How much time do you spend doing research before you make a decision? There are people who go over every detail exhaustively before making a choice.
To study “jumping”, we examined decision-making patterns among more than 600 people from the general population. We found that jumpers made more errors than non-jumpers on problems that require thoughtful analysis.
So what is behind “jumping”? Psychological researchers commonly distinguish between two pathways of thought: automatic system, which reflects ideas that come to the mind easily, spontaneously and without effort, and controlled system including conscious and effortful reasoning. Jumpers and non-jumpers are equally influenced by automatic thoughts.
In everyday life, the question of whether we should think things through or instead go with our guts is a frequent and important one.
| A．Happily, there may be some hope for jumpers. |
| B．Also, jumpers had problems with overconfidence. |
| C．But a fair number of individuals are quick to jump to conclusions. |
| D．It is certainly possible for them to overthink things to take a decision. |
| E．We plan to continue the work to trace other problems introduced by jumping. |
| F．The jumpers, however, did not engage in controlled reasoning to the same degree as non-jumpers. |
| G．Recent studies show that even gathering just a little bit more evidence may help us avoid a major mistake. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Going to sleep at a certain time is associated with a lower risk of developing heart disease, according to researchers. In a study published in the European Heart Journal, a team found that going to sleep between 10:00pm and 11:00pm was beneficial compared to earlier or later bedtimes. The research included 88,026 participants in the UK.
An analysis found that sleep onset time of 10:00pm to 10:59pm was associated with the lowest incidence of heart disease. There was a 25% higher risk of heart disease with sleep onset at midnight or later, a 12% greater risk for 11:00pm to 11:59pm and a 24% higher risk for falling asleep before 10:00pm compared to sleep onset from 10:00pm to 10:59pm.
"The body has a 24-hour internal clock that helps adjust physical and mental functioning.” Study author David of the University of Exeter said in a statement. “While we cannot conclude from our study, the results suggest that early or late bedtimes may be more likely to destroy the body clock.” “While the findings do not show conclusion, sleep timing has appeared as a potential heart disease risk factor-independent of other risk factors. If our findings are proved in other studies, sleep timing and basic sleep health could be a low-cost public health target for lowering risk of heart disease. “David added.
1. Which is the best time for sleep?| A．8:40pm. | B．9:50pm. | C．10:45pm. | D．11:10pm. |
| A．By giving some data. | B．By raising a question. |
| C．By giving an example. | D．By following the time order. |
| A．Sleep too early will surely cause heart disease. |
| B．Sleep timing is a possible heart disease risk factor. |
| C．Sleep timing is a risk factor related with other factors. |
| D．Sleeping before eight will not damage your body clock. |
| A．Body Clock Makes a Difference to Sleep |
| B．Sleeping Late is not Harmful to Heart Health |
| C．Sleep Timing Has an Effect on Heart Disease |
| D．Earlier Bedtime is More Beneficial than Later One |
【推荐2】On May 23, 1989, Stefania Follini came out from a cave at Carlsbad, New Mexico. She hadn’t seen the sun for eighteen and a half weeks. Stefania was in a research program, and the scientists in the program were studying body rhythms. In this experiment Stefania had spent 130days in a cave, 30 feet in depth.
During her time in the cave, Stefania had been completely alone except for two white mice. Her living place had been very comfortable, but there had been nothing to tell her the time. She’d had no clocks or watches, no television or radio. There had been no natural light and the temperature had always been kept at 21℃.
The results were very interesting. Stefania had been in the cave for over four months, but she thought she had been there for only two. Her body clock had changed. She hadn’t kept to a 24-hour day, she had stayed awake for 20～25 hours and then had slept for 10 hours. She had eaten fewer meals and had lost 171bs in weight as a result! She had also become rather depressed.
How had she spent her time in the cave? As part of the experiment she’d done some physical and mental tests. She’d recorded her daily activities and the results of the tests on a computer. This computer had been specially programmed for the project. Whenever she was free, she’d played cards, read books and listened to music. She’d also learned French from tapes.
The experiment showed that our body clocks are affected by light and temperature. For example， the pattern of day and night makes us wake up and go to sleep. However, people are affected in different ways. Some people wake up naturally at 5:00 a.m., but others don’t start to wake up till 9:00 or 10:00 a.m. This affects the whole daily rhythm. As a result the early risers are at their best in the late morning. The late risers, on the other hand, are tired during the day and only come to life in the afternoon or evening!
1. Stefania stayed in the cave for a long time because ________.| A．she was asked to do research on mice |
| B．she wanted to experience loneliness |
| C．she was the subject of a study |
| D．she needed to record her life |
| A．Eating fewer meals. | B．Having more hours of sheep. |
| C．Lacking physical exercise. | D．Getting no natural light. |
| A．an experiment and its result | B．a woman living in the cave |
| C．a depressed woman | D．a woman and two mice |
【推荐3】A new BBC documentary series, The Green Planet, gives us a new look at plants. Released on Jan. 10 on Bilibili, it uncovers the wonderful and dramatic ways that plants behave.
“The Green Planet reveals the secret lives of plants in the same way The Blue Planet opened our eyes to the oceans,” editor Elle Hunt wrote in New Scientist.
Plants compete against each other to live. Each species has its own ways of defense. In tropical rainforests, different kinds of plants race for sunlight. The forest floor is described as a “battlefield” in the series as only two percent of the sunlight filters (透过) through it. Some plants like Monstera spread their big leaves to reach light. But they are caught up in a vine (藤本植物) that tries to hitch a ride (搭便车). Finally, they are both overtaken by a fast-growing balsa tree. As the balsa has slippery hairs on its leaves, the vine can’t get a hold. Similarly, some trees make poisonous sap to protect themselves.
Plants also help each other and even communicate. In deserts, the roots of Euphrates poplar are connected. If a tree finds water, it will share it with others through the roots. Studies also show that plants use fungus (真菌) in the soil as a way to “talk” to each other. It’s kind of like how Wi-Fi work. If a tomato plant gets a leaf disease, it can tell nearby plants about it.
The series not only lets us amazed at the plant world but pushes us to understand that plants are important. “Plants are the basis of all life, including ourselves. We depend upon them for every mouth of food that we eat and every lungful of air that we breathe,” said David Attenborough, presenter of the series. It’s time to look after wild plants just as carefully as our houseplants.
1. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3mean?| A．The forest floor. | B．The documentary. | C．The sunlight. | D．The plant. |
| A．It takes a ride on a fast-growing vine. |
| B．Its big leaves can take in more sunlight. |
| C．It grows fast and its slippery leaves keep vines away. |
| D．It can produce poisonous sap to stop other plants growing over it. |
| A．To show plants can avoid danger. | B．To show valuable water is in the wild. |
| C．To show plants can interact with each other. | D．To show plants can communicate with other species. |
| A．Plants are difficult to study. | B．Plants play a big role in our lives. |
| C．Many wild plants are endangered. | D．Houseplants also need our attention. |
