Every year, painted lady butterflies (小红蛱蝶) born in Europe head south on a long journey to Africa. But pinpointing exactly where painted lady butterflies overwinter and breed (繁殖) was the last unknown piece of their roughly 15,000-kilometer migration. Scientists knew that the painted ladies went to Africa, but where on the continent they waited out European winters from December to February was a mystery. Researchers had predicted that subtropical regions close to the equator might provide suitable habitat. To know for sure, the researchers needed to find butterflies in the field.
From late 2017 through early 2020, researchers conducted fieldwork at a wide variety of sites across sub-Saharan Africa during the months of December and January. Another 15 sites were monitored all year round for about two years. In total, the team looked for adults and their young in nine countries, including Benin, Cameroon, and Kenya.
The researchers found more than 2,700 caterpillars (毛虫) and nearly 2,000 adult butterflies, from as far west as Cote d’Ivoire and all the way east to Kenya and Ethiopia. From September to November, the butterflies occupy the tropical grasslands. As those areas dry up, the painted ladies shift south to slightly damp regions from December to February. Central Africa’s tropical rainforests stop the butterflies from going any farther south. Three to five generations might be born in sub-Saharan Africa before any surviving adults head north in February.
Knowing where painted lady butterflies breed could help researchers understand why there are occasional population booms with 100 times as many butterflies in some years as others. In 2021, researchers linked the phenomenon to rains in sub-Saharan Africa — perhaps giving butterflies more plants to stop and lay eggs on. But the part of West Africa identified in that study is different from the newly identified breeding grounds. Now, scientists can confirm the link by looking at rainfall and other conditions where baby butterflies are found growing up.
But the next mystery researchers hope to solve is why painted lady butterflies make such a long journey at all.
1. How do the researchers confirm the painted ladies’ wintering location?A.By comparing their habitats. |
B.By spotting them in the field. |
C.By doing experiments with them. |
D.By tracking them on their migration. |
A.In the Europe. | B.South of Africa. | C.South to Sahara. | D.In the rainforest. |
A.Rains. | B.Foods. | C.Droughts. | D.Temperatures. |
A.To protect them. | B.To make use of them. |
C.To know about their habits. | D.To know how they relate to climate. |
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【推荐1】Despite Ecoador’s tough protection, there have been many giant tortoises(陆龟)killed recently, probably for their meat for financial gains made by wildlife hunters.
For a century, Ecuador’s beautiful and endangered giant tortoises have been protected. Hunting the tortoise is illegal under Ecuador’s laws. These species, living on the Galápagos Islands, are one of the largest living reptiles(爬行动物) with the longest life span of all vertebrates. The oldest tortoise on record was 175 years old.
“This isn’t a solitary incident,” the Galápagos Conservancy, a US-based conservation organization said. “In September 2021, the remains of 15 other endangered giant tortoises were found on Isabela. The reptiles had likely been hunted for consumption.”
The islands are located around 600 miles off the shore of Ecuador’s coast, in the Pacific Ocean. The archipelago(群岛) is considered one of the world’s best places to see wildlife, and it is home to animal and plant species that are found nowhere else in the world.
Their famously fearless wildlife is believed to have been a source of inspiration for Darwin’s theory of evolution, following his visit to the islands in 1835. The islands were actually discovered by accident in 1535 when a Spanish ship was blown off course while sailing from Panama to Peru. Ironically enough, the ship’s captain was unimpressed by the islands, writing to the king that they were “worthless”. That view, of course, changed over time. Now about 25,000 people live in the four inhabited islands of Santa Cruz, Isabela. San Cristóbal, and Floreana.
There were once at least 250,000 giant tortoises on the islands; there are fewer than 15,000 in the wild today—and two subspecies are already extinct. “Evidence from the 2021investigation showed that the reptiles bad likely been hunted for consumption,” Galápagos Conservancy continued. “Many are worried the population will continue to decrease if serious action isn’t taken soon. We must safeguard giant tortoises and the ecosystems they depend on.”
1. What made Ecuador’s giant tortoises endangered according to the text?A.Illegal hunting. |
B.Natural disasters. |
C.Environmental pollution. |
D.The decrease in shelters. |
A.Serious. | B.Demanding. |
C.Single. | D.Disturbing. |
A.Darwin’s theory of evolution. |
B.People living on the archipelago. |
C.The sailing from Panama to Peru. |
D.The discovery of the archipelago. |
A.The way to safeguard the tortoises. |
B.The further research on the tortoises. |
C.The long history of the tortoises. |
D.The urgency of protecting the tortoises. |
【推荐2】Many early domestic (驯养的) dogs ate almost no meat. Dogs living around 3000 years ago in what is now Spain were instead fed cereals, such as millet (小米), by their owners.
