A revolution has recently taken place in behavioural biology. Its consequences are far-reaching, both for our self-image as humans and for our relationship with animals. Just a few decades ago, behavioural science was guided by two key beliefs: animals cannot think, and no scientific statements can be made about their emotions. Today, the same discipline holds both ideas to be false and assumes the very opposite: animals of some species are capable of insight – they can recognize themselves in a mirror and exhibit at least a basic sense of self-awareness – and they have rich emotional lives that seem to be amazingly similar to those of humans.
Indeed, the transformation of the concept of the animal in modern behavioural biology has been fundamental. This has been confirmed by the death of a third belief: for decades, it was taught that animals behave for the good of their species. Today we know this is not the case. Rather, animals do everything to ensure that copies of their own genes are passed to the next generation with maximum efficiency and, when necessary, they will also kill conspecifics. Clearly, they are not, as Jane Goodall had once famously hoped, ‘like us, but better’.
The border between humans and animals is also beginning to blur in other areas. Certain aspects of the social environment can cause stress for both humans and animals, while other similar factors can relieve it. Indeed, animal behaviour does not develop in a fixed manner: environmental influences, socialisation, and learning can change an animal from the prenatal phase (胎儿期) through adulthood. Like humans, animals ultimately appear individualised upon closer inspection.
However, such similarities across genes, brain structure, and the endocrine (内分泌的) system do not automatically imply similarities concerning thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. To better understand these characteristics, we need to look at specific studies in both animals and humans. In the case of animals, such studies take place within the field of behavioural biology, which was properly defined by one of the fathers of the discipline, the Nobel Prize winner Nikolaas Tinbergen, as ‘the study of behaviour by biological methods’.
1. According to the new research, some animals___________.A.possess rich emotions. | B.can hardly recognize themselves. |
C.can show little self-awareness. | D.are incapable of understanding. |
A.their desire to protect their species. |
B.their ability to recognize themselves in mirrors. |
C.their urge to guarantee the gene transmission. |
D.their eagerness to be socially interacted. |
A.There’s a clear distinction between humans and animals. |
B.Social environment may have an impact on animal behavior. |
C.Animals will eventually become standardized. |
D.Learning alone can shape animal behaviour altogether. |
A.Evolution of Views in Behavioral Biology: Typical Human, Typical Animal? |
B.The Emotional Lives of Animals: A Study of Similarities and Differences with Humans |
C.Understanding the Blurred Boundaries: The Human – Animal Connection in Modern Science |
D.Past and Present: How Behavioral Biology Views Animals |
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Behind each lovely picture of a cloned cat or dog lie hundreds of animals that were kept in lab cages, receiving bad treatment to produce just that one cloned animal. For all that, you end up with a cloned animal who is unlikely to appear like the original physically or behaviorally and may experience serious health problems. Also, while pet cloning companies are charging customers up to $150,000 for a cloned pet, millions of homeless animals of the same species are available in US animal shelters for around $100. Unfortunately, most of these animals are killed for lack of adopting homes.
With No Pet Cloning campaign, the American Anti-Vivisection Society (AAVS) tries to protect both animals and people from harm. They campaigned until the US companies that sold cloned animals closed their doors. First it was Genetic Savings & Clone Inc. and then it was BioArts International.
When BioArts was closed, its owner, Lou Hawthorne, finally had to acknowledge the problems of pet cloning. According to Hawthorne, he has seen numerous failures during his pet cloning attempts, “One clone—which was supposed to be black and white—was born greenish-yellow where it should have been white (we still have no good explanation for how that happened).”
The AAVS is educating the public about the animal suffering and is seeking regulation of cloning activities. They will continue to take the lead in protecting animals from the threats of pet cloning.
1. From the passage, we know that ____.
A.pets are often deserted by their owners |
B.more and more people have joined the AAVS |
C.most American are against cloning pet animals |
D.the American Anti-Vivisection Society is supported by the government |
A.carry on scientific studies |
B.get economic interests |
C.protect pet animals |
D.comfort animal lovers |
A.To tell the truth behind pet cloning. |
B.To show the method of pet cloning. |
C.To compare pet animals with homeless ones. |
D.To save the animals kept in labs and shelters. |
A.accept | B.study | C.admit | D.manage |
A.getting most countries to fight against pet cloning |
B.improving the technology of pet cloning |
C.saving lots of animals from bad situations |
D.stopping US companies’ selling cloned animals |
【推荐2】The Upside to Being Outside
Research shows that being in nature makes people feel good, whether they’re roughing it in the wilderness for days or just hanging out at a local park for a while. One study was conducted in the city of Birmingham, Alabama. Researchers found that most participants’ mood and well-being improved significantly when they spent time in urban parks, even though the average visit was only around half an hour.
