Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass Amherst) recently announced that they have figured out how to engineer a biofilm (生物膜) that harvests the energy in evaporation (蒸发) and changes it to electricity. This biofilm, which was announced in Nature Communications, has the potential to revolutionize the world of wearable electronics, powering everything from personal medical sensors to personal electronics.
“This is a very exciting technology, says Liu Xiaomeng, a graduate student in electrical and computer engineering in UMass Amherst’s College of Engineering and the paper’s lead author. “It generates real green energy, and unlike other so-called ‘green-energy’ sources, its production is totally green.”
That is because this biofilm—which is a sheet of bacterial cells and as thin as a sheet of paper—is produced naturally by an engineered version of the bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens. G sulfurreducens is known to produce electricity and has been used previously in “microbial batteries” to power electrical equipment. But such batteries require that G sulfurreducens be properly cared for and fed a constant diet. By contrast, this new biofilm, which can supply as much energy as a comparably sized battery, works continuously, because it is dead. And because it is dead, it doesn’t need to be fed.
The secret behind this new biofilm is that it makes energy from the moisture (水分) on your skin. While we daily read stories about solar power, at least 50% of the solar energy reaching the earth goes toward evaporating water. “This is a huge, undiscovered source of energy,” says Yao Jun, professor of electrical and computer engineering at UMass Amherst, and the paper’s one senior author. Since the surface of our skin is constantly moist with sweat, the biofilm can “plug into” it and change the energy locked in evaporation into sufficient energy to power small equipment. “Our next step is to increase the size of our film to power more intelligent wearable electronics,” says Yao, and Liu points out that one of the goals is to power entire electronic systems, rather than single equipment.
1. Which of the following can biofilm do according to the first paragraph?A.Update wearable electronics. | B.Get power from evaporation. |
C.Supply energy to microbial batteries. | D.Transform the way of generating electricity. |
A.It is comparatively thinner. | B.It is environmentally friendly. |
C.It adopts a rare energy source. | D.It decreases the cost in usage. |
A.By interacting with solar power. | B.By making electricity out of sweat. |
C.By gaining energy from electronic system. | D.By employing water to generate electricity. |
A.Intelligent. | B.Flexible. | C.Delicate. | D.Promising. |
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【推荐1】Your glasses may someday replace your smartphone, and some New Yorkers are ready for the switch. Some in the city can’t wait to try them on and use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewear is likely to include.
“I’d use it if I were hanging out with friends at 3 a. m. and going to the bar and wanted to see what was open,” said Walter Choo of Fort Greene.
The smartphone-like glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600, the Times said, possibly including a variation of augmented reality, a technology already available on smartphones and tablets that overlays information onto the screen about one’s surroundings. So, for example, if you were walking down a street, indicators would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you.
“As far as a mainstream consumer product, this just isn’t something anybody needs,” said Sam Biddle, who writes for Gizmodo.com. “We’re accustomed to having one thing in our pocket to do all these things,” he added, “and the average consumer isn’t gonna be able to afford another device that’s hundreds and hundreds of dollars.” Google publisher Seth Weintraub, who has been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses since last year, said he is confident that this type of wearable device will eventually be as common as smartphones.
“It’s just like smartphones 10 years ago,” Weintraub said. “A few people started getting emails on their phones, and people thought that was crazy. Same kind of thing. We see people bending their heads to look at their smartphones, and it’s unnatural,” he said. “There’s gonna be improvements to that, and this is a step there.”
1. Which is one of the possible functions of the smartphone-like glasses?A.Programing the opening hours of a bar. |
B.Supplying you with a picture of the future. |
C.Providing information about your surroundings. |
D.Updating the maps and GPS in your smartphones. |
A.advertisements | B.lights |
C.signs | D.glasses |
A.necessary for teenagers | B.attractive to New Yorkers |
C.available to people worldwide | D.expensive for average consumers |
A.They may have a potential market. |
B.They are as common as smartphones. |
C.They are popular among young adults. |
D.They will be improved by a new technology. |
【推荐2】We’ve got a list of teen scientists from a variety of fields.
Jack Andraka
Jack Andraka created a biosensor for cancer that he says is 168 times faster, 26, 667 times less expensive and 400 times more sensitive than technology nowadays.