Although the diet may reflect the fact that meat was relatively in lack among human societies at the time, feeding dogs with cereals could have been advantageous, says Silvia Albizuri at the University of Barcelona in Spain. It may have been a way to ensure the dogs had plenty of energy for the hard work of herding and guarding livestock (牧群), she says, particularly since these dogs “were not pets as we think of them nowadays”. Albizuri and her colleagues studied the remains of 36 dogs from Can Roqueta, an archaeological site near Barcelona. It lies on a plain near the coast and was inhabited from the Stone Age onwards. The dogs lived in the Bronze Age and Iron Age, between 1300 and 550 BC, and had been buried in pits. The researchers obtained protein from the dogs’ bones and focused on the carbon in the samples, which give an indication of what the animals ate.
The dogs’ diets differed considerably. While nine of them ate plenty of meat and 10 were omnivorous (杂食的), the rest ate mostly plants.
The finding adds to the evidence that many early domestic dogs ate little meat, says Albizuri. This trend is thought to have begun with the start of farming. “When human societies began to domesticate plants during the Neolithic period, hunting decreased and the human diet was based mainly on vegetables,” she says. “Dogs began to be fed on plants, mainly cereals.”
1. What can we know from the second paragraph?A.The early human beings had nothing to eat. |
B.The early dogs did not like meat at all. |
C.There was not enough meat for early humans. |
D.Dogs were eaten by the early human beings. |
A.Hunters. | B.Pets. | C.Food. | D.Friends. |
A.Bones. | B.Plants. | C.Normal dinners. | D.Meat. |
A.Human’s habit. | B.Dog’s development. |
C.Productive forces. | D.Social customs. |
【推荐3】What do ants, bees, pigeons, and herrings have in common? All these animals swarm. Swarming occurs when large numbers of individual animals move, work, or cooperate as a group. They appear to know where they are going and what they are doing. Why are they doing this?
Ants are a good example of swarming animals. Swarms of ants can do many difficult tasks. For example, they can find the shortest path to the best food source. It may appear that individual ants build nests and defend their homes, but ants aren’t clever architects or soldiers—at least not as individuals. If you watch an ant try to accomplish something, you will be impressed by how inept it is. Although individual ants don’t appear to be very intelligent, as colonies they are, thanks to swarm intelligence.
Swarm intelligence is the collective behavior of large groups. The key feature of swarm intelligence seems to be that no one is in charge. In the case of ants, there appear to be no leaders. No ant seems to be telling any other ants what to do. There is a queen ant, but her only role is to lay eggs. Yet, a colony of half a million ants functions perfectly without any managers at all. Furthermore, no single ant seems to have any knowledge about the big picture—the main goals or objectives. The swarm relies on lots of interaction between individuals who all follow the rules. One of these rules is to stay close together. When individuals stay close together, they communicate and share a lot of information.
Different animals have different methods of interaction. For example, ants leave a trail of pheromones for other ants to follow. A key component of bee interaction is movement. When bees need to move their hive, scout bees go out in search of a suitable place to live. When they return, they each do a type of dance. The “happier” the bee is about the new location, the faster the dance is. In addition, the dance includes a code with directions to the new location. The excited dancers excite other scout bees. These bees then fly out to check. They come back, get close together, and dance with the other excited bees. The bees will not move until they are all “excited”, or in agreement about the best location. Once a large enough group of bees all agree, they convince the thousands of other bees. Then they all fly together to the new site.
Some scientists are applying the wisdom of animals to solve human problems. Thomas Seeley, a biologist at Cornell University, uses swarm intelligence in his meeting. Seeley doesn’t tell his staff what to do or make all decisions. Instead, he asks his staff to identify all the possibilities, discuss their ideas, and then vote by ballot. Seeley wants his staff, like the bees, to focus on the group’s needs, not on the individual ideas. “It gives a group time to let the best idea emerge and win.” Seeley says that running meetings using swarm intelligence ideas can lead to better decisions. It can also reduce conflict among the staff.
In nature, animals use swarm intelligence for survival. For these animals, working together is a matter of life or death. For humans, there is much to learn from swarm intelligence to make our lives more efficient.
