“Flying insects don’t fly directly to lights from far away because they’re attracted to them, but appear to change course toward a light if they happen to be passing by due to a strange inborn biological response,” writes Samuel Fabian, a bioengineer, in a research paper.
Until now, the leading scientific hypothesis has been that insects use the moon’s light to direct the way at night and mistake artificial lights for the moon. But this idea doesn’t explain why insects that only fly during the day also gather around lights.
To find out what really happens, Samuel’s team track the precise movements of insects in the wild around lights using a high-speed camera. This revealed two notable behaviours. First, when insects fly above lights, they often invert (转向) themselves and try to fly upside down, causing them to fall very fast. Just after insects pass under a light, they start doing a ring road. As their climb angle becomes too steep, they suddenly stop and start to fall. Second, when insects approach a light from the side, they may circle or “orbit” the light.
The videos show that the inversions sometimes result in insects falling on lights. It can appear to the naked eye as though they are flying at the lights. “Instead, insects turn their dorsum toward the light, generating flight perpendicular(垂直) to the source,” the team write. It is common to the two behaviours that the insects are keeping their backs to the light, known as the dorsal light response (DLR). This DLR is a shortcut for insects to work out which way is up and keep their bodies upright, as the moon or sun is usually more or less directly above them, and this direction allows them to maintain proper flight attitude and control. They also find that the insects fly at right angles to a light source, leading to orbiting and unstable flights as the light’s location relative to them changes as they move.
Samuel’s team suggest that a possible outcome of the research could help the construction industry to avoid the types of light that most attract insects.
1. What does the research focus on?A.Why insects gather around lights. |
B.Where artificial lights lead insects to. |
C.What biological response insects are born with. |
D.How to design environment friendly artificial lights. |
A.They fly directly to lights. | B.They circle close to lights. |
C.Their flying speed is steady. | D.Their inversions can be controlled. |
A.balance their flying | B.keep their route straight |
C.decide their body positon | D.shorten their flight distance |
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【推荐1】Because of the politics and history of Africa, wild animals there, which are interested in finding food and water not in politics, are in trouble. In the past, there were no borders between African countries, and the animals could travel freely according to the season or the weather. However, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the continent was divided up into colonies and then into nations. Fences were put up along the borders, so the animals could no longer move about freely.
Some countries decided to protect their animals by creating national parks. Kruger National Park, created in South Africa in 1926, was one of the first. By the end of the twentieth century, it had become an important tourist attraction and a home for many kinds of animals. Among these, there were about 9,000 elephants, too many for the space in the park. It was not possible to let any elephants leave the park, however. They would be killed by hunters, or they might damage property or hurt people. South African park officials began to look for other solutions to the elephant problem.
As early as 1990, the governments of South Africa and Mozambique had begun talking about forming a new park together. In 1997, Zimbabwe agreed to add some of its land to the park. A new park would combine the Kruger National Park with parks in Mozambique and Zimbabwe. There would be no national border fences within the park, so that elephants and other animals from the crowded Kruger Park could move to areas of Mozambique and Zimbabwe. This new “transfrontier” park would cover 13,150 square miles (35,000 square kilometers). The idea of a transfrontier park interested several international agencies, which gave money and technical assistance to Mozambique to help build its part of the park.
In April 2001, the new park was opened, with new borders and a new name: The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. A border gate was opened between Kruger National Park and Mozambique, and seven elephants were allowed through. They were the first of 1,000 elephants that would be transferred to the world’s greatest animal park.
1. The passage begins with________.A.a common sense | B.a fact |
C.a mysteries event | D.a theory |
A.It was not big enough to hold all its elephants. |
B.A lot of hunters slipped in to hunt animals. |
C.As the first national park in Africa, it was not well designed. |
D.Too much tourism did great damage to it. |
A.It is divided into three parts by fences along borders. |
B.It is built mainly for elephants rather than other animals. |
C.It is located across the border of South Africa and Mozambique. |
D.It is the result of a talk between Mozambique and some international agencies. |
A.how international aid has functioned in Africa |
B.how the Kruger National Park will save its elephants |
C.how three African countries cooperated to make a new park |
D.how many African animals have suffered because of natural disasters |
【推荐2】If you’ve ever had a dog, you know just how deep a connection you can develop with “man’s best friend”. But a dog has a much shorter life span — about 12 to 15 years long — than humans, which means every dog owner has to go through the heartbreaking moment when their loving pet passes away.