How does nature boost people’s happiness? Scientists say that spending time in natural settings reduces stress and anxiety, which benefits mental and physical health. Research shows our brains are more relaxed in natural settings.
To most people, it’s not news that nature can be calming. But multiple studies have found that spending time in nature also has some more surprising benefits, like improving creativity and problem-solving.
What accounts for the connection with cognition and creativity? It could be that a good dose of nature acts as a cure to information overload. Everyday life involves a lot of multitasking. Some scientists theorize that spending time in nature enables our brains to rest and recover from mental tiredness.
Naturally, scientific studies don’t cover everything that’s great about the great outdoors.
A.One study revealed that people were better at figuring out puzzles after a four-day camping trip. |
B.According to many scientific studies, there’s a good chance it’ll make you happier, healthier, and more creative. |
C.What’s more, the lift people get from nature is long lasting. |
D.Lots of people enjoy fun activities outside, like swimming, riding bikes, or climbing trees. |
E.When the only light you’ve seen all day is the glow of a screen, it might be a good idea to switch it off. |
F.This means that whether you’re studying or playing video games, heading outside to give your brain a break might help you get to the next level. |
G.So, kicking back in a park is a bit like treating your mind to a restful mini vacation. |
【推荐3】A mysterious illness is turning some black bears friendly and unafraid of humans, among other strange symptoms.
Researchers believe the illness, which young bears around a year old appear to suffer from, is a kind of encephalitis (脑炎), according to a news report by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife late last month. Since 2014, a handful of bears in Nevada and Caledonia have shown signs of the condition, and four California bears were confirmed to have it last year. One of them walked into a school and entered a classroom where she sat down among the children, behaving very much like a friendly dog.
The encephalitis has other serious effects on the nervous system of the bears, including tremble, head tilts and seizures (癫痫). Affected bears also tend to be seriously underweight. One female bear, observed in February picking up an apple and eating it among humans in a yard, weighed only 21 pounds when she should have been around 80 pounds. She was also covered in ticks (扁虱), walked strangely and was ultimately euthanized (安乐死).
It’s still unclear exactly what's causing the brain illness. But in the course of studying the phenomenon, scientists have identified five previously unknown viruses in the affected bears.
Bears suffering from encephalitis typically have to be euthanized. Their symptoms make them unequipped to survive in the wild, and those placed in zoos or shelters can become a huge burden due to the lifelong medical care they need.
Two bears exhibiting neurological (神经系统的) issues in recent years, however, were able to find new homes. One, now named Elinor, was brought to the Orange County Zoo. The other bear, who has become famous after being caught on camera sniffing a snowboarder and is now named Benji, lives at the San Diego Humane Society’s Ramona Wildlife Center. Last month, Benji celebrated his third birthday there with a cake made out of fruit and potatoes. Details are as follows.
1. Which of the following is uninvolved in the symptoms of the bears’ disease?A.Serious weight loss. | B.Getting close to humans. |
C.Some neurological issues. | D.Desiring to learn knowledge. |
A.An environmental change. | B.A severe shortage of food. |
C.Some unknown kinds of viruses. | D.The lack of necessary medical care. |
A.Add some background knowledge. |
B.Provide some advice for the readers. |
C.Summarize the previous paragraphs. |
D.Introduce some further information about Benji’s birthday. |
A.Black Bears in Nevada and California |
B.A Disease Making Bears Endangered |
C.An Unknown Bear Species |
D.Black Bears Getting Much Friendlier |
【推荐1】The COVID-19 pandemic has spread far and wide. Because of this, countries around the world have carried out measures to help stop the virus in its tracks. As more people stay inside to stay safe, the outside world seems to have become much quieter. In fact, scientists have seen this change in their research.
Seismologists - scientists who study earthquakes - have heard a lot less seismic(地震的) noise recently.
Seismic noise is made from vibrations (continuous shaking movements) in the ground that are caused by things like ocean waves and human activity, such as construction work and traffic. This noise makes it difficult for scientists to pick up seismic activity that is made at the same frequency.