1. According to paragraph 2, “inept” means ________.A.awkward | B.appealing | C.isolated | D.smart |
A.There should be a leader although he may not be in charge. |
B.It won’t work if individuals don’t understand the collective goals. |
C.Every individual should be very familiar with the rules and with each other. |
D.Team member should stick together and communicate what they know. |
A.They communicate within their group through pheromones. |
B.Failure in reaching agreements seldom occurs in an intimate team. |
C.They head towards the new location when majority of bees agree. |
D.The way they dance reflects how satisfied they are with the location. |
A.boosting team spirit | B.eliminating conflicts |
C.encouraging best ideas | D.solving interpersonal problems |
【推荐1】“Buzz. Buzz. The queen is that way,” said one honey bee to another. “Pass it on.” Honey bees can’t speak, of course, but scientists have found that the insects combine teamwork and chemicals to relay the queen’s location to the rest of the community, revealing an extraordinary means of long distance, mass communication.
Individual honey bees communicate with the chemical called pheromones, which scientists have long known. But just how these individual signals work together to gather tens of thousands of bees around a queen has remained a mystery.
In the new study, Dieu My Nguyen, a scientist at the University of Colorado, and his colleagues focused on a colony of western honey bees, the most common honey bee species in the world. The researchers set up a flat, pizza box–size arena with a transparent ceiling, in which the bees could walk around, but not fly. They put the queen bee into a cage on one side and released the worker honey bees on the other. The scientists then recorded the insects’ movements from above with a camera and an AI software tracking bees that were releasing pheromones.
Once the first worker honey bees located the queen, they began to gather chains of evenly spaced bees that extended outward from the queen, with each bee sending out pheromones to its neighbor down the line. The findings are the first direct observations of this collective communication in honey bees. Like smelly bread crumbs, the branching communication lines guided far-off honey bees back to the queen’s location — a feat no single bee could achieve alone.
Mark Carroll, an insect biologist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, cautions that the work was done in a closed, practically 2D space. In reality, he notes, honey bee colonies are 3D, and they often have to fight with elements like wind and rain, which make communicating more complicated. “The next step will be to observe natural honey bee swarms and see if they’re actually doing this.” he says.
1. What is the focus of the new study?A.Why worker bees gather around a queen bee. |
B.How pheromones function in a bee’s body. |
C.Why insects’ mass communication is limited to short distances. |
D.How the queen’s location is passed on to the rest of the colony. |
A.The process of the experiment. | B.The equipment required for the experiment. |
C.The technique used in the experiment. | D.The species chosen for the experiment. |
A.Direction. | B.Movement. | C.Location. | D.Relay. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Reliable. | C.Realistic. | D.Influential. |
【推荐2】We all should let the sunshine in as much as possible not just because it makes us feel good. Exposure to sunlight produces vitamin D in our skin. This is why we call vitamin D the "sunshine vitamin”.
Vitamin D is good for everybody. In fact, research shows this "sunshine vitamin" could help women with breast cancer live longer.
Breast cancer patients who have high blood levels of vitamin D have a better prognosis(预后)than women who don't. A prognosis is how quickly a doctor expects a patient to recover or how long a doctor expects a patient to live.
Researchers found that these women had less aggressive cancers. They were also 30 percent less likely to die from the cancer or to get it again.
Researcher Song Yao led the study for the Roswell Park Cancer Institute. He said the study showed that high vitamin D levels improved the patients' prognosis no matter what type or how advanced their cancer was.
Besides fighting breast cancer, vitamin D helps the body in other ways. Most importantly, vitamin D controls how the body absorbs calcium(钙).It also makes sure the body's immune(免疫的)system works normally.
Several studies show that vitamin D also strengthens the immune system and helps the body fight disease. Vitamin D may help reduce your risk of developing heart disease, according to a 2008 study published in the journal Circulation. And it may also help protect you against getting the flu. Other studies have shown that vitamin D might help people suffering from depression.
Factors in the environment may limit our exposure to sunlight and, therefore, vitamin D. These factors include pollution, using too much sunscreen, spending too much time inside and living in areas with little sunlight.
So if you can't get enough sunshine, eat foods that are rich in vitamin D: egg yolks, cheese and fatty fish such as salmon, sardines, tuna or mackerel.
How much vitamin D you need is a much-debated topic. The best way to know if you need more vitamin D is to get tested by a doctor.
