex. London clay, a mud found in high concentrations in the county, is ideal for producing bold red wine.
Nick Watson of Strutt & Parker says that the prices of established vineyards have increased sharply and that land suitable for viticulture (葡萄栽培) now sells for £40,000-50,000 per hectare. Such prices pale next to those in famed wine regions abroad: in Bordeaux land can fetch over £1.6m a hectare. The difference has little to do with the quality of the soil and much to do with a region’s reputation.
Other aspects of climate change are less welcome for winemakers. A year of heavy rain or severe drought could destroy entire crops. John Atkinson, a winemaker in Essex, says that making good wine all comes down to the soil, the weather and the barrel. “Growing grapes in this country is a bit like playing cricket,” he says, “There are so many ways to be out.”
1. According to the first two paragraphs, climate change has led to __________.A.a change in the nutrition of grapes |
B.the expansion of suitable land for vineyards |
C.longer sunny periods in the Champagne region |
D.improved skills of British winemakers in wine making |
A.London clay is ideal for grape growth |
B.Essex is the best place for wine making |
C.investments in vineyards in England are increasing |
D.the global wine market is experiencing significant growth |
A.Drop sharply. | B.Appear more obvious. |
C.Look normal. | D.Seem less impressive. |
A.The Rise of English Viticulture |
B.Invest in the UK Wine Industry |
C.Sing the Praises of Climate Change |
D.Growing Popularity of British Wines |
【推荐3】The Land Under the Sea
Ten thousand years ago, as the last ice age ended, sea levels around the world were far lower than they are today. Much of the land under both the North Sea to the east of Britain and the English Channel which now separates France and Britain was part of a huge region of forests and grassy plains. Then the climate gradually became warmer and the water trapped in large masses of ice was released.
Now the development of advanced sonar (声呐) technology, known as bathymetry, is making it possible to study this flooded landscape in extraordinary detail. A special echo (回声) sounder is fixed to the bottom of a survey ship and it makes wide sweeps across the seabed. While previous technology has only been able to produce two-dimensional images, bathymetry can now use computers, satellite-positioning equipment and special software to create accurate and remarkably detailed maps. For the first time, an ancient riverbed jumps out of the three-dimensional image. The site of pre-historic settlements can now be pinpointed.
According to expert Linda Andrews, this technological development is of huge significance. “We now have the ability to map the seabed as accurately as we can map dry land,” she says.
Once bathymetric techniques have identified sites where people might have built their homes and villages, divers can be sent down to investigate further. Robot submarines (潜艇) can also be used, and researchers hope they will find stone tools and wood from houses as proof of human activity. The idea shared by many people in Britain of their country as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by the findings: Britain has been inhabited for about 500,000 years and much of this time it has been linked on and off to continental Europe. It remains to be seen how far this new awareness is taken on board, however.
In fact, the use of bathymetry will not be limited to the study of lost landscapes and ancient settlements. It will also be vital in finding ships that have been destroyed in accidents. In addition, commercial applications are a real possibility. Aggregates (骨材) for the construction industry are becoming increasingly expensive, and bathymetry can be used to identify suitable sites for digging for this material. Mapping the seabed will also identify places where rare plants and shellfish are living. Digging at such sites should be prevented, either to work for a profit or to make deeper waterways for massive container ships.
1. How does bathymetry work?A.It has an echo sounder placed on the seabed. |
B.It makes use of a number of different devices. |
C.It produces two-dimensional images of the sea floor. |
D.It bases its calculations on the location of construction sites. |
A.Occupied. | B.Adjusted. |
C.Rebuilt. | D.Discovered. |
A.attract investment in the research under the sea |
B.inspire people to take an interest in modern technology |
C.adapt the attitudes of the British to their country’s history |
D.receive confirmation of rebuilding ancient man-made objects |
A.identify new species of plants and animals |
B.provide the precise location of sunken ships |
C.evaluate the cost of seeking certain resources |
D.promote the development of deeper waterways |