Why not make a clone of that dog then? This is the solution offered by a South Korean company, Sooam Biotech Research Foundation. The company has successfully cloned at least 400 dogs, mostly for US customers, ever since it pioneered the technique in 2005. Now, Sooam Biotech is planning to introduce their business to UK dog owners, offering them dogs that look just like their lost ones.
Meanwhile, another dog is selected to supply an egg. Researchers then replace the DNA in the egg with that from the skin cell and implant the egg into the womb (子宫) of a female dog. The egg grows into a puppy over the following two months. To clone a dog, researchers first need to take a skin cell from a living dog or one that has just died.
The whole process takes less than a day, but it comes at a shockingly high price — around £63,000 (614,000 yuan). But if you can’t afford it now, you can also save the cells in a laboratory and access them at a later date. Just like identical twins of humans, they share the exact same DNA but there will still be small differences between them. “The spots on a Dalmatian clone will be different, for example,” Insung Hwang, head of Sooam Biotech, told The Guardian. However, as magical as cloning might sound, there is no guarantee that the cloned dog will be a perfect replica of the original one.
Dog owners will also have to accept the fact that personality is not “clone-able”. Apart from genes, personality is also determined by upbringing and environment, which are both “random elements [that] cloning technologies simply cannot overcome”, Professor Tom Kirkwood at Newcastle University, UK, told The Telegraph.
Perhaps bringing our dogs back with cloning is not the best way to remember them after all.
Kirkwood, a dog owner himself, pointed out: “An important aspect of our relationship with them is coming to terms with the pain of letting go.”
1. According to the article, Sooam Biotech Research Foundation is ______.A.working on plans to help dog owners enjoy their pets longer |
B.offering a way to help dogs give birth to more puppies |
C.providing a service that will make copies of pet dogs |
D.introducing a completely new technique to clone dogs |
A.Dog cloning technology hadn’t been put into practice until recently. |
B.Dog cloning is very expensive and usually takes several months to complete. |
C.Dog cloning is very popular among US and UK pet owners. |
D.Cloned dogs might develop different habits and characteristics even though they look very similar. |
a. an egg is taken from another dog
b. a skin cell is taken from the pet dog and saved in a laboratory
c. the egg is placed in the womb of a female dog
d. the DNA of the egg is replaced by the DNA from the skin cell
e. the egg grows into a puppy in two months
A.acbde. | B.adbce. | C.bacde. | D.badce. |
A.disapproves of | B.supports | C.is afraid of | D.is curious about |
【推荐3】Gardening can be a fun and rewarding activity for people of all ages, but it can be especially beneficial for children.
Gardening enhances children’s senses and motor skills. In addition to being able to touch the soil, use various tools and seeds, children can also spot the differences between different plants, and hear sounds of different insects.
Plant care fosters (培养) patience and responsibility.
Gardening promotes nutrition and healthy choices for kids. Planting and cultivating (培育) plants, picking vegetables and fruit, and involving kids in cooking with what they grew will certainly result in a wish to try and consume the food they prepared. They will gladly try vegetables and fruit they planted and cultivated themselves.
Gardening gives your family bonding time. Bonding with your family is so important, but it can be hard to realize with the digital age.
A.Plants need regular and consistent care |
B.Gardening gives you a chance to dial this back |
C.Children get a head start on learning about science |
D.Gardening involves scientific observations and creativity |
E.It provides good, healthy outdoor activity for the whole family |
F.This helps children to nurture self-confidence and healthy diet habits |
G.Interacting with the surrounding nature encourages the learning process |
【推荐1】Contrary to “popular opinion”, the scientific pursuit for knowledge is not a predictable process. To make new discoveries, researchers need the freedom to be creative, fail, and learn by chance. This aspect is similar to art. This is why Wageningen scientists look to artists for inspiration and exchange ideas about how to increase creative freedom.
