Many animals depend upon sound to find food or communicate with one another. These species understandably suffer when loud motorways cut through their habitats. Scientists have long documented the ecological damage caused by noise pollution. It has always been assumed, however, that noise is a problem unique to animals. But a new study by Ali Akbar Ghotbi-Ravandi, a botanist in Tehran, has revealed that plants fell victim to it too.
Working with a team of colleagues, Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi grew two species in his lab that are commonly found in urban environments. The plants were grown from seed and allowed to mature for two months in the same space before they were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to 73 decibels of traffic noise recorded from a busy motorway in Tehran for 16 hours a day. The other group was left to grow in silence. After 15 days had passed, samples were taken from the youngest fully expanded leaves on every plant in the experiment and studied.
Analysis of their leaves revealed that the chemicals which are indicators of stress in plants were found at much higher levels in the species exposed to the traffic noise. The team also found that certain chemicals normally associated with healthy growth in plants were present at significantly reduced levels in the plants exposed to the noise. Even the weight of the freshly-cut leaves differed — leaves from plants exposed to noise consistently weighed less than those from plants grown in silence.
Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi’s findings make it clear that, though plants lack ears, the vibrations (震动) generated by the noise of traffic still bothers them enough to cause strong stress responses that are not much different to those that would be found in plants exposed to extreme conditions.
The next question is whether all noise pollution affects all species in the same way. The natural world is by no means silent. Whether some plant species have evolved to adapt to the noisy environment, which might one day be collected and transplanted in urban areas, is a mystery worth exploring.
1. What does the author stress in paragraph 1?A.The influence of noise on plants. | B.Effects motorways have on animals. |
C.The importance of sound for animals. | D.Problems plants have surviving in nature. |
A.By choosing two rare plant species. | B.By collecting samples from old leaves. |
C.By making plants grow along motorways. | D.By studying plants grown in different conditions. |
A.Plants exposed to noise were less stressful. |
B.Changes of chemicals in leaves were unclear. |
C.Leaves of plants grown in silence weighed more. |
D.Plants grew more slowly when grown in silence. |
A.To improve the adapting ability of plants. | B.To develop new species with high survival rate. |
C.To set more restrictions on urban traffic noise. | D.To find plants suitable for noisy urban areas. |
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【推荐1】Next time you raise an eyebrow at the views of your partner, friend, brother, sister or colleague, remember they could be helping to make you smarter. New research shows that intelligence (智力)is not fixed but can be improved throughout adulthood by family members, bright mates and intellectually challenging careers. The study challenges the commonly held belief that intelligence is fixed by the age of about 18.
Scientific consensus (共识)suggests intelligence is controlled by genes, with environmental factors (因素)such as schooling and nutrition playing a part up to this age. After this point, IQ scores remain unchanged. But James Flynn, professor at the University of Otago in New Zealand, argues that people can “upgrade” their intelligence throughout their lives. He believes intellectual stimulation (刺激)from other people is important as the “brain seems to be rather like a muscle --the more you use it, the stronger it gets”. So people who share a home or workplace with the intellectually challenged risk seeing their IQ levels nosedive as a result.
Professor Flynn analyzed US intelligence tests from the last 65 years and created new IQ “age tables”. He found a bright ten-year-old with brothers and sisters of average intelligence will suffer a five to ten point IQ disadvantage compared to a similar child with equally bright brothers and sisters. However, children with a low IQ could gain six to eight points by having brighter brothers and sisters and special educational treatment to help pull them up.
Professor Flynn concluded that although genetics and early life experiences determine about 80% of intelligence, the remaining 20% is linked to lifestyle. This means people can raise their IQ, or allow it to fall, by ten points or more.
He suggests the best way to improve IQ levels is to socialize with bright friends, and find an intellectually challenging job.
1. According to the text, it is commonly believed that ________A.people’s IQ levels fall when they get old |
B.it is wise to share family members’ views |
C.people cannot improve their intelligence during adulthood |
D.doing something challenging is good for one’s intelligence |
A.Making many friends. | B.Staying with smart people. |
C.Doing exercise every day. | D.Learning from brothers or sisters. |
A.You will become smarter as time goes on. |
B.You still have the chance to become smarter after 18. |
C.You are likely to become smarter by doing different jobs. |
D.You are surely smarter at the age of 35 than at the age of 18. |
A.To inform | B.To advertise | C.To entertain | D.To persuade |
【推荐2】When people wanted to find their way to a place in the past, they used to have to buy a map. They don’t have to do that any more. Now they can either buy a GPS or go online and maps for just about anywhere.
In this an improvement? Perhaps , but some people think some of the online companies are going too far , because they have been sending out cars with photographic equipment on their roofs , to photograph every street and house in the country.
