As students return to school this fall, many of them―perhaps especially those from historically disadvantaged student groups―will be starting the academic year with achievement levels lower than where they were at the beginning of summer break. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as summer learning loss. We review what is known about summer loss and offer suggestions for schools looking to solve the problem.
The recent studies on summer loss have been rather comprehensive. One study found that students, on average, lost between 25 - 30 percent of their school-year learning over the summer; additionally, black and Latino students tended to gain less over the school year and lose more over the summer compared to white students.
However, an analysis of the national study found little evidence of overall loss over the summers after grades K and 1, and the summer loss gaps widened in some subjects and grades but not others. Von Hippel and Hamrock re-analyzed two earlier data sets and concluded that gaps“do not necessarily ... grow fastest over the summer”. Thus, it seems summer loss occurs, though not universally across geography, grade level, or subject.
Schools want to address the issue of summer learning loss not only because it may widen achievement gaps, but also because it“wastes”so much of the knowledge students have gained during the school year. Summer loss also undoubtedly increases the amount of time teachers have to spend “re-teaching” last year's content.
Traditionally, educators and policymakers have relied on conventional summer school programs to solve summer learning loss. Not surprisingly, research suggests that programs are more effective when students attend consistently and spend more time on task academically. Regardless of the design, these policies should offer engaging options for students over the summer so that summer learning programs do not feel like punishment for students who would rather be enjoying summer vacation. Doing so would set more students up for success as the school year gets underway.
1. In writing paragraph 1, the author aims to .A.propose a definition | B.make a comparison |
C.present an issue | D.make an argument |
A.Summer learning loss seemed to vary in grades and subjects. |
B.Immigrant students experienced the most summer loss. |
C.White students did not lose learning over the summer. |
D.Summer learning loss after grades K and 1 was alarming. |
A.it may narrow achievement gaps | B.it may stop students gaining more knowledge |
C.it may increase teachers’ new teaching content | D.it may cause repetitive work for teachers |
A.The conventional programs are ineffective. | B.More choices should be provided for students. |
C.Students should do more academic tasks. | D.The programs are punishment for students. |
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【推荐1】My problems started after I went to a boarding school. I was only 14, and at first I missed my family a lot. I often called them and cried on the phone. But after two weeks, I found I enjoyed being with my classmates at school.
I had many friends who were boys. I thought of them as my best friends—but only friends. I never guessed my friendships with boys would become a problem.
Then, three months later, my friends told me that some teachers and girls said I was hanging out with boys all day long in order to get attention from them. Seven months after that, the head teacher Mr. Wang asked the class to choose some students to join the Student Union. I thought I could win for I was doing well in school. I’d already won prizes for the best math and English exams. A week later, the list came out and it didn’t include me. I was sad.
Mr. Wang came to me and said, “Don’t be sad. I know you’re excellent! Maybe you’re a little distant from the girls in our class. They don’t know much about you, so some of them didn’t choose you. It doesn’t matter. Do your best to get along well with everyone and I think you’ll make it next time.”
1. What was the writer’s problem when she first entered the boarding school?A.She didn’t like her new school. | B.She didn’t get along well with her classmates. |
C.She missed her family very much. | D.She didn’t like her new teacher. |
A.Her teachers didn’t like her. | B.She was a poor student. |
C.Some girls didn’t choose her . | D.She likes showing off herself. |
A.陌生的 | B.疏远的 | C.热心的 | D.粗鲁的 |
A.The teacher thought she was an excellent student. |
B.The writer didn’t realize that her friendships with boys would cause problems. |
C.The writer was sad because she failed to join the Student Union. |
D.The writer won prizes for the best science and English exams. |
【推荐2】Beaches have been around in many schools. But a group of school kids in Cork in the south of Ireland are trying to do something a bit different with them. They have created a special bench called Buddy or Friendship Bench.
The idea for the bench came about last year, when Regina Farrell, school counselor at Mclntyre Elementary, was conducting a leadership group to help students overcome shyness and gain confidence. Four fourth-grade students came up with the idea when working with him.
The concept of the Buddy Bench is simple:Students who want to take part in playground games and activities, but may feel hesitant, can take a seat, which suggests to other children on the playground that they may needed an extra boost to participate. It builds kid’s self-esteem(自尊) to ask others to play with them. Likewise, reaching out to a peer who is feeling left out makes a great difference.
But do children actually use the benches? It’s something Sinead Mcgilloway from Maynooth University has been looking at. “We found that 40% of the children had actually used the benches at the time of the study. And over 90% said that they would talk to a child if that child sitting on the bench.”
“Since it was installed on Nov.16, the bench has been effective,” he added. “The simple concept has gained applause from the students, and already has created a more inclusive environment within the school community.”