Thomas Lecocq, a scientist at the Royal Observatory of Belgium, located in Brussels, was the first to notice this phenomenon. According to Lecocq, the amount of seismic noise in Brussels has been reduced by about 30 to 50 percent since mid-March. Interestingly enough, this is around the same time Belgium started its measures. Because of this reduction in background noise, scientists like Lecocq have been able to pick up on smaller earthquakes that some seismic stations - like the one in Brussels - wouldn’t have been able to before.
This phenomenon isn’t unique to Brussels, though. Once Lecocq shared his findings online, seismologists from all over the world echoed similar findings. Celeste Labedz, a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology, mentioned in a tweet that Los Angeles also experienced less background noise. “The drop is seriously wild,” she wrote.
Researchers from the UK, France and New Zealand also noted a decrease in background noise since measures were put in place.
These global efforts to contain the COVID-19 virus have helped to shed light on seismic activity that may have gone unnoticed. It also shows that people are listening to health officials and following lockdown rules. “From the seismological point of view, we can motivate people to say, ‘You feel like you’re alone at home, but we can tell you that everyone is home. Everyone is respecting the rules,’” Lecocq told CNN.
1. What did seismologists find out recently?A.Reduced seismic vibration makes the Earth quieter. |
B.More smaller earthquakes are more likely to happen. |
C.Many seismic activities have been detected recently. |
D.Seismic noise is caused by vibrations underground. |
A.More seismic noise is being picked up. |
B.More data on smaller earthquakes is being collected. |
C.Scientists will shift their focus to smaller earthquakes. |
D.Future big earthquakes must be more accurately predicted. |
A.repeated | B.demanded | C.explored | D.questioned |
A.The drop in seismic noise is unique to Europe. |
B.Seismic noise is mainly caused by human activity. |
C.Many seismologists wanted tighter restrictions for their research. |
D.The phenomenon proved that people are practicing social lockdown rules. |
【推荐2】If English means endless new words, difficult grammar and sometimes strange pronunciation, you are wrong. Haven’t you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a second language?
According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brainpower. Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter (灰质). This is the area of the brain which deals with information. It is similar to the way that exercise builds muscles. The study also found the effect is greater, the younger people learn a second language.
A team led by Dr Andrea Michelle, from University College London, took a group of Britons who only spoke English. They were compared with a group of “early bilinguals” who had learnt a second language before the age of five, as well as a number of later learners. Scans showed that grey matter density (密度) in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language. But the longer a person waited before mastering a new language, the smaller the difference.
“Our findings suggest that the structure of the brain is changed by the experience of learning a second language,” said the scientists. It means that the change itself increases the ability to learn.
Professor Dylan Vaughan Jones of the University of Wales has researched the link between bilingualism and maths skills. “Having two languages gives you two windows on the world and makes the brain more flexible (灵活的).” he said. “You are actually going beyond language and have a better understanding of different ideas.”
The findings were matched in a study of native Italian speakers who had learned English as a second language between the ages of two and 34. Reading, writing, and comprehension were all tested. The results showed that the younger they started to learn, the better. “Studying a language means you get an entrance to another world," explained the scientists.
1. The underlined word “bilingual” probably means________.A.a researcher on language learning |
B.a person who is good at learning foreign languages |
C.a person who can speak two languages |
D.an active language learner |
A.Bilinguals have greater grey matter density than those who speak only one language. |
B.The younger one starts to learn a second language, the more stupid he will be. |
C.The participants (参与者) of Dr. Andrea’s team’s study are all bilinguals. |
D.Grey matter is an area in people’s brain only receiving information. |
A.say language is also a kind of physical labor |
B.prove that one needs more practice when he /she is learning a language |
C.to show the importance of using the language when you learn the language |
D.make people believe language learning helps grey matter work well |
A.science on learning a second language |
B.man’s ability of learning a second language |
C.language can help brain power |
D.language learning and maths study |
【推荐3】Flowing through winding streets of London were smells, so common during the Great Plague (瘟疫) of the 17th century that they almost meant the plague itself, historians said. For hundreds of years, people believed that disease was spread not through tiny drops or insect bites, but through taking in unpleasant smells. To purify the air around them, they would burn rosemary and hot tar.
Now, as the world faces another widespread outbreak, a team of historians and scientists from six European countries is seeking to identify and categorize the most common smells of daily life across Europe from the 16th century to the early 20th century and to study what changes in smells over time reveal about society.
The project will search through more than 250,000 images and thousands of texts, including medical textbooks, novels and magazines in seven languages. Researchers will use machine learning and AI to analyze references to smells. Once they are cataloged, researchers, working with chemists and perfumers, will re-create roughly 120 smells with the hope that museums will incorporate some of them into exhibits to make visits more immersive (沉浸式的) or memorable to museum-goers. The use of smells in exhibits could also make museums more accessible for blind people and those with limited sight, historians said.