He’s the youngest person to have spoken in front of the Royal Society of Medicine.
Taylor Wilson
Taylor Wilson was the youngest person to achieve nuclear fusion (核聚变). He was inspired by The Radioactive Boy Scout, a novel in which a kid tries and fails to build a nuclear reactor.
Taylor thought he could do better. Long story short, he wanted to build a small nuclear reactor. And he did it at the age of fourteen. He received a Thiel Fellowship, which gave him $100,000 to work on his own research.
Sara Volz
Sara Volz performed experiments in which she grew algaebased on their oil output for the purpose of growing them as biofuel (生物燃料). This research is especially important as the world continues to search for a way to lessen our dependence on non-renewable energy. She won the top prize of $100,000 in the Intel Science Talent Search.
Daniel Burd
Plastic usually takes thousands of years to decompose (降解), but this high school student Daniel Burd managed to do it in three months.
In an experiment, he mixed plastic bags and a special kind of dirt together, and found that they did decompose faster. He then performed tests to find the bacteria responsible for decomposing the plastics.
His solution only produces water and small amounts of carbon dioxide. He says it could easily be used elsewhere.
1. Who designed a medical instrument?A.Sara Volz. | B.Daniel Burd. | C.Jack Andraka. | D.Taylor Wilson. |
A.A novel by a kid. | B.Plastic pollution. |
C.Energy shortage. | D.A story book. |
A.It won him a $100,000 prize. | B.It is environmentally friendly. |
C.It was completed in three months. | D.It is widely used in everyday waste. |
A.Sara Volz is the youngest person to spoken in front of the Royal of Medicine. |
B.Plastic often takes hundreds of years to decompose. |
C.Two of them have won the same amount of money to continue their research. |
D.Daniel Burd’s solution will be hard to be used in our daily life. |
A.A guidebook. | B.A magazine. |
C.An advertisement. | D.A dictionary. |
【推荐3】Saving the environment is a hot topic right now, and most companies are thinking of ways to “go green”, that is, to reduce pollution and save electricity.
How do you reduce energy use in your home?How do you make your home eco-friendly?
One of the main reasons that we use so much power in our homes is to heat or cool them. “Green” houses are very well insulated (隔热的), keeping the temperature inside fixed.
A.Used plastic, paper, and rubber are included. |
B.The answer might be to build a “green” house. |
C.Most importantly, solar energy or wind power is clean energy. |
D.Finally, “green” houses are built largely from used materials. |
E.Not only large buildings but also small family houses are “green”. |
F.In the construction industry, this practice is also becoming popular. |
G.As a result, we can reduce the need for a lot of power to heat or cool them. |
【推荐1】Along Route 1, in Thomas-tomatines a store filled with handicrafts—birdhouses and dollhouses, salad bowls and sailing ships — all made in Maine state prisons. Ted and Barbara Waylayer have been shopping here for decades. “We found the quality to be excellent,” said Ted.
Prisoners have been making things in Maine since the 1800s. Charlie Jones came here when he was 20, sentenced to 75 years in a state where there is no parole(假释). In the workshops, he discovered he had a talent for carving. One of Jones’ earlier projects was a golden eagle, which he learned to carve from a book.
“It’s amazing to see the amount of talent that the residents have here,”said Randall Liberty, commissioner(局长)of Maine’s Department of Corrections.“We have more than 100 residents working here daily. They do about US $1.6 million worth of work. “One of Maine’s programs allows residents to earn a college degree. The money for it was donated by Doris Buffet, who lived in Dockland, Maine. “She gave us an initial US $2 million donation,” said Liberty. “And that’s the best money I’ve ever seen invested in anyone.”
Charlie Jones is one of the graduates. “The college program is incredible,” Jones laughed. “When we used to walk to dinner, we could hear people talking about their former crimes. But now when going to dinner, you’ll hear somebody talking about their philosophy class or their history class.”
Liberty said, “The individuals that graduate have about a 5% recidivism(再犯) rate, as opposed to a 60-65% nationally. That means 95% of the people who go through this program don’t go back.”
When Doris Buffet died in 2020, Charlie Jones made a table, with legs made of books, to honor her. It’s also carved with the names of courses open to prison residents, and the professors who teach them. On the table was a book telling Daris Buffet’s story, and a thank you note.
