Coral reefs (珊瑚礁) are a unique ocean ecosystem consisting of rocky structures mainly formed by coral animals and some other ocean life. Despite only covering 0. 2 percent of the ocean floor, coral reefs support at least 25 percent of marine species, as well as providing food and economic security for hundreds of millions of people.
However, coral reefs across the world are under threat. Warmer oceans can cause the coral bleaching (漂白). It happens when the corals lose colored algae (海藻) living in their bodies and turn completely white. Without the algae, the corals lose their main food source and can die. In addition, as oceans become more acidic (酸性的) from absorbing CO2, corals in acidic conditions become weak in forming reefs.
In 2021, the United Nations reported a 14 percent loss of corals across the world largely from rising sea temperatures in the previous 13 years. Australia declared mass bleaching events in 2022 across large parts of the Great Barrier Reef, four times since 2016. Data from the Philippines showed higher than usual ocean temperatures between 2015 and 2017 had caused a serious three-year bleaching events in reefs across the planet.
Scientists have been cooperating to see how coral reefs can be protected. Thankfully, they find those coral reefs in the hot parts of the globe are the worst affected. They contain corals with better heat resistance. So their research focus on finding genes (基因) for heat tolerance so that they can be passed on to future generations. Biologists also mix corals that are more resilient to higher temperatures with those that are not and the resulting generation has a better chance of survival.
Ultimately, scientists add that without a serious reduction in greenhouse gas, 99 percent of the world’s coral reefs will be gone by the end of the century. There is a limit to how quickly corals can adapt warm climate, but if temperatures rise rapidly, then extinction is certain.
1. Which is the main threat to coral reefs?A.Declining ocean acidification. | B.Loss of colored algae. |
C.Increasing sea temperatures. | D.Lack of food source. |
A.Coral reefs receive impacts globally. |
B.Coral bleaching is the worst in Australia. |
C.Coral reefs have grown rapidly for years. |
D.No actions are taken to protect coral reefs. |
A.Limiting their spread. |
B.Transplanting them to the hot parts. |
C.Relying on genes science. |
D.Lowering the release of greenhouse gas. |
A.Where Are Coral Reefs Spread? |
B.How Can Coral Reefs Survive? |
C.Coral Reefs, A New Threat To Ocean Life |
D.Coral Reefs, A Busy Underwater Community |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】People often call music a universal language, but do certain songs really cause the same mental images in our minds? Scientists at Princeton find that while music absolutely can stimulate(激发)similar mental experiences, the results also strongly suggest culture is a major factor.
A total of 622 people took part in the study. All of the volunteers came from one of three locations: two suburban college towns in the US (one in Arkansas and the other in Michigan), or the rural Chinese village of Dimen. It’s worth noting that the main language in Dimen is Dong, a tonal language unrelated to the official language of China. Locals there have little contact with Western media or culture at all. All participants listened to the exact same 32 “musical stimuli”— which were 60-second cuts of instrumental music. Half of these pieces came from Western music while the rest came from Chinese music.
After hearing, researchers asked the groups about the images they saw in their heads while listening. Incredibly, people from Arkansas and Michigan often described very similar stories, even using the exact same words frequently. Dimen listeners, on the other hand, envisioned stories that were similar to each other but quite different from the American listeners. More specifically, one track led t o Americans seeing a cowboy in the hot desert surveying an empty town. Meanwhile, Chinese participants imagined a man in ancient times reflecting on the loss of a loved one.
“There’s something about the results that’s really surprising, especially because people encounter music in 2022 often in a solitary way, over headphones. But it turns out, it’s still a shared experience, almost like a shred dream, although not universally shared, ”says Elizabeth Margulis, the study author.
The results paint a more complex picture of music’s power. Music can generate remarkably similar stories in listeners’ minds, but it depends on a common set of cultural experiences. So while we imagine music can bring people together, the opposite can also be true-it can distinguish between sets of people with a different background or culture.
