Humans evolved from apes. This is what we learned in biology class. But what came before apes? Chinese scientists have discovered fossils that could enrich the evolutionary story of how humans evolved from fish.
According to four articles published in the journal Nature in late September, Chinese researchers found fish fossils that provide the “missing link” about the origin of the jaw (下颌), a key trait that 99.8 percent of vertebrate species (脊椎动物) have.
Zhu Min, a lead researcher of the studies from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, told China Daily that the findings drew a large amount of interest in the science world due to the importance of jaws in animal evolution. However, the rise of the jaw had been a mystery due to a lack of sufficient fossil evidence to support that jawed vertebrates lived 450 million years ago.
The latest findings made by Zhu’s team presented a set of five surprisingly well-preserved fish fossils that included three whole-bodied fish, helping scientists paint a more accurate evolutionary picture of the origin of the jaw. The fish fossils were discovered at two sites in Chongqing and Guizhou, whose strata (地层) date back to the Silurian Period (志留纪) that began around 440 million years ago.
These fossils show that jawed fish were already thriving in the world’s ancient oceans at that time. Later on, more diverse and larger jawed fish evolved and began to spread around the world, paving the way for some fish to eventually go on land and evolve into other animals—including humans.
“These fossils provide an unprecedented opportunity to peek into the ‘dawn of fish’ and help scientists trace many human body structures back to these ancient fish, thus filling some key gaps in the evolutionary history of how fish evolved into humans,” Zhu said.
1. What is the significance of the newly discovered fossils?A.They gave new clues to the origins of fish. |
B.They provided new evidence on human evolution. |
C.They are a newly discovered species of jawed fish. |
D.They defined the time vertebrate species appeared. |
A.They were discovered in Chongqing. |
B.They include five whole-bodied ancient fish. |
C.They can be traced back to the Silurian Period. |
D.They proved fish were the earliest vertebrate species. |
A.Booming. | B.Surviving. | C.Arriving. | D.Depriving. |
A.A travel brochure. | B.Newspaper. | C.A biology textbook. | D.A biography. |
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【推荐1】The Vjosa River, one of the last wild rivers in Europe, has been declared a national park by the Albanian government, making it become the first wild river park on the continent.
Home to more than 1,000 animal and plant species, the river flows for 270 kilometers, from Greece, through Albania and into the Adriatic Sea. Giving the credit to no dams or other artificial barriers, it is rich in aquatic species and supports a large number of wildlife species, including otters, the endangered Egyptian vulture and the critically endangered Balkan lynx.
The wild river national park will include almost 13,000 acres of land, crossing most of the body of the country, with thousands of people living in its surroundings. The decision to establish the park is more important than people may realize. For years, the Vjosa’s fragile ecosystem has been under threat: at one point as many as 45 hydropower plants (水 电 站) were planned to build across the region. But thanks to the campaigning by environmental NGOs, the tiny Balkan nation was placed at the forefront of river protection.
Albania’s prime minister, Edi Rama, described the creation of the national park as a “truly historic moment” for nature as well as social and economic development. “Today we protect the only wild river in Europe once and for all,” he said. “This is about to change a mindset. Protecting an area does not mean that you make it in isolation from the economy.” He said national parks attract 20% more tourists compared with non-protected areas.
The park will cover the 118 miles of the Vjosa in Albania, three main tributaries (支流), and some land, including areas at risk of flooding. Phase II will add other tributaries. Unlike the IUCN's Wilderness Protected Areas, which limit the number of visitors, it will allow recreational tourism and some other activities such as local fishing, particularly for 60,000 residents in the catchment.
“We hope it will inspire others to come together to protect the wild places we have left, in a meaningful way,” said Ryan Gellert, Patagonia’s CEO, adding that the park was proof that the “destruction of nature did not have to be the price of progress”.
