Latest genetic analysis of Ludwig van Beethoven’s hair has revealed that the composer had a high genetic risk for liver (肝) disease, which could have contributed to his death. The discovery contradicts the widely-believed suggestion that the composer died from lead poisoning, but does not shed light on how he came to lose his hearing.
Tristan Begg at the University of Cambridge and his colleagues have analysed the DNA of eight locks of hair claimed to come from Beethoven’s head to see if it could explain the composer’s health issues. To make sure the hair actually came from Beethoven, researchers first examined the paperwork for each lock and used DNA analysis to determine the age of the samples. “For DNA samples from the last few centuries, you’ll tend to see the accumulation of damage patterns,” says Begg. “You want to see these patterns consistent with the documented age of the samples.” Then they compared the DNA of the eight locks. The combination of these methods led them to conclude that five of them were from Beethoven.
Examining the DNA data, the researchers found that the composer had a high genetic risk for liver disease. Begg says this risk would be relatively benign for most people, but Beethoven’s reportedly high alcohol consumption would have increased the likelihood that he developed the condition. Begg says this finding, combined with information from examining his dead body, suggests that cirrhosis, a serious liver disease, could have led to Beethoven’s death.
Previous analysis of Beethoven’s hair samples suggested he had lead poisoning, but this study reveals that the earlier work was done on hair from a woman. “This kind of genetic study of a famous individual is fascinating. We hope that by making Beethoven’s genetic data publicly available for researchers, remaining questions about his health and genealogy (家谱) can someday be answered,” Begg said.
1. What did the latest research find about Beethoven?A.Lead poisoning led to his death. | B.His gene determined his deafness. |
C.Too much alcohol ruined his health. | D.He probably died from liver disease. |
A.By combining different DNA samples. | B.By examining and collecting paperwork. |
C.By analyzing and comparing genetic data. | D.By documenting consistent damage patterns. |
A.Harmless. | B.Unacceptable. | C.Additional. | D.Significant. |
A.It may make mistakes sometimes. | B.It can clear up misunderstandings. |
C.It needs to be more accessible. | D.It remains to be improved. |
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【推荐1】Most of Earth's freshwater sits underground. Worldwide, about 70 percent of the groundwater drawn to the surface goes for farming. But surface waters-rivers and streams come from groundwater, too. Drawing too much groundwater over a short time can be harmful. Natural waterways can begin to empty. And that car hurt freshwater ecosystems. Scientists consider this a tipping point when small actions can begin making unusually big differences.
A new study has found that 15 to 21 percent of tapped water(自来水)areas have reached this sort of tipping point. Most of those tapped rivers and streams are in dry areas. Farmers in rates these areas use groundwater to water their crops. At present drawing rates, the study predicts that 42 to 79 percent of water areas around the world where groundwater is drawn up for use at the surface will reach tipping points by 2050.
A healthy groundwater aquifer(含水层)protects ecosystems against seasonal ups and downs in the use of water. That provides stability for area plants and animals. But if too much groundwater is drawn up from below, surface waters will begin to flow into the aquifer, which can harm what are living in rivers and streams.
De Graaf and the study team set up a computer model. It linked groundwater drawing and water flows within rivers. The model covered fifty years, from 1950 to 2010. Then the researchers used climate forecasts to help the model predict what might happen in future years. Throughout, they kept groundwater drawing rates sustainable. More than half of drawn water areas are likely to cross this ecological tipping point before 2050, the model finds.
"We need to be thinking about this now, not in 10 years," De Graaf says. "Our study shows us where to target more sustainable efforts."
1. What does the "tipping point" in paragraph 1 mean?A.End point. | B.Breaking point. |
C.Freezing point. | D.Boiling point. |
A.Water pollution. | B.Climate change. |
C.Increasing population. | D.Overusing groundwater. |
A.Clearing surface waters to be drinkable. |
B.Protecting ecosystems from pollution. |
C.Keeping the stability of natural water. |
D.Providing stability for the local economy. |
A.They predicted the result based on old data. |
B.They happened to work out the result. |
C.They measured all the groundwater and surface water. |
D.They did questionnaire surveys on the water information. |
【推荐2】Do you go to the gym to strengthen your body? Well, you may be missing out on training some vital muscles — the ones involved in breathing. New research shows that training these muscles each day can reduce high blood pressure and promote heart health.
“The muscles we use to breathe atrophy, just like the rest of our muscles, as we get older,” explains Daniel Craighead, a physiologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. To test what happens when these muscles are given a good workout, be and his colleagues enlisted healthy volunteers aged 18to 82 to try a daily five-minute technique using a resistance-breathing training device called PowerBreathe. The device forces the patient to use their breathing muscles to push and pull air through it, making them stronger.