“With smell, you can open up questions about national culture, global culture and differences between communities,” said Dr. Inger Leemans, a professor of cultural history at Vrije University Amsterdam. He said that introducing smells into museums or classrooms leads people to open up in discussions in ways they do not always do when discussing other issiues of national identity. “It is such an open topic and what we want to do is think about how we can bring history to the nose.”
1. What does the writer intend to do by Paragraph 1?A.Introduce the topic. | B.Put forward his argument. |
C.Voice his opinion. | D.Offer detailed information. |
A.To study the effects of smells. | B.To develop a cure for plagues. |
C.To find out the causes of disease. | D.To help us learn about the past. |
A.Include. | B.Break. | C.Change. | D.Create. |
A.Sceptical. | B.Ambiguous. | C.Supportive. | D.Negative. |
【推荐1】Artificial cloud technology could soon be used in the fight against environmental damage. Researchers in Australia have used machines to spray salt water into the air, and noted that the reflective qualities of these artificial clouds helped protect the Great Barrier Reef from sun bleaching.
The so-called cloud brightening project works by thickening existing clouds and reducing sunlight exposure. No artificial chemicals make it into the clouds in the sky, and when water droplets steam they leave only small salt crystals that float up into the atmosphere. This provides a larger surface area for water vapor (水蒸气) to be liquids around them,forming thicker clouds.
Cloud manipulation (控制) is becoming more commonplace as climate change threatens to destroy our ecosystems. The past two years have seen unheard-of forest fires and droughts caused by the climate change emergency, meaning that widespread use of this technique may become more commonplace if carbon emissions are not controlled strictly.
Drones have also entered the cloud manipulation picture, being used in the United Arab Emeritus, a country desperately in need of more rainfall, to deliver electrical shocks to clouds in order to promote rainfall. Zapping (击打) clouds to produce a positive or negative charge within clouds can cause water droplets to form together. The greater the charge, the larger the droplets, vital for ensuring that as much rain as possible reaches the surface before steam gives off all the hard-won moisture (水分).
Even discounting climate change, global waterfall shortages are still an increasing concern, giving the planet’s booming population. More people means more mouths to feed, and the demand for water in agriculture for animals and crops further increases urgency for cloud manipulation technology. An increase in rain also leads to positive economic growth in many countries, as large harvests stabilize financial systems and living standards in all climates.
Increasingly, scientists are looking to our skies in providing solutions to protect our environment. Cloud manipulation technologies have promise; however, they can also be extremely expensive to run. For this field of science to become practical economically, more research needs to be done in making this process a practicable option in protecting our environment.
1. How does the cloud brightening project work?A.By forming thicker clouds. |
B.By leaving small salt crystals. |
C.By providing a large surface area. |
D.By spraying salt water into the air. |
A.Failure in stopping forest fires. |
B.Adaptation to climate changes. |
C.Adaptation to ecosystem changes. |
D.Failure in reducing carbon emissions. |
A.Using water droplets to rain. |
B.Charging clouds to promote rain. |
C.Going into the cloud manipulation. |
D.Producing a positive charge outside the clouds. |
A.Our globe is suffering severe waterfall shortages. |
B.Cloud manipulation technologies will be more affordable to run. |
C.The cloud manipulation technology increases agriculture urgency. |
D.Cloud manipulation technologies can end environment problems. |
【推荐2】Procrastinators (拖延症患者),take note: If you’ve tried building self-control and you’re still putting things off, maybe you need to try something different. One new approach: Check your mood.
Often, procrastinators attempt to avoid the anxiety or worry aroused by a tough task with activities aimed at repairing their mood, such as checking Facebook or taking a nap. But the pattern, which researchers call “giving in to feel good,” makes procrastinators feel worse later, when they face the consequences of missing a deadline or making a last-minute effort, says Timothy Pychyl, an associate professor of psychology at Carleton University.
Increasingly, psychologists and time-management consultants are focusing on a new strategy: helping procrastinators see how attempts at mood repair are destroying their efforts and learn to control their emotions in more productive ways.
The new approach is based on several studies in the past two years showing that negative emotions can damage attempts at self-control. It fills a gap among established time-management methods, which stress behavioral changes such as adopting a new organizing system or doing exercises to build willpower.