1. What makes the Vjosa River rich in wild species?A.Sufficient water. |
B.The government's policies. |
C.The large area of fertile land. |
D.The absence of human disturbance. |
A.It helps to establish hydropower plants. |
B.It relieves the power shortage in Albania. |
C.It strengthens the protection of Vjosa's ecosystem. |
D.It promotes the development of the local wild land. |
A.Building the park is beneficial to the economy. |
B.More wild rivers need to be protected in Europe. |
C.Non-protected areas will inspire a boom in tourism. |
D.Social progress comes at the cost of the natural environment. |
A.It includes more tributaries. |
B.It limits the number of visitors. |
C.It covers areas at high risk of flooding. |
D.It combines leisure activities with tourism. |
【推荐2】Today’s children spend too much time online, which gives them an abnormal perception of reality. We adults are expected to fill their lives with wonder by taking them to a site featuring something natural.
Nature is actually the best environment for children to enjoy, explore, and absorb. When exposed to nature, children don’t just see the beauty as we adults do.
Children begin to wonder in nature. Natural materials such as leaves and sticks provide endless possibilities for play and imagination.
Additionally, nature gives children ultimate freedom — they don’t necessarily have to follow the rules and tasks set for them when indoors. They become more confident by learning new skills. If they can catch a fish, they’ll have a cool story to share with their friends.
Given so many benefits, we need to find ways to support children’s connection with nature.
A.They don’t come with directions. |
B.Nature can even be brought indoors. |
C.It gives them something to take pride in. |
D.Adding tools to enhance exploration is an option. |
E.Motivating children to share their observations is vital. |
F.More importantly, they begin to interact with its offerings. |
G.Children benefit greatly from such direct exposure to nature. |
【推荐3】Animals are important living creatures on our planet. They play a significant role in maintaining the balance of nature. However, due to human activities like deforestation (采伐森林), poaching, pollution, and habitat destruction, many animal species have either become extinct or are on the verge of extinction.
Animals are the natural resources wasted by human beings in history. Animals were killed for their fur and feathers, for food, for sports, just because they hindered the disappearance of thousands of animals from the earth. Today, hundreds of animals are on the danger list, which are considered to be in danger in the United States alone.
Why should people care? Because we need animals, and because once they’re gone, there won’t be any more animals. They’re not just beautiful or interesting food. They’re not just a source of food.
Every animal has its place in the balance of nature. Destroying an animal can cause a lot of problems. For example, when farmers kill a lot of eagles, farmers’ corn and grain stores are destroyed by rats.
Why? Because eagles eat rats and mice. When there are no eagles to control their numbers, rats and mice reproduce very quickly. Fortunately, some people are trying to help save animals. Some groups raise funds to let people know about this problem.They are trying to get the government to protect animals in danger through laws. Quite a number of countries have passed laws that prohibit killing any animal or plant on the dangerous list. The number of some animals in danger is increasing.
As responsible citizens, it is our duty to take necessary steps to protect animals and their habitats. One way to do this is by creating awareness about the importance of conservation. We should educate people on the significance of wildlife and the role we play in protecting it. We should also urge governments to take action in preserving animal habitats and to enforce (实施) laws to prevent poaching and illegal trade of wildlife.
Another way to protect animals is by supporting organizations that work towards animal conservation. These organizations rescue, rehabilitate, and release animals back into their natural habitat. They also conduct research and raise awareness about endangered species.
In conclusion, protecting animals is not just a responsibility, but a necessity. We should take necessary steps to conserve wildlife and their habitats to ensure a healthy and sustainable environment for all living creatures on earth.
1. The author’s attitude towards animals is _____.A.positive | B.negative | C.neutral | D.indifferent |
A.They play a significant role in maintaining the balance of nature. |
B.They are a source of food. |
C.They are beautiful and interesting. |
D.They are not related to human beings. |
A.Because they are interested in animals. |
B.Because they want to make money. |
C.Because they realize the importance of animals. |
D.Because they are ordered to do so by the government. |
A.to describe the importance of animals |
B.to criticize human activities that harm animals |
C.to call on people to protect animals |
D.to introduce some endangered animals |
【推荐1】Here are two interesting questions. Are you very happy with your life now? Are people happier as they get older? A study found that people generally become happier and experience less worry after age 50. In fact, it-found that by the age of 85, people are happier with their life than they were at 18.
The finding came from a Gallup survey of more than 340,000 adults between the age of 18 and 85 in the United States.