“Science and art are two different ways to make something understandable. They both provide a perspective on reality,” says Biochemistry Professor Dolf Weijers. “From the outside, the research process looks very formal and the artistic process looks somewhat messy. But the scientific process can also unfold in an unpredictable way.”
“Scientists can learn a lot from artists,” says Weijers. “Association and creativity are central to art. Those aspects require more attention in science as the creative process is the key of science.”
“As a scientist, you use different methods, but it is equally about how you visualize(可视化) your understanding of reality and the connections that there are. This is sometimes just as visual as art,” says Weijers. One example is a recent special project in which Weijers and his colleague Joris Sprakel, professor of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, measured the forces that act on plant cells. A molecular(分子的)sensor was used to visualize the different forces. They showed the results in colorful images, each representing a different force.
What science and art also have in common is that they are topics of discussion in society. There are people who say that they do not value art and people who mistrust science. Weijers says, “It often creates the wrong impression because only the results of scientific studies are presented, and people do not have any insight into the process leading to discovery. As a scientist, you are doubted if you say that something is different a few years later. Then you are viewed as unreliable. But what is often poorly understood is that there are no final results in science. What we scientists can achieve in the coming period is to provide more chances for people to focus on the process. Personally, I think that the connection with art can help to lead the focus on the process than the result.”
1. What might be the “popular opinion” about the scientific discovery?A.It is creative. | B.It can be accidental. |
C.It allows failures. | D.It is predictable. |
A.totally differs from the scientific one |
B.normally looks formal and controlled |
C.offers inspiration for scientific research |
D.focuses on putting the messy in order |
A.To prove that science can be visualized like art. |
B.To stress that understanding science is difficult. |
C.To show the value of his scientific achievements. |
D.To tell obvious differences between science and art. |
A.They have little to do with the discoveries. |
B.Their process should be more open to people. |
C.They always present unchanged final results. |
D.Their focus is not the process but the result. |
【推荐2】A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading. It's great first for what it contains:the range of news from local crime to international politics, from sports to business,from fashion to science, and the range of comment and special feature(特写) as well,from editorial page to feature articles and interviews to criticism of books, art theatre and music.
A newspaper is even greater for the way one reads it:never completely, never straight through,but always by jumping from here to there, in and out, glancing at one piece,reading another article all the way through, reading just a few paragraphs of the text.
A good modern newspaper offers a variety(多样性) to attract many different readers, but far more than the reader is interested in. What brings this variety together in one place is its topicality(时事性), its immediate relation to what is happening in your world and your locality now. But immediacy and the speed of production that goes with it also mean that much of what appears in a newspaper has no more than transient(短暂的) value.
For all these reasons, no two people really read the same paper:what each person does is to put together, out of the pages of that day's paper, his own selection and order, his own newspaper. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need and without wasting time,demands skill and self-awareness as you change and apply the techniques of reading.
1. A modern newspaper is great for all the following EXCEPT its________.A.wide variety | B.similar style |
C.speed in reporting news | D.popularity |
A.people look through the news they are interested in |
B.different people prefer different newspapers |
C.people are rarely interested in the same kind of news |
D.people have different views about what a good newspaper is |
A.apply reading techniques skillfully | B.jump from one newspaper to another |
C.appreciate the variety of a newspaper | D.usually read a newspaper selectively |
A.How to read newspaper? | B.Where to find a good newspaper? |
C.What is a good newspaper? | D.Newspaper. |
A.advertise | B.introduce |
C.argue | D.compare |
【推荐3】“How can we live longer?” many people wonder. Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbors, even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (长寿) boost seems to come from marriage or an equal relationship. The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers (鳏夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man’s life and two to a woman’s, The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, accident or self-harm.