1. Which of the following is TRUE for the women with high blood levels of vitamin D according to the research?A.They can recover from cancer earlier. |
B.They may never get cancer again. |
C.They may have less aggressive breast cancers. |
D.They may live longer with it than women without. |
A.strengthening the immune system |
B.killing cancer cells |
C.promoting the absorption of calcium |
D.protecting against getting the flu |
A.Eat more food and do more exercise. |
B.Get exposure to more sunlight and eat foods rich in it. |
C.Drink more water and eat more foods rich in it. |
D.Eat more food and keep positive. |
A.By providing research results. |
B.By stating arguments. |
C.By explaining statistical data. |
D.By giving examples. |
【推荐3】Social distancing is not a new concept in the natural world, where infectious (传染) diseases are commonplace. Through specialized senses animals can discover certain diseases and change their behavior to avoid getting ill.
In 1966, while studying chimps (猩猩) in a Tanzanian national park, zoologist Jane Goodall observed a chimp named McGregor who had caught a highly infectious virus. His fellow chimps attacked him and threw him out of the group. In one instance, McGregor got close to chimps in a tree. He reached out a hand in greeting, but the others moved away without a backward glance.
“For a full two minutes, old McGregor sat still, staring after them,” Goodall notes in her 1971 book In the Shadow of Man. “It’s really not that different to how some societies react today to such a misfortune.”
Not all animals are so aggressive toward their sick neighbors. Sometimes it’s as simple as avoiding those who may infect you.
When Kiesecker, a lead scientist in America, studied American bullfrog in the late 1990s, he found that bullfrogs could not only discover a deadly smell of infection in other bullfrogs, but healthy members actively avoided those that were sick. Bullfrogs depend on chemicals signals to determine who is sick or not.
Caribbean lobsters also shun diseased members of their community, well before they become infectious. It takes about eight weeks for lobsters infected with the deadly virus Panulirus argus mininuceovirus to become dangerous to others. Normally social animals, lobsters begin keeping away from the diseased as early as four weeks after infection - once the lobsters can smell certain chemicals released by sick individuals.
Overall, it’s important to note that, unlike us, animals don’t realize if they stay home, they might actually reduce the infection rate,” Kiesecker explains. “As humans, we have that ability. It’s a big difference.”
1. What can we learn about the chimps from Goodall’s observation?A.They kept a distance from one another. |
B.They became aggressive when infected. |
C.The infected avoided contact with others. |
D.The infected were forced to leave the group. |
A.Avoid. | B.Cure. |
C.Break away from. | D.Get along with. |
A.Humans are more sensitive to virus. |
B.Humans are less likely to get infected. |
C.Humans treat infectious diseases in a wiser way. |
D.Humans can discover chemical signals more quickly. |
A.Help Me Out. | B.Leave Me Alone. |
C.Stay Away From Us. | D.Stay Home Stay Healthy. |
【推荐1】More than half the world’s population will be regarded as obese by 2035 if action is not taken: the World Obesity Federation warns. Obese is a medical term used to describe a person with an excess of body fat.
Its report says, more than four billion people will be affected with rates rising fastest among both boys and girls. The rates are expected to double from 2020 levels among them. The report predicts the cost of obesity will be up to more than $4 trillion (£ 3. 3 trillion) every year by 2035.
The report also stresses that low-or middle-income countries in Africa and Asia are expected to see the greatest rises. The first reason lies in that people there prefer to eat highly processed foods. In the second place, they are likely to sit too long. Thirdly, in those countries, there are fewer policies to control food supply and marketing. Last but not the least, people there are short of healthcare services to help in weight management and health education.
The president of the federation, Louise Baur, described the report’s findings as a clear warning to countries to act now. If they don’t take any actionthey will be faced with endless bad effects in the future. Baur said that governments and policymakers around the world need to do all they can to avoid passing health, social, and economic costs on to the younger generation. They should find out what are the root causes of obesity.
The data published in the report will be presented to the UN on Monday
1. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “obese” in the first paragraph?A.depressed | B.overweight | C.heavy | D.rich |
A.Teachers. | B.Grandparents. | C.Children. | D.Doctors. |
A.To give causes. | B.To show the process. |
C.To draw conclusions. | D.To argue for a viewpoint. |
A.The young generation should be responsible. |
B.Parents should be strict about children’s diets. |
C.Governments should be involved in fighting obesity |
D.Policymakers should make laws to punish obese people. |
【推荐2】Twenty-four trains, nine countries, 13,500 miles. They are the numbers behind the train journey one man took from Southampton in the UK to eastern China.