“Each day, I go and see the Buddy Bench working,”Farrell said. “The lessons they are learning mow will benefit them their entire lives. It is simply a beautiful example of kids wanting to be kind and continue to be kind every day.”
1. From whom the idea for the Buddy Bench originated?A.Regina Farrell | B.Left-out students. |
C.Four students. | D.Sinead Mcgilloway. |
A.A signal. | B.A defence. |
C.An escape. | D.A boost. |
A.They think it useless. | B.Their opinions divide. |
C.Most of them accept it. | D.Most of them don't care. |
A.Buddy Bench---A Simple Concept | B.Buddy Bench- More Than a Bench |
C.Buddy Bench---A Beautiful Example | D.Buddy Bench---Everywhere in Schools |
【推荐3】Ways to Help Your Teen Adjust to a New School
In an ideal world, a teen could start and finish their schooling at the same school.
The adjustment period begins before your teen ever steps foot into the new school.Point out the new opportunities that'll be available.If you have confidence that you can make it in a new city or a new job, your teen will feel more confident about his ability to succeed in a new school.
Listen to your teen's concerns
If you don't have an open relationship with your teen currently, now it is time to build one.It's easiest to get him to open up when he's feeling unsure.
Talk about your reasons for moving
Learn about the new school ahead of time
Conduct as much research as possible about the new school before your teen starts attending.Get your teen to find out about the size of the school and the types of classes offered.
A.Keep a positive attitude |
B.Develop your teen's different abilities |
C.Keep asking questions about his biggest concerns |
D.Be honest with your teen about why you're moving |
E.Most schools have websites that offer a wealth of information |
F.Joining a club or playing a sport can be a great way for your teen |
G.However, when a family must move, a teenager must switch schools |
【推荐1】What should I eat for breakfast? Who should I go out with on weekends? What should I do if I miss the bus to school? What colleges should I apply for? Again and again Chinese kids ask these questions to their teachers and parents. They can't make their own choices.
Kids in America would be very surprised to hear how much Chinese children depend on adults.When they are ten years old, kids decide what clothes they want to wear and buy.By twelve they know what classes to take for middle school.Thirteen years old is the beginning of being what Americans call a “teenager”.Now the child makes almost all his/her decisions — what to do after school;who are his/her friends, sometimes even when to come home at night. Finally at sixteen the kid usually gets a car from his/her parents. Now he or she can come and go when he/she likes.The only rule is when they come home at night.
Why should kids be independent? Think about it. After high school most of us will be by ourselves. Will our parents be able to tell us what to eat for breakfast in college? Can our teachers decide what we should do at work?
Making our own choices can be quite hard and scary. But we can start with making small choices,and then slowly make bigger and more important choices. Before we know it we will become independent, confident and able to make our own decisions! And we will have a lot more fun!
1. The first paragraph tries to tell the readers ________.A.Chinese kids don't know what to do |
B.Chinese kids always have many questions |
C.Chinese kids believe in their teachers and parents |
D.Chinese kids depend on adults very much |
A.Ten. | B.Eleven. |
C.Twelve. | D.Thirteen. |
A.Generally, American kids are more independent than their Chinese fellows. |
B.Chinese kids will more easily adapt (适应) themselves to society. |
C.American parents don't care for their children. |
D.A seventeen American young can do what he likes. |
A.dependence on adults is shameful in China |
B.independence from adults is worth encouraging |
C.kids have no ability to make a real choice |
D.making decisions is rather easy |
【推荐2】My son just turned 14 and does not have a smartphone. When he graduated from Grade 8, he was the only kid in his class without one. He asks for a phone now that he’s going to high school. I say no, he asks why, I explain(yet again), and he pushes back.
“You can choose to do things differently when you’re a parent,” I told him. But sometimes, I wonder if I’m being too stubborn or unfair.
The more I research, the more confident I feel in my decision. Many studies link the current mental health crisis among adolescents to fundamental changes in how they socialize, namely, the shift from in-person to online interaction.
But other parents challenge my perspective. “He must feel so left out!” Then there are the parents who tell me with profound sadness that they wish they had delayed their teenager’s phone ownership longer than they did. They urge me to hold out.
If teenagers between the ages of 13 and 18 are truly spending an average of 8 hours 39 minutes per day on their devices, as stated in a 2021 survey conducted by the non-profit research organization Common Sense Media, then what are they not doing? Kids absorbed in their devices are missing out on real life, and that strikes me as really sad.
I want my son to have a childhood he feels satisfied with and proud of. I want it to be full of adventures, imaginative play and physical challenges which he must sort out himself—and emerge stronger—without asking for me at the push of a button.