Arthur Stone in. the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at Stony Brook University in New York led the study. His team found that levels of stress were highest among adults between the ages of 22 and 25. Stress levels dropped sharply after people reached their fifties.
Happiness was highest among the youngest adults and those in their early seventies. But the people least likely to report feeling negative emotions were those in their seventies and eighties. The survey also found that men and women had similar emotional patterns as they grow older. However, women at all ages reported more sadness, stress and worry than men did.
The researchers also considered possible influences like. having young children, being unemployed or being single. But they found that influences like these did not affect the levels of happiness and well-being related to age.
So why would happiness increase with age? One theory is that, as people get older, they become more thankful for what they have and have better control of their emotions. They also spend less time thinking about bad experiences.
The original goal of the study was to confirm the popular belief that aging is connected with increased sleep problems. The survey did find an increase during middle age, especially in women. But except for that, people reported that they felt their sleep quality, improved as they got older.
1. Which age group of adults feel most stressful according to the study?A.The adults in their twenties. | B.The adults in their fifties. |
C.The adults in their seventies. | D.The adults in their eighties. |
A.People in their seventies enjoy the highest level of happiness. |
B.Stress levels will drop sharply when people are becoming older. |
C.Young adults have low level of stress because they are healthier. |
D.Women of all ages are more likely to be in negative emotion than men. |
A.Because elder people have enough money to spend. |
B.Because elder people are more thankful with their life. |
C.Because elder people don't have to work hard every day. |
D.Because elder spend more time considering bad experiences. |
A.There is connection of sleep and happiness. |
B.Aging is connected with increased sleep problems. |
C.The older people are becoming, the worse sleep quality they have. |
D.Sleep quality will drop during middle age but then will improve as they get older. |
【推荐2】Many of us in China enjoy adding chilies (辣椒) to our food, but did you know that this spicy vegetable could also be dangerous? A 34-year-old US man recently ended up in hospital after eating a Carolina Reaper—the spiciest chili in the world. After taking just a single bite of one, the man suffered from serious headaches in the following few days, reported BBC News.
In fact, reports of stomachache and headache caused by eating spicy food are not something unusual. But if chilies are harmful, why is it that human beings are the only animals to eat this vegetable? According to the website Huanqiu, about 600 million Chinese people—almost half of the national population—are chili eaters. So what makes people love chilies so much? The human body reacts to the burning feeling that comes from eating chilies by releasing natural chemicals that “produce a sense of happiness” , noted BBC News.
And the benefits go even further than just personal enjoyment. A survey conducted by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences found that the death rate of those who eat spicy food once or twice a week is 10 percent lower than those who eat it less than once a week. The number decreased to 14 percent for those who eat spicy food six to seven times a week. And another study done by the University of Vermont came to a similar conclusion. “The data encourages people to eat more spicy food to improve health and reduce death risk at an early age,” Liu Qi, a nutritionist at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, told BBC News.
Chilies have anti-cancer quality and the ability to increase our metabolism (新陈代谢). So, don't worry if you love spicy food. It seems that chilies are actually good for us—except for the Carolina Reaper, perhaps.
1. The example of a 34-year-old American is mentioned in Paragraph 1 to prove ________.A.chilies can be beneficial | B.chilies are popular in America |
C.chilies can be dangerous | D.serious headaches can be dangerous |
A.decreasing death rate | B.releasing natural chemicals |
C.curing serious headaches | D.providing enough nutrition |
A.Human are the only animals to eat chilies. |
B.Stomachache and headaches caused by chilies is something unusual. |
C.The more chilies you eat, the healthier you are. |
D.Chilies have anti-cancer quality but it can't increase our metabolism. |
A.warn people of the dangers of chilies | B.ask people to eat Carolina Reaper |
C.encourage people to eat more chilies | D.tell people the benefits of chilies |
【推荐3】Cats communicate a variety of messages using cat body language. Examples include arching (弓起) their backs as a signal of fear or attack, and slowly blinking (眨) their eyes to signal relaxation. Mouth open and no teeth showed suggests a feeling of playfulness. A cat which chooses to lie on its back shows happiness, trust and comfort. Cats show dissatisfaction by moving their ears back, equal to a human frown.