1. What does paragraph 2 tell us about Charlie Jones?A.He has a gift for carving. | B.He has earned a master degree. |
C.He is only expert in carving eagles. | D.He has been in prison for about 20 years. |
A.To show how the prisoners tried to reform. |
B.To reveal what led those like Charlie Jones to prison. |
C.To list some courses included in the college program. |
D.To highlight the positive effect of the college program. |
A.Prisoners in Maine create little value. |
B.Few prisoners in Maine are hardworking. |
C.The handicrafts made in Maine state prisons are of high quality. |
D.Prisoners graduating from college have a lower recidivism rate. |
A.How Doris Buffet died in 2020. |
B.What the table made by Charlie Jones is like. |
C.Charlie Jones’ sorrow over the death of Doris Buffet. |
D.Why there was a book telling Doris Buffet’s story on the table. |
【推荐2】It usually helps to “get a fresh pair of eyes” on a problem, especially from someone with a different way of thinking than your own. But what if you could find a variety of ways of thinking from within yourself? After all, each of us has multiple roles and identities in life. Someone can be a teacher and a parent, a girl and a friend. When they reflect on their multiple identities, it may have positive consequences for their creative problem solving.
The researchers at Duke University split 48six-and seven-year-olds into two groups. One group spent time reflecting briefly with a researcher about eight of their various social identities, such as “friend”, “girl”and“reader”. This process concluded with the researcher saying “It’s so cool that you are lots of things at the same time.” The other group chatted briefly with a researcher about eight of their different physical attributes (特征), such as having two hands and a mouth. It ended with the researcher saying“It’s so cool that you have a lot of things at the same time.”
Afterwards all the children completed four different problem solving and flexible thinking challenges. One test involved them figuring out: how a bear could reach honey in a high branch on a tree. Another involved coming up with novel uses for a gold box. The third involved categorising a collection of photos of 16 individuals in as many ways as possible. The last task involved an interaction with a puppet (木偶) who made 16 claims about different pairs of items or individuals belonging to the same category, such as a dog and cat being the same kind of animal, or a male and female child being the same kind of person. When the child agreed the puppet was correct, this was taken as a sign of flexible thinking.
The findings were consistent, with the children who reflected on their multiple identities outperforming those in the other group on all the tests. For instance, half the children in the multiple-identity condition solved the bear puzzle, compared with just 12.5 percent of the other group.
“These findings illustrate that something as simple as thinking about one’s identities from multiple angles could serve as a tool to help reduce rigid thinking, which might increase open-mindedness in a society that is becoming increasingly diverse,” said the researchers.
1. Which of the following is beneficial to children’s creative problem solving?A.Having as many roles as possible. |
B.Learning someone’s ways of thinking. |
C.Thinking about social identities of others. |
D.Thinking about their own social identities. |
A.Think from one angle. |
B.Express great flexibility. |
C.Get honey with their hands. |
D.Help the puppet make claims. |
A.To teach the children how to meet challenges. |
B.To train the children to be creative in problem solving. |
C.To make the children aware of their multiple identities. |
D.To see how those in the multiple-identity condition acted. |
A.It creates a diverse society. |
B.It promotes flexible thinking. |
C.It helps to solve problems quickly. |
D.It helps to build good relationships. |
【推荐3】Many people have difficulty in getting up in the morning. This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
During the hours when you work, you may say that you’re “hot”. That’s true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak (顶峰). For some people the peak comes during the morning. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar words as: “Get up, John! You’ll be late for work again!” The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
You can’t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help, Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. If so, staying up later than you want to may counteract your cycle in some way. If our energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won’t change your cycle, but you’ll get steam and work better at your low point.
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a comfortable yawn and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed for a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before.
1. Dr. Kleitman explains that a person is difficult to get up in the morning probably because of ________.A.his own laziness. | B.his bad rest at night. |
C.his own habit . | D.his own energy cycle. |
A.in the morning . | B.in the evening. |
C.in the afternoon . | D.at different hours. |
A.Family. | B.Energy cycle. | C.Good habit. | D.Change. |
A.do your work at the energy peak. | B.manage to control your temper. |
C.work at the bottom of energy cycle. | D.manage to keep you clean all day. |