Even though the odds are stacked against you (the conditions are not favourable to you), marriage can more than compensate. Linda Waite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn’t smoke. There’s a less pleasant
side, however, as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouses; death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems. Even so, the odds favour marriage. In a 30-year study of more than 10,000 people, Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School describes how all kinds of social networks have similar effects.
So how does it work? The effects are complex, affected by socioeconomic factor, health-service provision, emotional support and other more physiological mechanisms (机制). For example, social contact can boost development of the brain and immune system, leading to better health and less chance of depression later in life. People in supportive relationships may handle stress better. Then there are the psychological benefits of a supportive partner.
A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. The best social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says: “People are interconnected so their health is interconnected.”
1. William Farr’s study and other studies show that ________.A.social life provides an effective cure for illness |
B.being sociable helps improve one’s quality of life |
C.women benefit more than men from marriage |
D.marriage contributes a great deal to longevity |
A.pay money | B.provide something had |
C.help recover | D.increase damage |
A.They have effects similar to those of a marriage. |
B.They help develop people’s community spirit. |
C.They provide timely support for those in need. |
D.They help relieve people of their life’s burden. |
A.It’s important that we develop a social network when young. |
B.To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network. |
C.Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span. |
D.We should share our social networks with each other. |
Bumblebees are rather clever animals, which explains why Chittka has been studying learning and memory in the insects for the last 20 years.
Most times when people have studied memory in animals, errors in performance have been taken to mean that the animals failed to learn the task or perhaps learned it and then forgot. But what if animals can experience a more interesting type of memory failure?
To find out, Chittka first trained bumblebees to expect a reward when visiting a yellow artificial flower followed by one with black-and-white rings. During subsequent tests, bees were given a choice between three types of flowers. Two were the types they’d seen in the training before. The third had yellow-and-white rings, representing a mixed-up version of the other two. Minutes after the training, the bees showed a clear preference for the flower that recently rewarded them.
One or three days later, however, something very different happened when the bumblebees’ memory was put to the test. At first, the bees showed the same preference displayed in the earlier tests, but as the time went on, they began selecting the flower with yellow rings, even though they’d never actually seen that one in training before.
Chittka says that insects make similar errors in the conjunction (结合) of long-term memories as humans do. The ability to extract (提取) common features between different events in the environment might come at the expense of remembering every detail correctly. In bees, with their limited brain capacity (容量), the pressure to store main features of several objects rather than each individual object might be much greater, compared with humans.
1. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A.Human memory can fail sometimes. |
B.Bumblebees make false memories too. |
C.Humans are not as clever as bumblebees. |
D.Bumblebees have extraordinary memory. |
A.scientific | B.accurate |
C.following | D.exceptional |
A.Short-term memories serve the bees well. |
B.The yellow artificial flower appeals to the bees. |
C.Bumblebees like the flowers with yellow-and-white rings. |
D.Bees have remarkable abilities to distinguish colors. |
A.Chittka thinks that bumblebees failed to remember the color of the flowers |
B.Researchers have learned that bumblebees are unreliable animals |
C.There exist no similarities between the memory errors in humans and bees. |
D.It is less challenging for humans than bees to store main features of several objects. |
【推荐2】Arguably, the biggest science development of the year to date has been the images of the very depths of the universe taken by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Those images beg a comparison between the external and internal universes that science is bent on observing and understanding.
Decades ago, astrophysicist Carl Sagan famously said, “The universe is also within is. We’re made of star-stuff. We are a way for the universe to know itself. ” He was commenting then on the reality that our internal universe was as complex and as fantastic as the outer space.
There are many similarities between the progress we’ve made in understanding the universe and in piecing together life’s inner workings. Like the technological developments that took us from Galileo’s telescope to the Hubble to the JWST, life science tools have also improved rapidly. From early light microscopes to modern super-resolution ones, these developments have afforded researchers a deep look into biology’s infinitesimal (无限小的) landscape. Learning that living things were composed of cells was, not a terribly long time ago, a revolutionary observation. Since then, scientists have been able to dive ever deeper into the components of life.