One of these cars arrived on a Wednesday morning in the quiet English village of Broughton. The camera was on a metre-high stick on top of the car and could see over walls and into people’s gardens. Some of the villagers came and stood around the car, and asked the driver and photographer to go away. Reporters quickly arrived on the scene, and soon the event was news all over the country.
Of course, the online company in question says that it is simply collecting information that people on the Internet want. But the villagers feel differently. ‘We used to have privacy in this country—now companies just come and take photographs of our homes without even asking .’
said one villager. ‘It is not right .We mustn’t let this happen. We mustn’t lose our right to live privately.’
There is , of course, no law to prevent people from taking photographs of houses, so the villagers cannot go to court. But many people are asking the question: ‘OK, it’s legal, but is it right?’ This is a question that won’t go away very…
1. How is Paragraph 1 mainly developed?A.By analyzing(分析) causes. |
B.By giving descriptions. |
C.By making comparisons. |
D.By providing explanations. |
A.Doing a lot of work. |
B.Walking a long distance. |
C.Taking more pictures than necessary. |
D.Behaving in a way that upsets people. |
A.Uncaring. | B.Angry. |
C.Friendly. | D.Thankful |
A.Why is GPS important? |
B.The improvement of maps |
C.It’s legal --- but is it right? |
D.The development of the Internet |
A study into how lazy British people are has found more than half of adults are so idle that they’d catch the lift rather than climb two flights of stairs.
Just over 2,000 people were quizzed by independent researchers at Nuffield Health, Britain’s largest health charity. The results were startling.
About one in six people surveyed said if their remote control was broken, they would continue watching the same channel rather than get up.
More than one third of those questioned said they would not run to catch a bus. Worryingly, of the 654 respondents with children, 64% said they were often too tired to play with them.
This led the report to conclude that it’s no wonder that one in six children in the UK are classified as obese before they start school. Dr Sarah Dauncey, medical director of Nuffield Health, said, “People need to get fitter, not just for their own sake, but for the sake of their families, friends and evidently their pets too. If we don’t start to take control of this problem, a whole generation will become too unfit to perform even the simple tasks.”
And Scotland’s largest city, Glasgow, was shamed as the most indolent city in the UK, with 75% surveyed admitting they do not get enough exercise, followed closely by Birmingham and Southampton, both with 67%.
The results pose serious challenges for the National Health Service, where obesityrelated illnesses such as heart disease and cancer have been on a steady increase for the past 40 years and are costing billions of pounds every year.
1. What do lazy British people probably choose to do?
A.Go to stores. | B.Catch the lift. |
C.Cook from scratch. | D.Climb flights of stairs. |
A.About 419. | B.About 333. |
C.About 654. | D.About 1280. |
A.People will not get enough exercise. |
B.People will not have enough money. |
C.People will not be able to do the easy job. |
D.People will not cure themselves of heart disease. |
A.Indifferent. | B.Doubtful. |
C.Negative. | D.Supportive. |
【推荐1】When lightning caused fires around California’s Big Basin Redwoods State Park north of Santa Cruz in August 2020, the fire spread quickly. Mild fires strike coastal redwood (红杉) forests about every decade. The giant trees resist burning thanks to the bark (树皮), up to about 30 centimetres thick at the base, which contains acids. Their branches and needles are normally beyond the reach of flames. But this time flames shot through the top of 100-metre-tall trees, burning the needles. “It was shocking,” says Drew Peltier, a tree expert at Northern Arizona University. “It really seemed like most of the trees were going to die.”
Yet many of them lived. In a paper published yesterday in Nature Plants, Peltier and his colleagues help explain why: The survivors use long-held energy reserves—sugars that had been made from sunlight decades earlier—and poured them into buds (芽) that had been lying dormant (休眠的) under the bar k for centuries.
“This is one of those papers that challenges our previous knowledge on tree growth,” says Adrian Rocha, an ecosystem ecologist at the University of Notre Dame. “It is amazing to learn that carbon taken up decades ago can be used to sustain its growth into the future.” The findings suggest redwoods have the tools to cope with big fires driven by climate change, Rocha says. Still, it’s unclear whether the trees could cope with the regular infernos that might occur under a warmer climate environment.
The fire in 2020 was so intense that even the top branches of many trees burned and their ability to photosynthesize (光合作用) went up in smoke along with their pine needles. Trees photosynthesize to create sugars and other carbohydrates (碳水化合物), which provide the energy they need to grow and repair tissue. Trees do store some of this energy, which they can call on during a drought or after a fire. Although the redwoods have sprouted (长出) new growth, Peltier and other forest experts wonder how the trees will cope with far less energy from photosynthesis, given that it will be years before they grow as many needles as they had before the fire. “They’re alive, but I would be a little concerned for them in the future.”