1. What is the probable reason for Dimen being selected for the study?A.Its unique cultural background. | B.Its close contact with US. |
C.Its complex language system. | D.Its long tradition of music. |
A.Exchange their comments on the scene. |
B.Imagine musicians’ original inspiration. |
C.Describe the picture forming in mind. |
D.Recall personal music-related stories. |
A.Strange. | B.Individual. | C.Outdated. | D.Polite. |
A.Unbelievable? Music’s Effects Go beyond Cultures |
B.Problem Solved! How Music Brings Us All Together |
C.Amazing! Cultures Determine Our Preference for Music |
D.Universal Language? Culture Matters When We Hear Music |
【推荐2】There are two kinds of people climbing a mountain. The first, they are smiling, laughing and fully enjoying the journey no matter the effort they have taken. Another group, however, they are struggling. They have to stop and catch their breath 10 times on the way up.
You should build a strong foundation now. You probably know people who’ve survived a horrific disease — and it was said that their preexisting physical and spirits strengthen their bodies for battle and made them better equipped to endure stresses. That’s true with the recent COVID-19 pandemic: Severe cases are more likely for those with preexisting conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, chronic lung disease and so on.
It’s unclear how many reboots you’ll get. Perhaps in a utopian 25th-century world, there will exist some places that allows you to walk into a booth, press a few buttons, and erase every cigarette you’ve smoked, every couch you’ve potatoed, every potato you’ve ever fried.
A.What’s the difference between them? |
B.No matter what happens, your brain needs you. |
C.You have the ability to change how your brain works and reacts. |
D.The same thinking will apply when we’re talking about longevity. |
E.So you will definitely self-engineer your DNA switches to protect your brain. |
F.Your longevity depends more on the aggregate of what you do most of the time. |
G.But for the near future, it’s far more likely that your reboot chances will be limited. |
【推荐3】Memory loss is a common part of aging. A decade-long study of older adults in China has found that a healthy lifestyle is linked to slower memory loss even when people carry a risky gene for Alzheimer’s(阿尔茨海默氏症). Researchers from China’s National Center for Neurological Disorders and other medical organizations followed 29,000 people aged at least 60 years for up to 10 years. Forty-nine percent of the participants were women.
At the beginning of the study in 2009, the researchers tested the participants memory function with the Auditory Verbal Learning Test(AVLT 听觉词语学习测验). They were also tested for the APOE gene, the most common gene linked with Alzheimer’s. Around 20 percent of the participants were carriers of the risk gene. The participants received tests in 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2019. In the follow-ups, six healthy lifestyle factors were analyzed: a healthy diet, regular physical exercise, active social contact, active cognitive activity, non-smoking and never drinking alcohol.
The results showed that the AVLT scores continuously decreased over the 10 years. But the highest test scores were in the favorable group and the lowest in the group where people usually have an unhealthy lifestyle. The participants with favorable and average lifestyles, even when they were APOE carriers, had a slower rate of memory loss than the participants with unhealthy lifestyles.
The researchers said that they studied the contribution of each lifestyle factor and their combined effects in a large sample size over an entire 10 years and offered important information to protect older adults against memory loss.
The results about the APOE carriers also provide a positive outlook that healthy lifestyle risks are related to a slower rate of memory loss, regardless of the genetic risk.
1. How many women participants participated in the study?A.About 14000. | B.About 13000. | C.About 15000. | D.About 12000. |
A.Regular physical exercise | B.Active cognitive activity |
C.Smoking and drinking alcohol | D.Active social contact |
A.The group of people with healthy lifestyle. | B.The group of people with unhealthy lifestyle. |
C.The group of people carrying APOE gene. | D.The group of people without APOE gene. |
A.An unbelievable study. |
B.The importance of healthy lifestyle. |
C.Memory loss is a common part of aging. |
D.The healthier your lifestyle, the slower your memory loss. |
【推荐1】Here in the middle of London, something extraordinary is going on. You can hear a loud and unmistakable sound of bees doing what they do best: making honey.
What’s more, they’re performing their magic, not in the leafy acres of nearby park, but up on the balcony of St Ermin’s Hotel. Whereas most urban residences would do their best to keep sting-bearing insects as far away from guests as possible, this hotel opens its doors to the capital’s bees. The person who tends this “Bee Hotel” is Camilla Goddard. “In the long run, bees are amazing creatures to work with. You can’t help admiring the way they operate. They really do put the good of the community first,” she says.