Researchers have come up with a playbook of strategies to help procrastinators turn mood repair to their advantage. Some are tried-and-true classics: Dr. Pychyl advises procrastinators to just get started, and make the doorstep for getting started quite low. “Procrastinators are more likely to put the technique to use when they understand how mood repair works,” says Dr. Pychyl, author of a 2013 book, “Solving the Procrastination Puzzle.” He adds,“A real motive power comes from doing what we intend to do—the things that are important to us.”
He also advises procrastinators to practice “time travel”—projecting themselves into the future to imagine the good feelings they will have after finishing a task, or the bad ones they will have if they don’t. This cures procrastinators’ tendency to get so stuck in present anxieties and worries that they fail to think about the future.
Another mood-repair strategy, self-forgiveness, is aimed at dismissing the self-blame. University freshmen who forgave themselves for procrastinating on studying for the first exam in a course procrastinated less on the next exam, according to a recent study led by Michael Wohl, an associate professor of psychology at Carleton.
Thomas Flint learned about the technique by reading research on self-control, including studies by Dr. Sirois and Dr. Pychyl. He put it to use after his family moved recently to a new house. Instead of beating himself up for failing to unpack all the boxes gathered in his garage right away, Mr. Flint decided to forgive himself and start with a single step. I’d say, "OK, I’m going to take an hour, with a goal of getting the TV set up, and that's it, he says; then he watched a TV show as a reward. Allowing himself to do the task in stages, he says, is “a victory.”
1. What does Timothy Pychyl mean by mentioning the “giving in to feel good” practice in Paragraph 2?A.It probably does more harm than good. |
B.It prevents procrastinators from giving up. |
C.It helps procrastinators meet the deadline. |
D.It effectively drives away anxiety and worry. |
A.Sticking to one’s intention. |
B.Doing things that really matter. |
C.Getting started from a low doorstep. |
D.Learning important techniques of mood repair. |
A.To make their future plan more practical. |
B.To accelerate the speed of finishing the task. |
C.To stop people from worrying about their travel. |
D.To free people from the present negative emotions. |
A.Self-blame prevents students from putting things off. |
B.Procrastinators are still able to get good scores in exams. |
C.University freshmen can get rid of procrastination easily. |
D.Self-forgiveness is an effective way to cure procrastination. |
【推荐3】Music can really affect your well-being, learning, quality of life, and even happiness. The fact that music can make a difficult task more tolerable may be why students often choose to listen to it while doing their homework. But is listening to music the smart choice for students who want to improve their learning? A new study suggests that for some students, listening to music is a wise strategy, but for others, it isn’t. The effect of music on cognitive (认知的) function appears to depend partly on your personality—specifically, on your need for external stimulation (刺激).
Researchers not only assessed listeners’ personality but also changed the difficulty of the task and the complexity of the music. Participants first completed a personality test used to determine the need for external stimulation. Then, they engaged in an easy cognitive task (searching for the letter A in lists of words) and a more challenging one (remembering word pairs) in order. Participants finished both tasks under one of two sound conditions:(1)no music, (2)with music.
The data suggest that for those with a high need of external stimulation, on the simple task of finding A’s, the scores for the music condition were significantly worse than those for the silent condition. On the complex task of learning word pairs, their performance was worse whenever music was played. For those with a low need of external stimulation, however, on the simple task, such participants’ scores for the music condition were much better than those for the silent condition. On the complex task of learning word pairs, the participants showed a small but reliable benefit when listening to music.
According to the study, there are individual differences in the impact of music on cognitive function. Students who are easily bored and who seek out stimulation should be cautious of adding music to the mix. On the other hand, students with a low need for stimulation may benefit significantly from the presence of music.
With the right personality, the right music and the right task, the presence of music may significantly improve cognitive functioning. Given the benefits of music, subscription to Spotify will be rewarding!
1. What can we learn about the study in paragraph 2?A.It only involved the participants’ response to music. |
B.Participants completed two tasks when composing songs. |
C.The difficulty of the two tasks decreased in the experiment. |
D.Participants were grouped by their need for external stimulation. |
A.The complexity of tasks might reduce the benefit of music. |
B.Students should listen to music when performing complex tasks. |
C.Students with less external stimulation perform badly with music. |
D.The presence of music benefits students who seek for external stimulation. |
A.A travel guide. | B.A psychology journal. |
C.A music platform. | D.A personality test. |
A.Why is music essential in your study? |
B.Is music beneficial to your personality? |
C.How can music affect your external stimulation? |
D.Does music promote your cognitive performance? |