The easiest and simplest way to achieve these goals is to delay giving him a smartphone.
Some think my son is missing out or falling behind, but he is not. He does well in school and extracurricular activities, hangs out with his friends in person, and moves independently around our small town. He swears (发誓) he’ll give his own 14-year-old a phone someday, and I tell him that’s fine. But recently, he admitted that he missed the beautiful scenery on a drive to a nearby mountain because he had been so absorbed in his friend’s iPad.
If that is his version of admitting I’m right, I’ll take it.
1. What is the author’s primary concern regarding giving her son a smartphone?A.Her son’s social life. | B.Her son’s well-being. |
C.Her son’s time management. | D.Her son’s academic performance. |
A.Her doubts about the reliability of a teenage survey. |
B.The rise of smartphone addiction among teenagers. |
C.The potential negative effects of excessive phone usage. |
D.The factors contributing to teenage smartphone addiction. |
A.Team spirit | B.Leadership |
C.Self-reliance | D.Critical thinking |
A.He is struggling academically. |
B.He no longer desires a smartphone. |
C.He is easily influenced by his friends. |
D.He has realized the drawbacks of excessive screen time. |
【推荐3】Do you ever struggle with choosing your outfit in the morning? If you have a full wardrobe yet still feel you don’t have anything to wear, you might want to build yourself a capsule wardrobe!
So, what is this? Put simply, a capsule wardrobe is a small selection of items of clothing that complement each other, and are therefore interchangeable. Key to the capsule wardrobe is solid basics, like plain tops, and, ideally, neutral colors, because they make combinations easier. Think about the versatility of a simple pair of denim jeans. They can be combined with trainers and a t-shirt for a casual look or a blazer paired with heels, or loafers, if you want to look more sophisticated. Fashion bloggers also talk about timeless classics-picture a luxury black handbag that will suit any occasion and won’t go out of style.
But why might it be beneficial to build a capsule wardrobe? Well, by limiting your choices, it can become much easier to choose what to wear, but there is another advantage too—it can reduce the amount of fast fashion. Fast fashion refers to clothes which are trendy for just a short time, so are quickly replaced by newer trends. This, results in cheap and poor-quality clothing which has huge environmental costs as waste goes to landfill, resulting in an increase in pollution. According to UK clothes waste charity TRAID, the average garment is worn just 10 times before being disposed of. So, having a capsule wardrobe with long-lasting and high-quality clothes should help reduce this, even if it means paying more in the first place.
Fashion and lifestyle magazine, Vogue, says “building an excellent capsule wardrobe takes time and patience”. But, if you want to reduce waste and have some extra time in the morning, it might be time to start building!
1. All of the following can make a typical capsule wardrobe exceptA.A handful of clothes that make easy combinations. |
B.Interchangeable clothes complementing each other. |
C.Some timeless classics like long-lasting and high-quality clothes. |
D.Various luxury black handbags and trendy dresses. |
A.It offers a wide range of choices. |
B.It helps you follow the fashion. |
C.It offers various cheap choices. |
D.It helps to reduce waste. |
A.thrown away | B.got around | C.set up | D.taken notice of |
A.Can solid basics make combinations easier? |
B.Will timeless classics ever go out of style? |
C.Can a capsule wardrobe help to reduce waste? |
D.Should you build a capsule wardrobe? |
【推荐1】The color of food might affect just how much you want to eat them,but what about the birds in your neighborhood?Would they care what color their food is?Try this out for a science fair project,or just to learn something new while making your local birds happy.
Begin this experiment with the question“What color of birdseed(鸟食),if any,will birds like the most?”, and then make a hypothesis (假设) based on your question. An example might be“Birds will eat more green birdseed than other colors of birdseed.”
You should get several bird feeders. Purchase birdseed that is very light in color. To color the birdseed, pour it into a bowl and then add food coloring that you can purchase from the store. Mix them up well with a spoon and continue to add coloring until all the seed is colored. You should sample at least a few colors and have one feeder with seed that has not been colored—this is called the control and it will give you something to compare your results to. Now just hang them up outside in the same location,and wait for your feathered friends to show up. This works best in an area where birds are used to feeding from a feeder—it can take birds over a week to find new feeders.
Observe your bird feeders whenever possible,and keep track of how much seed is in each bird feeder each day. A ruler is helpful for this. You might also want to take pictures of the feeders and keep track of what kind of birds visit each feeder. Over time,you should be able to see if one color of seed gets eaten more than others.
Once your experiment is done,you will be able to go back to your hypothesis and see if it is correct. Remember, it’s not bad if your hypothesis was wrong. The main thing is that you’ve learned something from your experiment,and hopefully you had some fun doing it.