As well as providing an enjoyable pastime, modern beekeeping is becoming increasingly critical. According to the British Beekeepers Association (BBKA), 70 different UK crops depend on bees for pollination (授粉). Without bees to provide pollination, one-third of all our food wouldn’t survive. During the Second World War, Winston Churchill was a firm supporter of bees and made sure they got extra supplies to carry on with their pollination work, even as the German army dropped their bombs.
“Bees are in danger of disappearing from our environment,” warns Tim Lovett of the BBKA. Today, bee numbers are down by 50 per cent. Using more and more land, agricultural industry reduces spots where bees can live. Crop-protecting pesticides have also led to high death rate of bees. Another blow was an Asian species that first arrived in Devon and then spread across the country. It settled on the bees and not only weakened their immune system but caused their wings to deform (变畸形) so that flying became impossible.
Anxious about the decline of beekeeping, the BBKA has produced a school information pack entitled “Bees in the Curriculum”. Once the children have been around bees for a while, they understand the service that bees provide for us, rather than seeing them as the source of stings.
1. What do we know about Camilla Goddard?A.She has never got bee stings herself. |
B.She tries to make her guests bee-free. |
C.She admires the way in which bees live. |
D.She owns a bee hotel in a London suburb. |
A.To criticize the cruelty of war. |
B.To change the role of bees in the war. |
C.To highlight the value of bee pollination. |
D.To awaken the consciousness of saving crops. |
A.Modern agriculture. | B.Foreign species invasion. |
C.Hunting from humans. | D.Crop-protecting pesticides. |
A.The number of bees is decreasing sharply |
B.Modern beekeeping is ensuring our future |
C.Bee Hotel is changing bees’ fate in the UK |
D.Children are educated about the value of bees |
【推荐2】This past summer I went on a journey to Canada’s Arctic with Students On Ice. When I left Calgary I wondered what I would find what I would learn and who I would meet. On the trip to Ottawa I was wrapped in a blanket of uncertainty and excitement. But when I first met the group of students, scientists and leaders, I knew that l didn’t have anything to worry about. The group was amazingly receptive and I was soon part of a big family setting out on an amazing adventure—an adventure of a lifetime!
When we reached the Arctic I saw a vast Land that appeared untouched and original. I was surprised by its great size and beauty and my senses were repeatedly shocked and amazed. I stood on the Kapitan Khlebnikov and saw twelve polar bears. They walked in search of seal holes, and patiently waited for a meal. I learned that polar bears are successful only one out of every twenty hunting attempts.
However, I learned that the Arctic and its people are being threatened by pollution and global warming. I learned that pollutants are carried by ocean and air and have a bad effect on all Arctic people. I learned that global warming has put polar bears at risk because a warmer climate means that they have a shorter time to hunt seals on the ice.
The trip was a feast (盛宴) for the senses. I have learned more about our environment, and particularly how alive and interesting the Arctic is and why it is so important to take care of it. I learned pollution, ignorance of individual and global problems need to be solved. The Arctic deserves to he preserved. My trip with Students On Ice has made me more determined to try to ensure that I do not leave harmful footprints on either Earth or its people.
1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?A.The writer was too excited to bring a blanket. |
B.The writer was thrilled and full of wonder before the trip. |
C.The group the writer joined was strict with its members. |
D.The writer found it hard to fit in with the group. |
A.It’s not easy for them to catch seals. |
B.They are at risk because the land is vast and untouched. |
C.They prefer a little warmer climate. |
D.They warmly welcomed the writer and her party. |
A.Surprising. | B.Alarming. |
C.Appealing. | D.Rewarding. |
A.Global Warming and Canada’s Arctic | B.The Arctic Is under Severe Threat |
C.My Trip to the Canadian Arctic | D.Polar Bears and Me |
【推荐3】Turtles have an unfortunate habit of eating plastic objects floating in the sea. These then cannot be digested, and may ultimately kill them. It is widely assumed that this fondness for plastics is a matter of mistaken identity. Floating plastic bags, for instance, look similar to jellyfish (水母), which many types of turtles love to eat. Yet lots of plastic objects that end up inside turtles have no similarity to jellyfish. Joseph Pfaller of the University of Florida therefore suspects that the smell of marine microorganisms (海洋微生物) which grow oil floating plastic objects fools turtles into feeding.