As is the case with dogs, a twitching (抽动) tail can mean a little anger while a tail held high suggests confidence. Cats will twitch their tails when hunting or angry, while larger twitching suggests displeasure. They may also twitch their tails when playing. A tail held high is a sign of happiness, or can be used as a greeting towards humans or other cats (usually close relatives) while half-raised shows less pleasure, and unhappiness is expressed with a tail held low.
Some characteristic signals, however, are often misunderstood. It is important to keep in mind that each cat may show its feelings with different body language. For instance, a cat rubbing its body along an arm or leg of its owner is not only a way in which to attract attention and, perhaps, a way to ask for food; it is also a way of “marking” its owner as its own. Usually a cat with its tail held high and twitching shows excitement, but this is often mistaken for anger.
Many people fail or are too slow to understand the silent body language of cats. And they may have the false impression that cats are cold-hearted, unfaithful or not clever. To understand cats, people must observe a cat closely and learn what its body signals tell them.
1. Which cat body language shows that a cat is relaxed?A.Lying on its stomach. | B.Blinking its eyes slowly. |
C.Holding its tail high. | D.Moving its ears back. |
A.when it feels sleepy | B.when it is hunting |
C.when it feels angry | D.when it is playing |
A.2. | B.3. | C.4. | D.5. |
A.many people often have wrong opinions on cats |
B.it is not easy to understand cats’ body language |
C.every cat has its own special body language |
D.we should learn more about cats’ body language |
【推荐1】Alex Vardkostas spent his child flipping (快速翻转) burgers at his parent’s restaurant in Southern California. It was, he recalls, a repetitive and uninteresting task.
Vardkostas said, “Making so many burgers every day, I realized that there must be a better product I can create to make food. ”He helped develop the restaurant’s main attraction: a robot machine that makes “the world’s freshest cheeseburgers”.
The machine has already drawn big crowds. People want to see exactly how a robot makes a burger and whether it tastes good. The robot is 14-foot long and takes five minutes to make a delicious burger.
After seeing the robot in action, one customer, Evan, was almost speechless. “I knew that they could drive cars,” he said, “but i didn’t know that robots could make a delicious burger.”
The robot’s 350 Sensors (传感器) and 20 microcomputers help make sure that every burger is perfect. The materials are organic and locally sourced (寻找……的来源) whenever possible, but the burgers are still affordable (负担得起的). Because a machine makes the burgers, the restaurant doesn’t have to pay kitchen staff (职员). Employees focus on offering e customer good service.
Besides, the restaurant offers its employees higher pay than the ordinary standard in the food industry. Staff members are able to read books for five percent of their workday so that they can continue to learn. Money is allotted (分配) for books, and more educational opportunities are being planned.
For Evan, the most important thing is still the burger. “The restaurant’s robot is the perfect chef,” he said, “because a person can make mistakes but a robot can’t.”
1. Why do many customers visit Alex’s restaurant?A.To watch how Alex flip burgers. | B.To eat the cheapest cheeseburgers. |
C.To learn from a robot to make food. | D.To experience food made by a robot. |
A.Boring. | B.Surprising. | C.Puzzling. | D.Exciting. |
A.They are equipped with sensors. |
B.They aren’t sold at a very high price. |
C.Each of them owns an ugly shape. |
D.They become popular with the people around the world. |
A.They can improve themselves by reading. |
B.They need to buy books for customers. |
C.They can become rich in a short time. |
D.They have to hand in their learning plan. |
【推荐2】LANZHOU-When an international olive oil competition announced its winners in Greece in late June, excitement spread across the village of Daoqi in Northwest China.
“The award-winning olive oil was made from our fruit,” said Ru Ciming, 50, an olive planter from the village under the city of Longnan, Gansu province. The variety of olive trees in Ru’s orchard (果园) was introduced from Spain. In the eyes of locals, the foreign trees have not only pulled the city, once among the least-developed regions in China, out of poverty, but they have also brought them international fame.