“We found that doing 30 breaths per day for six weeks lowers blood pressure by about . 9 mmHg(慕米汞柱),” Craighead says. And those reductions are about what could be expected with conventional exercise, he says—such as walking, running or cycling. The impact of a sustained 9 mmHg reduction is significant, says Michael Joyner, a physician at the Mayo Clinic who studies how the nervous system regulates blood pressure. “That’s the type of reduction you see with a blood pressure drug,” Joyner says. Research has shown many common blood pressure medicines lead to about a 9 mmHg reduction. The-reductions are higher when people combine multiple medicines, but a 10 mmHg reduction relates to a 35% drop in the risk of stroke and a 25% drop in the risk of heart disease.
“I think it’s promising,” Joyner says about the prospects of integrating strength training for the muscles used to breathe into preventive care. It could be beneficial for people who are unable to do traditional exercise, he says, and the simplicity is appealing, too, given people can easily use the device at home. However, the technique is not intended to replace exercise, he cautions, or to replace medication -for people whose blood pressure is so elevated that they’re at high risk of having a heart attack or stroke. Instead, Craighead says, “it would be a good additive intervention for people who are doing other healthy lifestyle approaches already.”
1. What does the underlined word “atrophy” mean in Paragraph 2?A.Age gradually. | B.Run easily. |
C.Resist abruptly. | D.Boom remarkably. |
A.Multiple medicines. | B.Breathing . training, |
C.Blood pressure devices. | D.Conventional exercise. |
A.Favorable. | B.Objective. |
C.Indifferent. | D.Negative. |
A.The Relationship Between Training And Heart Health. |
B.The Potential Integration Of Training And Medicines. |
C.Medicines Work In Controlling High Blood Pressure. |
D.Breath Training Helps Lower High Blood Pressure. |
【推荐3】Cats certainly know the sound of their food can being opened, but do they know their own name? Cats might be skilled in knowing how to always land on their feet, keep themselves clean, and strategically knock things off the counter, but do they know their own names?
“While cats might not always understand what exactly we’re saying. They definitely can learn to associate sounds with good or bad outcomes,” says Mikel Delgado Cat Behavior Expert with Rover. “When you talk to your cat,they probably respond most to your tone of voice. People tend to talk to their pets in higher-pitched voices which are good at getting their attention.”
Cats can also recognize noises that indicate food or attention is coming. They associate those sounds with a positive experience, so they learn to recognize what they mean.
Delgado adds, “Over time, our pets do learn to associate their name with certain things-like attention, or food. You can help your cat learn their name faster by not using lots of different nicknames, which might be confusing to your pet and they may not always realize that you are speaking to them, “Your cat is more likely to respond to their human's voice versus a stranger’s voice.” says Delgado.
You can train a cat to respond to words the same way dogs do. In order to train,Delgado says you first need to identify what motivates your cat, like a particular treat or toy. Then start with something simple such as sit.
“Over time, your cat makes the connections between their behavior, your response or the sound, and the treat,” says Delgado. “Then when they want a treat, you might notice that they offer the behavior you trained-such as sitting or rolling over-which is why it’s a good idea not to train your cat to do annoying things.”
1. What do the underlined words mean in paragraph 1?A.Stand straight. | B.Escape safely. | C.Find home. | D.Make friends. |
A.Do Cats Know Their Name? |
B.Do Cats Know Their Owner? |
C.Can Cats Be Trained Liked Dogs? |
D.Can Cats Recognize Noises? |
A.Cats tend to prefer the voice of strangers. |
B.Nicknames will help your cat recognize you. |
C.Cats actually respond to people’s tone of voice. |
D.Cats can predict what will happen by sounds. |
A.Entertainment. | B.Health. | C.Education. | D.Science. |
【推荐1】The oceans are where life on Earth began and they continue to be the home to an incredibly various range of life. It has been estimated(估计)that there are around 230, 000 different marine (海洋)species, but some marine biologists think that there could well be ten times that number still waiting to be discovered.
Oceans have always played an important part in human life. They serve many functions Since the beginning of time oceans have provided the world with a transport network for goods and people. That's why most of the major cities of the world are close to the sea. Countless numbers of people from other countries have travelled the seas to find a new and better life, while others have been transported very much against their will, the evil Slave Trade being a case in point. World trade has always depended on ocean transport and the world's navies grew up in order to protect these sea trade routes.
The ocean has traditionally been a source of nutritious food, but sadly the general view has always been that what was there was for the taking. There has been little regard for sustainability (可持续性)and in the words of Greenpeace: "We are now damaging our oceans on a scale unimaginable to most people."
Large commercial fishing boats catch everything, but not everything is wanted or allowed due to some restrictions and vast amounts of dead fish are thrown back into the sea. Whole marine ecosystems can be wiped out as huge nets are dragged across the ocean floor, destroying entire home ground forever.
Overfishing in this way does not enable the fish to sustain their population. As a result, numbers fall until the point is reached when there are no longer any fish left to catch. Some species have been fished to extinction and some are almost on the edge. It is said that due to overfishing, large predatory (捕食性的)fish like cod and tuna are both down to the last 10% of their original number.