Researchers at the University of California noticed that certain chemicals, which are released into the air by floating plastics, are those which many seabirds sniff (嗅) to track down food. These chemicals mark good places to limit because they indicate plenty of the algae (海藻) and bacteria. The researchers also found that birds which pursue their food in this way are five or six times more likely to eat plastic than those which do not.
Since turtles are known to break the surface and sniff the air when finding the way to their feeding areas, Dr. Pfaller indicated that they are following these same chemicals, and are likewise fooled into thinking that floating plastic objects are edible.
To test that idea, he and his colleagues set up an experiment. They arranged for 15 turtles, each around five month old, to be exposed, in random order, to four smells: the vapor from deionised water (去离子水); the smell of turtle-feeding meals; the smell of a clean plastic bottle; and the smell of a bottle that had been kept in the ocean for five weeks to allow algae and bacteria to grow on it. Two of the smells — the smell of meals and that of five-week-old bottles proved far more attractive to the animals than the others.
On the face of it, the turtles were responding to the smell of old bottles as if it were the smell of food. Actually, in an unpolluted ocean, anything which had this smell would indeed be edible — or, at least, harmless. However, unfortunately, five-week-old plastic bottles and their like are not.
1. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that turtles ________.A.mistake plastic objects for jellyfish |
B.are fooled into eating plastics by a smell |
C.are dying out as a result of plastic pollution |
D.break down plastics without much difficulty |
A.Seabirds eat plastics for the taste. |
B.The algae and bacteria grow well on plastics. |
C.Seabirds prefer being fed with jellyfish like turtles. |
D.Some seabirds pursue food in a similar way to turtles. |
A.Fit to eat. | B.Pleasant to smell. | C.Far to reach. | D.Easy to digest. |
A.To explain why the ocean is polluted. |
B.To show his agreement on the research findings. |
C.To arouse the awareness of protecting the ocean. |
D.To call on people to feed the turtles with proper food. |
【推荐1】More than 80% of adolescents worldwide are not active enough, putting their health at risk by sitting focused on a screen rather than running about, say World Health Organization (WHO) researchers
The proportion of inadequate active girls in 27 countries rose to more than 90% in 2016, the latest year for which figures are available. There was a significant gender gap. Girls lag behind boys in physical activity, in all but four countries- Afghanistan, Samoa, Tonga and Zambia.
The WHO says the situation is serious and that urgent action must be taken to get adolescents moving, with inactivity posing a great threat to their current and future health. Physical activity is important to the development of bone, muscular strength, and heart and lung health. It helps young people avoid obesity, heart disease, cancers and diabetes (糖尿病) . There is growing evidence that it helps cognitive (认知的) development.
“This is not the good start in life that we would want for our children and adolescents,” said Bull.“The data are worrying for all-parents, the community and the health system.”
Although schools provide sports, they are often under pressure. But Bull said communities and sporting associations can help, and towns can be better planned to encourage active living. Parental encouragement and providing a role model is also valuable.
Besides, a culture change is required, according to the WHO global action plan on physical activity, because there are disadvantages and unintended consequences to the use of digital media. It involves excessive (过度的) amounts of time spent on phones, laptops and gaming devices. The electronic revolution has fundamentally transformed people’s movement patterns by changing where and how they live, learn, work, play and travel. Gradually and eventually, it isolates people indoors.
1. Why do so many adolescents have healthy problems?A.They are not active enough. | B.They like to run about. |
C.They are used to sitting. | D.They often risk travelling. |
A.Afghanistan. | B.Samoa. |
C.Zambia. | D.China. |
A.Development of bone. | B.Muscular strength. |
C.Heart and lung health. | D.Cognitive development. |
A.Unconcerned. | B.Favorable. |
C.Worried. | D.Objective. |
【推荐2】Throughout history, many species of animals have been threatened with dying out. When Europeans first arrived in North America, more than 60 million buffalo (水牛) lived on the continent. Yet hunting the buffalo was so popular during the 19th century that by 1900 the animal’s population had fallen to about 400 before the government stepped in to protect the species. In some countries today, the elephant faces a similar challenge, as illegal hunters kill the animals for the ivory (象牙) in their tusks.