Olives originated in the Mediterranean (地中海地区) and their oil, often called liquid gold, is used widely in food, cosmetics and medicine. In the 1960s, the Albanian government gifted China more than 10,000 olive saplings (树苗), which were then planted in many parts of the country on nationwide trials. Longnan began to plant olive trees in the early 1970s and experts concluded that the region was ideal for the resettlement of the olive trees due to its climate and soil condition. After years of experiments and promotion, it is now the largest olive cultivation (栽培) base in China.
In recent years, the local olive oil industry has continued to expand as Longnan has improved cooperation with Mediterranean countries that have a long history of olive planting, including Italy, Greece and Spain. The improved cooperation aims to introduce better varieties and initiate technical exchanges.
Pedro J. Rodriguez Sanchez, a Spanish olive seedling expert, was one of the early contributors to olive exchanges. He arrived in Longnan in 2009, when only half of the local olive tree seedlings had survived. His technical guidance helped raise the survival rate to over 90 percent.
Zhao Haiyun, an official in charge of promoting the olive industry in Longnan’s Wudu District, said that many more European experts have arrived since Sanchez. They have visited orchards to offer guidance to farmers, and helped companies improve their processing and storage procedures.
They have helped the district, as well as the city of Longnan, to jump on the bandwagon of China’s rising demand for high-quality olive oil, especially among well-off urban families, said Zhao.
1. What can we learn from the third paragraph?A.Olive oil is named liquid gold and has many uses. |
B.The Albanian government sold some olive saplings to China. |
C.Longnan has a history of about 30 years of planting olive trees. |
D.Longnan is fit for the growth of olive trees due to its rich water resources. |
A.Italy. | B.Albania. | C.Spain. | D.Greece. |
A.Policy. | B.Habit. | C.Fashion. | D.Model. |
A.Olives link Northwest China with world |
B.Oliver trees pull Longnan out of poverty |
C.Longnan is largest olive cultivation base in China |
D.Longnan improves cooperation with Mediterranean countries |
【推荐3】Because of the COVID-19, we have to study at home. But Lee taught us a lot of intriguing and useful things. What gave me the most unforgettable memory is a lesson about Li Ziqi. In class, we have learned relevant words, improved our reading level, expanded our knowledge, and further understood the importance of traditional culture to the nation. We also call on more people to protect, promote and carry forward our traditional culture.
That is one of the Chinese students commented after a somewhat special so-called Chinese-culture-related English class on Li Ziqi, a celebrity of contributing to the promotion of Chinese traditional culture.
Her life looks like one straight out of a fairy tale. Li Ziqi, without much exaggeration, starts with almost nothing all by herself. Soon she impresses millions with her videos, where she makes seemingly everything from scratch with her own two hands, from dying a dress with fresh grape juice to fashioning traditional lipstick from roses in her garden to searching on horseback in order to prepare one exquisite meal after another, after which she sometimes brings his neighbors her hand-made and scrumptious food and even helps them to do likewise by themselves.
She has some 50 million fans in China and another 8 million overseas, but she remains a mystery to many of them. In her videos, she doesn't speak, and she rarely gives interviews. Li grew up with her grandparents in rural Sichuan Province in southwestern China. She says she came to live with them as a little child after her stepmother mistreated her. But they were poor, so when she turned 14, Li went to work in the city. In 2012, she decided to return to the countryside to take care of her grandmother.
Four years later, she started filming her life there. The dishes she prepares range from a single condiment to elaborate multi-course meals. But whatever she makes, she leaves no stone unturned, going as far as raising baby ducklings just to make a sauce out of salted duck eggs. Some joke that she's brought a whole new meaning to the phrase “from scratch”.
1. In paragraph 1, why does the author apply the quotes from a student?A.To tell the importance of promoting Chinese traditional cultures. |
B.To introduce the figure Li Ziqi. |
C.To show how he has English class. |
D.To explain why we need to learn Chinese traditional cultures. |
A.from the very beginning. |
B.from time to time. |
C.from a long distance. |
D.from now on. |
A.She had a carefree and happy childhood. |
B.She left her family in childhood because of her grandparents. |
C.She was forced to leave the countryside for a period of time. |
D.She got a nice job in the countryside. |
A.Tough and straightforward. |
B.Reasonable and talkative. |
C.Brave and outgoing. |
D.Kind and diligent. |