1. What’s the purpose of this experiment?A.To see what color birds like most. |
B.To make local birds happy. |
C.To see if the color of food affects birds. |
D.To find how local birds feed themselves. |
A.Observing bird feeders. | B.Raising a question. |
C.Collecting all the data. | D.Making a hypothesis. |
A.feeders | B.birds |
C.neighbors | D.locals |
A.They are filled with some water. | B.They are placed in secret places. |
C.They are painted in different colors. | D.They are all the same size and type. |
【推荐2】The summer vacation is coming. If you do not know where to go, here are some cities to visit in 2019 recommended by Lonely Planet.
Copenhagen
With its modern design, 15 Michelin-starred restaurants and extremely bike-friendly culture, it is no surprise that Denmark' s capital has topped Lonely Planet's top 10 cities to visit in the 2019 list. Copenhagen' s street food scene is booming on Refshaleoen, a former industrial area with a food and craft market, Reffen. Copenhagen is also home to UNESCO-listed Roskilde Cathedral, where Denmark's queens and kings are buried, and the breathtaking Louisiana Museum.
Miami
The top 10 list offers a mix of well-known and a lesser -known locations. Those places include second place Shenzhen, China, Novi Sad, Serbia in third place, and Miami, Florida in fourth place. With its stunning beaches, the South Beach scene and art scene mixed with Cuban and other Caribbean and Latin American cultures, Miami is hopping with something for everyone.
Novi Sad
While Novi Sad isn't nearly as well-known as the capital of Belgrade, it 's much more fashionable. Nicknamed the “Athens of Serbia”, it's home to the country 's annual EXIT Festival, a music festival, which is held each July at the 18th century Petrovaradin Fortress. Next year, Novi Sad will be 2019* a European Youth Capital. It may be a practice run for 2021, when the city will celebrate the title of European Capital of Culture.
Kathmandu
Three years after it was hit by an earthquake, Kathmandu is welcoming visitors to a city that is much quieter, by design. It remains the doorstep to the Himalayas, with medieval (中世纪的) architecture, great food and nightlife. It is also much quieter than it has been in the past with cars banned from the historic center. It is also hosting the South Asia Games in 2019.
1. In which city can you see Roskilde Cathedral?A.Copenhagen. | B.Miami. |
C.Novi Sad. | D.Kathmandu. |
A.There is a music festival. | B.There are beautiful beaches. |
C.There are different street foods. | D.There is Petrovaradin Fortress. |
A.Take a bike ride. | B.Climb the Alps. |
C.Visit various castles. | D.Enjoy medieval architecture. |
【推荐3】You might have heard a lot about ancient towns and ancient cities in China. Here, we list several of the most beautiful ancient villages in China.
Baoshan Stone City, Yunnan Province
Baoshan Stone City was built on a huge mushroom-shaped rock, and only has about one hundred houses. The houses are laid out in an orderly way, built on the rock, and linked by stone steps. The Naxi people there still lead an original life and grow crops in terraces(梯田); you can experience the colorful culture of the Naxi ethnic(民族的) group there.
Tuvas Village in Kanas, Xinjiang
Kanas Tuvas Village is near the mysterious Lake Kanas. The small village is located in a valley, and only has about 80 houses. These Swiss-style wooden houses are all surrounded by wooden fences. Tuvas is an ancient minority group. They traditionally lived as hunter-gathers. You can visit a local family, go herding(放牧) with the locals and experience the peaceful ancient village life.
Jiaju Tibetan Village, Danba, Sichuan Province
Jiaju Tibetan Village is known as the “Tibetan fairyland”. It stands on a mountain slope, and consists of about 140 houses. These unique houses are all built with crown-shaped roofs, red caves, and white walls, which make the houses look like little castles among the forest.
Xijiang Miao Village, Guizhou Province
If you’re interested in the Miao Minority, Xijiang Miao Village can be a great destionation for deepening your understanding of Miao history and culture. It’s the largest Miao village in China, and now has 1,432 households with a population of over 5,000, of which 99.5% are Miao ethnic group. It’s also famous for the houses built on poles of different heights.
1. What can you do in Kanas Tuvas Village?A.Hike in terraces. | B.See houses of a foreign style. |
C.Go hunting with the locals. | D.Learn about houses built on poles. |
A.In Baoshan Stone City. | B.In Kanas Tuvas Village. |
C.In Jiaju Tibetan Village. | D.In Xijiang Miao Village. |
A.They remained secret to the outside world in the past. |
B.They were originally built to defend their homeland. |
C.They are still cut off and difficult to access nowadays. |
D.They are the ethnic villages with unique architecture. |