Yet not all animals with commercial value face this threat (威胁). The cow, for example, is a valuable source of food, but no one worries that the cow will soon die out. Why does the commercial value of ivory threaten the elephant, while the commercial value of beef protects the cow?
The reason is that elephants are a common resource, while cows are private goods which only belong to their owners. Elephants wander freely without any owners. The hunter has a strong motivation to kill as many elephants as he can find. Because the number of illegal hunters is big, each has only a little desire to protect the elephant population. By contrast, cattle live on farms that are privately owned. Each farmer makes great effort to keep the cattle population on his farm because he gets the benefit of these efforts.
Governments have tried to solve the elephant’s problem in two ways. Some countries, such as Kenya and Uganda, have made it illegal to kill elephants and sell their ivory. Yet these laws have been hard to put into effect, and elephant numbers have continued to reduce. By contrast, other countries, such as Malawi and Namibia, have made elephants private goods and allowed people to kill elephants, but only those who own these elephants.
With private ownership and the profit (利润) now on its side, the African elephant might someday be as safe from dying out as the cow. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle pointed out the problem with common resources: “What is common to many is taken least care of, for all men attach greater importance to what is their own than for what they have together with others.”
1. Why does the author mention buffalo in paragraph 1?A.To introduce a similar threat to elephants. |
B.To provide an example of species dying out. |
C.To offer an explanation for government policies. |
D.To present the statistics of the buffalo in America. |
A.They are under different law protection. |
B.They attract different groups of hunters. |
C.They contain different commercial value. |
D.They belong to different ownership types. |
A.Bans on killing elephants for ivory. |
B.Effective laws for elephant protection. |
C.Methods of making elephants private goods. |
D.Government policies on the elephant’s problem. |
A.Because elephants don’t fight back. |
B.Because elephants don’t have exact owners. |
C.Because local government haven’t protected them. |
D.Because elephants are more valuable than other animals. |
A.People pay little attention to others’ resources. |
B.People want to profit from common resources. |
C.People care more about their own resources. |
D.People tend to take what they own for granted. |
What accounts for its popularity? The show features a new generation of Chinese fathers, who, as part of the country’s new middle class, have faced more problems with modern child-raising techniques such as taking an active role with their children.
Part of the appeal of the show is the chance to throw a glance at the lives of Chinese celebrities (名流) and their children. Audiences are interested in watching the failed attempts of celebrity dads making dinner, doing hair, and disciplining (管教) children -- tasks often left to mothers in a society still influenced by the saying that “men rule outside and women are inside.” “In traditional Chinese culture, fathers are strict and mothers are kind. But on the show, we see fathers who are much gentler on their kids and more involved in their upbringing, ” said Li Minyi, an associate professor. “This show raises an important question for modern Chinese society -- what is the role of fathers in today’s China?”
After each episode (集) goes to air, the Chinese internet explodes with comments on each celebrity's parenting style.
Actor Guo Tao tries to communicate with his son, Shitou, but is seen as a more traditional Chinese father, and has been criticized online for being too harsh. Zhang Liang. a supermodel, is an audience favorite for treating his son. Tiantian, more like a friend. The show’s most famous celebrity. Lin Zhiying, a film star, was originally praised as patient with his son Kimi. But as the season progresses, fans begin to criticize him for raising a spoiled, undisciplined boy. Director Wang Yuelun is at a complete loss when it comes to care of his daughter’s hair.
Even the People's Daily is pleased with the success of the show.
1. Sponsorship rights for the show’s first season were sold for about______.
A.312 million yuan | B.50 million yuan | C.31 million yuan | D.600 million yuan |
A.gives audiences the chance to raise the star's children themselves |
B.invites some famous film stars to take part in it |
C.lets people think about the role of fathers in modem families |
D.raises people's concern about women's role in the society |
A.careless | B.strict | C.clumsy | D.kind |
A.Guo Tao | B.Zhang Liang | C.Lin Zhiying | D.Wang Yuelun |