1. What do we know from Paragraph 1?A.We have known enough about ocean life. |
B.We need more exploration about ocean life. |
C.2, 300, 000 marine species have been discovered. |
D.230, 000 marine species are expected to be discovered. |
A.To attract more and more visitors. | B.To appreciate the beautiful sights. |
C.For the natural resources in the sea. | D.For the convenience of transportation. |
A.Making use of ocean life wisely. | B.Treating ocean life in a friendly way. |
C.Paying much attention to its sustainability. | D.Getting whatever they like from the ocean. |
A.The sustainability of oceans is important. | B.The extinction of some species is normal. |
C.Ocean life offers much to us human beings. | D.Overfishing has led to no more fish species. |
【推荐2】Climate change is an ongoing and ever-present threat to the Earth and all living things upon it. Unchecked industrialism and the burning of fossil fuels have resulted in the creation of harmful greenhouse gases. Human greed has led to massive deforestation and clear-cutting of forests to make way for farmland. Pollution blocks our rivers, lakes, and oceans. The point of no return may be fast approaching.
After decades of harmful actions, many governments and businesses are now struggling to find ways to lessen some of their destructive effects and reach net-zero, which means not adding to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. One of the ways they proposed was the extensive tree-planting. The UK government, for example, has set out its plan to plant 30,000 hectares of trees annually so as to absorb carbon dioxide.
However, according to Oxfam, a British charity devoted to helping people in poor countries, those plans never bore fruit. It issued clear and strong warnings against them-the area needed for a tree-planting project of this scale to successfully lower carbon emissions to net-zero is estimated at 1. 6 billion hectares, which is an area five times the size of India. That means the project would intrude (侵占) on the land presently needed to grow enough crops to feed the world’s expanding population.
Such a massive campaign of turning farmland into forest could give rise to a global interruption to agriculture, and cause food prices to rise by as much as 80% by 2050. In a world where millions of people are already going hungry, this could have disastrous results. By trying to save the planet, governments and businesses may cause many millions of people to die of starvation. This paradox (悖论) perfectly illustrates the phrase “damned if you do, and damned if you don’t. ”
1. The author mentions the UK government to show ________.A.the outbreak of climate disasters has its economic reasons |
B.there is still some doubt whether the UK can reach net-zero |
C.countries and companies are trying to deal with climate change |
D.net-zero makes sense only when all countries make joint efforts |
A.Confident. | B.Critical. | C.Favorable. | D.Unclear. |
A.A vast area of the forest would bum down instead. |
B.Bigger forests could result in a population explosion. |
C.India would lose 1.6 billion hectares of agricultural land. |
D.Planting trees could lead to the starvation of millions of people. |
A.The Catch-22 of Net-zero |
B.Irreplaceable Benefits of Forests |
C.The Importance of Planting Trees |
D.Greenhouse Gas Emission Largely Reduced |
【推荐3】For much of history, biologists and behaviorists assumed that intelligence of species could be neatly organized into a hierarchy. Modern man was placed at the top, followed by other mammals (哺乳动物). Then came the birds, reptiles (爬行动物) and insects.
However, research suggests that intelligence is actually distributed in different ways across the animal kingdom. In the 1960s, a new generation of researchers pushed the rest of the academic community to define animal intelligence in looser terms. They thought the conventional definition of intelligence — something made up of both consciousness and the ability for abstract thought — was too particular to our own species. Because every animal followed a completely different evolutionary journey, intelligence should be measured in relative terms instead of absolute terms.
In the following decades, a variety of technologies that allow us to observe animals for longer periods of time without disturbing their normal routines revealed that animal behaviors are far more complex than many previous thoughts. In Melbourne, some remote controlled machines are helping researchers to better understand the breeding patterns of southern right whales. Meanwhile, they use the computer to learn to understand, track and predict the movements of organisms.
Regardless of our rapidly changing conception of animal intelligence, it is best recognized when the behavior of an animal is similar to our own behavior. For example, elephants, which are said to remember and return to the tomb sites of dead members of their herd. They also exhibit an unusual interest in the dead bodies of other elephants, signaling their attention to death and perhaps even realizing their own death.
As time passes, we are continuously amazed at the level of cognitive (认知的) complexity exhibited by animals. At times, their madness can be difficult to spot. Modern technology finally allows us to look with some precision. Though the search only got underway a few decades ago, we have already discovered more similarities between animals and ourselves than we previously expected.
1. What does the underlined word “hierarchy” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.Rank. | B.Trend. | C.Form. | D.Campaign. |
A.Abstract. | B.Inaccurate. | C.Unnoticed. | D.Complex. |
A.To make a prediction. | B.To make an assumption. |
C.To prove an exception. | D.To prove a viewpoint. |
A.Human cognition. |
B.Human intelligence. |
C.The distribution of animal intelligence. |
D.The species classification in the animal kingdom. |