Roger Tyers, 37, spent a month on board trains and over $2,500 — almost three times of the cost of a return flight — to travel to the Chinese port city Ningbo for academic (学术的) research in May. It was the climate crisis, not a love of trains, that drove the sociologist to choose this hard route over a return flight. Tyers told CNN that he felt it necessary to stop flying when UN climate experts warned last year that the world has less than 11 years to avoid destructive levels of global warming.
Tyers is not the only person to avoid air travel in response to climate change. Thousands of people worldwide have publicly promised to stop flying, including teenage activist Greta Thunberg, who has encouraged youth climate protests around the world.
Activist Maja Rosen launched the "Flight Free" activity in Sweden in 2018 with the aim of encouraging 100, 000 people not to fly for one year. Although only around 14, 000 people signed the online "flightfree2019" promise, Rosen told CNN that the campaign had made more people realize the urgency of the climate crisis and motivated them to travel by train more often. Rosen, who stopped flying 12 years ago, says the collective promise helps deal with the sense of hopelessness many people feel when it comes to fighting with climate change. "One of the problems is that people feel there's no point in what you do singly. The activity is about making people realize that if we do this together, we can actually make a huge difference,” she said.
Tyers calculated (计算)that his train journey to China produced almost 90% less emissions(气体排放)than a return flight.
1. What does the underlined word "crisis" in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Dangerous change. | B.Difference in position. |
C.Unexpected change. | D.Difference in temperature. |
A.Roger Tyers. | B.Greta Thunberg. |
C.UN climate experts. | D.Maja Rosen. |
A.the "Flight Free" activity in Sweden was not successful |
B.many people don't keep their promise to travel by train |
C.people used to struggle with climate change together |
D.it was thought to be useless to fight with climate change |
A.Roger Tyers | B.Journey to China |
C.Long-distance Journey by train | D.Travel by Air instead of by Train |
【推荐3】The shadow play is a typical traditional entertainment that has survived and thrived over the centuries. It is taken as an earliest ancestor of modern cinema.
Legend has it that more than 2,000 years ago, Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty was very depressed over the death of his favorite concubine (妃子). To help him get over his sadness, a minister made a puppet out of cotton and silk in the likeness of the concubine and projected its shadow on a curtain for the emperor to see. The show brought the emperor some comfort. He somehow believed the shadow was his lover’s spirit. This is thought to be the beginning of the shadow play.
One mouth tells stories of thousands of years; a pair of hands operates millions of soldiers. This is how the shadow puppeteer works. Nicknamed “the business of the five”, a shadow puppet group is made up of five people. One operates the puppets, one plays a Suona and a Yueqin, one plays the Banhu, one is in charge of percussion (打击乐器) instruments, and one sings.
During performances, “actors” are held close to a white curtain with their colored shadows cast on it by a strong light from behind. The operator plays five puppets at the same time, each of which has three threads. Ten fingers handle fifteen threads. Moved by guiding sticks, the puppets play roles with musical accompaniment. The popularity of shadow play in some way lies in the equipment being light and easy to carry, the small number of people needed for a performance, and the flexible requirements for performance places. The plays can be quite dramatic and, when it comes to fairy tales or kungfu stories, the “actors” may be made to ride on clouds or perform unusual feats, to the great enjoyment of the audience, especially children.
The design of the figures follows traditional moral evaluation. The audience can tell a figure’s character by seeing his mask. Like the masks in Beijing Opera, a red mask represents honesty, a black mask, loyalty, and a white one, betrayal.
Nowadays, the shadow play has been industrialized and developed a series of tourist products for the promotion of Chinese culture and tourism.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A.The origin of the shadow play. | B.How to please an Emperor. |
C.A love story of Emperor Wudi. | D.How to make a cotton puppet. |
A.because the equipment is light to carry | B.when roles are played without music |
C.because the number of the operators is small | D.when the puppets give lively performances |
A.who is honest | B.who is loyal |
C.who betrays someone or something | D.who is responsible |
A.The Rapid Development of Beijing Opera |
B.Shadow Puppetry: Traditional Arts and Crafts |
C.The Business of the Five: A Shadow Puppet Group |
D.Traditional Characters and Masks in Beijing Opera |