1. What’s special about this big fire for coastal redwood forests in 2020?A.It burnt the top of the trees. | B.It was very close to the last fire. |
C.It resisted burning effectively. | D.It caused relatively minor damage. |
A.Sugars protected their barks. | B.Energy reserves promoted the growth of buds. |
C.They got used to hot climate. | D.They took in much carbon to resist fire. |
A.Unpredictable disasters. | B.Changeable climate. |
C.Terrible environment. | D.Uncontrollable fires. |
A.Their tissues can’t be repaired. | B.They can’t save energy anymore. |
C.Their energy saved is not sufficient. | D.They grow too slowly. |
【推荐2】When talking of a typical mineral mine, people will probably think it's underground. It's unlikely that the picture of plants and soft greenery would cross their minds. Now, new explorations into phytomining may change that viewpoint. Instead of traditionally mining metals like nickel, iron or cobalt from rocks, phytomining uses plants as an alternative source (来源) for these minerals. Using plants to extract (提取) metals can have significant environmental benefits over rock mining.
Phytomining was first studied in 1983, but it hasn't yet been adopted by the metals industry. In 2004, Indonesian soil scientist Aiyen Tjoa from Tadulako University in Central Sulawesithe took her research to Sorowako, a small town in Indonesia with one of the largest nickel mining areas, to look into plants that continued to live after years of mining. She brought samples back to her lab and found that these super plants were more than just surviving—they were growing.
The plants were absorbing and storing nickel from the soil. Large quantities of metals kill most plants, but these, known as hyperaccumulators, were learning to adapt. If these plants were storing metals, that meant that science could find a way to extract the minerals for use and quite frankly, scientists easily did. When the shoots are harvested and burnt, the metals are separated from the plant material in the ashes.
Tjoa returned to Sorowako and spent years searching for new hyperaccumulator species. After a plant is considered a possibility, there's a simple test paper that turns pink when placed against the leaf of a hyperaccumulator plant. Two local Indonesian plants, sarcotheca celebica and knema matanensis, were found but there are many others still to be validated.
Tjoa's research caught the attention of Satria Bijasksana, a professor of rock magnetism. Together, they designed an experiment to understand magnetic susceptibility (磁化率) when plants accumulate more nickel. Their research led to the discovery of two new species of hyperaccumulators. Besides, this research serves as the basis for the potential that plants can give to the mining industry, offering great advantages to our ecosystem and towards building a more sustainable (可持续的) future.
1. Why did Aiyen Tjoa go to Sorowako in 2004?A.To work with the local government. | B.To study the plants surviving mining. |
C.To improve the soil in the small town. | D.To research into underground mining. |
A.They are rich in metals. | B.They are free of minerals. |
C.They are very easy to discover. | D.They are too fragile to survive. |
A.monitored | B.preserved |
C.confirmed | D.adapted |
A.A New Creative Mining Way Meets Challenges |
B.Many Plants Can Act as Sources of Many Metals |
C.Now Scientists Can Extract Minerals from Plants |
D.Phytomining Will Take the Place of Traditional Mining |
【推荐3】You don’t have to use a dandelion (蒲公英) to know which way the wind blows. But it can help. Dandelion seeds fly freely in the wind. But those seeds on any given dandelion have different fates. Some are to float north when the wind blows them, while others are fated to fly east, south, west or some direction in between. “How do dandelion seeds respond to the wind depends on where they sit on the dandelion head?” says Jena Shields, a biophysicist at Cornell University in Ithaca.
One day, Jena happened to watch her little child play with dandelions. She noticed that the dandelion seeds didn’t all fall off the same. Some came loose more easily than others, but it depended on how the child blew on the seed heads. Jena got the inspiration for the research from it. So Jena set out to study what was going on.
She measured the force it takes to blow dandelion seeds away. To start with, she glued (粘贴) a wire to the different seeds. Then she pulled them at various angles. This seed-by-seed study mimicked what happens when the wind pushes them over.
The findings show that each seed falls off most easily in the wind from one direction, and seeds from one head don’t go the same way. The feathery seeds on the side facing the wind will fall off most easily. The others hold on more tightly until the wind shifts. Besides, once blown off a dandelion, a seed’s umbrella-like feather carries it on the wind that pulled it away. And it helps explain why the plants are so successful in spreading.
However, Jena also found an exception. A sudden strong blow was still able to blow all the seeds away in the same direction. So when a strong wind blows or excited children try their best to blow, all the seeds could be blown off at once.
1. Why did Jena do research on dandelion seeds?A.To correct people’s misconception of dandelions. |
B.To figure out how dandelion seeds react to wind. |
C.To explain why dandelions fly far without wind. |
D.To satisfy her child’s curiosity about dandelions. |
A.Predicted. |
B.Proved. |
C.Explored. |
D.Copied. |
A.They fly for the similar distance. |
B.They tend to fly in one direction. |
C.They come off easier in the wind from one direction. |
D.They break free from feathers to fly once coming off. |
A.To make up for the research. |
B.To stress the point of the text. |
C.To make a summary of the text. |
D.To provide examples for the research. |