Going beyond merely observing the complicated makeup of organisms, life scientists can now discover the workings of molecules (分子). And that is where scanning the universe differs from peering into biology. Understanding the universe, especially from a functional standpoint, is not necessarily an immediate urgency. Understanding biology on that level is. Simply observing the amazing internal structure of cells is not enough. Biologists must also characterize how all those parts interact and change in different environments and when faced with various challenges. Being able to image a virus or bacterium is nice at the level of basic science. But knowing how viruses gain entry into cells and spread, infect, and disable can literally save lives. Through time, biology has risen to this mechanistic challenge. Not only can life science tools produce images of cell components, even more importantly, they can help predict the effects of drugs on receptors, of immune cells on foreign invaders (入侵者), and of genetic perturbations (基因干扰) on development and aging.
This is not to belittle the work of scientists researching into universe. They should rightly be praised for delivering views of impossibly distant, impossibly massive phenomena. My aim is to celebrate these accomplishments while at the same time recognizing that science’s inward search for detail and insight is equally impressive and, in my view, more urgent. The output of both the outward and inward explorations should stimulate wonder in everyone. After all, it’s all star-stuff.
1. Why does the author quote Carl Sagan’s comment in Paragraph 2?A.To introduce the background. | B.To prove an assumption. |
C.To make a comparison. | D.To present an idea. |
A.study approaches | B.system management |
C.research facilities | D.technology integration |
A.practical | B.risky | C.flexible | D.popular |
A.It has received universal recognition. | B.It should enjoy priority in development. |
C.It can be applied in the majority of areas. | D.It is more complicated than space science. |
【推荐3】Tariq Qaiser, an architect, is trying to protect mangroves (红树林). The trees could save Pakistan’s largest city Karachi, sitting on the Arabian Sea, from natural disaster. He comes to Bundal Island several times a week to document the illegal cutting of mangrove trees. Very often, “You can’t hear a single bird because the chain saws are so loud. The trees are cut down illegally for firewood,” he says, shaking his head. Besides, developers clear the mangroves to make room for construction.
Karachi has a hot climate, and its concrete buildings and paved roads make it even hotter. Offshore, there are islands where mangroves grow. They could be the key to slowing climate change. Mangrove forests pull carbon dioxide out of the air, holding four times as much of the planet-warming gas as other forests can. They support diverse ecosystems. As sea levels rise with global warming, the trees could play a big role in protecting coastal cities like Karachi from flooding. Karachi’s mangroves are disappearing. But its numbers are rising in other parts of Pakistan. With replanting efforts, the country has tripled (三倍于) its mangrove coverage over the past 30 years.
Qaiser’s work may have worked. Recently, a court in Karachi declared Bundal Island’s mangroves to be protected forests. But unforested parts of the island remain unprotected, and developers want to build there. City officials say this could provide much-needed housing and bring in billions of dollars. They claim that some of that money could be used to plant mangroves in other parts of Pakistan.
Ecologist Rafiul Haq appreciates Qaiser’s “extraordinary work” educating the public about mangroves. But he wishes Qaiser would look at the bigger picture. “Only 7% of Pakistan’s mangroves are in Karachi,” Haq says. He thinks it’s wrong to focus on the losses in 7% of the country while ignoring the success in 93% of it. But Qaiser believes it’s important to protect every bit.
1. What do we know about Karachi’s mangroves?A.They occupy the building land. | B.They’re home to various birds. |
C.They’re primarily being used as firewood. | D.They protect the city from climate catastrophe. |
A.Their birthplaces meet crisis. | B.They boast huge diversity. |
C.Their bonds with nature are close. | D.They grow at a rapid speed. |
A.Grow mangroves in other areas. | B.Destroy buildings to grow mangroves. |
C.Build more mangrove reserves. | D.Use mangroves to make profit. |
A.Challenging. | B.Effective. | C.Insignificant. | D.Partial. |