In nature, octopuses (章鱼) hunt mainly with their sense of touch, using their eight arms to feel out their environment for hidden creatures. Researchers at the University of Minnesota recently studied a different way octopuses hunt—when they identify prey (猎物) based on sight. The study findings show that the marine creatures are quite consistent and methodical in how they approach prey.
Lead researcher Trevor Wardill and his team placed California two-spot octopuses into water tanks, hiding them in caves where they would have one eye looking out. They then placed either fiddler crabs or white shrimp in the tanks to see how the octopuses would try to catch them, capturing the interactions on video. The crabs and shrimp behave differently when trying to escape from predators (捕猎者), so using both species gave the researchers an opportunity to see whether this led the octopuses to use a different arm for hunting depending on the prey.
Wardill’s team found that the octopuses almost always used the same arm to grab their prey. Specifically, the second arm from the middle of the octopuses’ body, on the same side of their body as the eye, caught the prey. If they needed more arms to grab prey, they would use the ones next to the second arm.
The octopuses also attacked differently depending on the prey. When faced with crabs, an octopus would move suddenly on top of the crab with its whole body. However, when catching shrimp, the octopuses would take one arm and reach out very slowly toward the shrimp, then grab it and latch (缠住) onto it with its other arms to pull it in.
Wardill and his team hope to do more research. They want to study the octopus’s brain as it attacks pre y to develop a better understanding of what role the creature’s nervous system plays in selecting the arms it uses.
1. What is the recent study mainly about?A.Octopuses’ ability to hide itself. | B.Octopuses’ way to track prey. |
C.Octopuses’ hunting mode via eyes. | D.Octopuses’ method of perceiving the environment. |
A.They adopt different strategies to hunt. | B.They stretch arms slowly to catch crabs. |
C.They move suddenly to prey on shrimps. | D.They use the second arm to catch prey anytime. |
A.Whether they’re nervous in hunting. | B.How their nerves work during hunting. |
C.How they choose their arms in hunting. | D.Whether they use their brain during hunting. |
A.Octopuses: Skillful Hunters | B.Octopuses: One-armed Predators |
C.Octopuses: A Sharp-eyed Species | D.Octopuses: A Mysterious Creature |
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【推荐1】I enjoyed this trip for the opportunity to witness the Cranes (鹤) returning from Wood Buffalo National Park,some with their young of the year. I wondered, at the changing skies of Saskatchewan, often the vivid oranges and pinks of a sunset made me pause, but it was the clouds clouds of feathers as ducks, geese, and cranes lifted off fields and lakes in numbers so numerous, they blocked out the sky at times, that blew my mind.
The desire to travel and explore is strong within the human condition. We might think we must journey “away” to enjoy a holiday, and sometimes we do. But other times, a simpler exploration, digging deeply into landscapes and cultures that we think we know. reveals the best sights.
I grew up in Saskachewan when cranes were fighting back from extinction, and I wasn’t a birdwatcher. But, returning with Eagle-Eye Tours as a bird-loving RCGS Travel Ambassador, I wondered at the conservation successes that allowed us to find these rare birds reliably.
My favourite memory from the trip is of an old farmer driving a large trick who slowed down for our group,standing in the middle of a road, excitedly watching a flock of cranes. Rather than scolding us for blocking traffic, he invited us into his backyard for a better view! He explained how he’s been providing quiet reserves for many years as the birds stop to rest and feed before flying south to Texas. It’s moments like this that make the travel special, and companies like Eagle-Eye Tours craft itineraries (行程) that allow these unexpected discoveries.
I enjoyed sharing these experiences with other nature lovers on the Royal Canadian Geographical Society branded trip and look forward to doing it again in October 2024.
1. What do the changing skies indicate?A.The worsening environment | B.The coming change of the weather |
C.The imbalance of nature | D.The success of protecting cranes. |
A.A trip of relaxation. | B.A trip of exploration. |
C.A trip of friendship. | D.A trip of protection. |
A.To explain why the protection goes well. |
B.To describe how local people live their life |
C.To show that farmers are friendly to tourists. |
D.To prove that everyone is a true bird lover. |
A.Indifferent. | B.Expert. | C.Kind. | D.Rich |
【推荐2】While facial recognition technology continues to promote many aspects of human life, it’s now being applied to aid the protection of giant pandas, Xinhua News Agency reported on 6 January 2022.
A nature reserve has built an AI-enabled video monitoring system to better protect giant pandas. Installed with 300 infrared (红外线) cameras, the monitoring system helps ensure the health and safety of 110 wild giant pandas there. It was put into operation two years ago, and has captured numerous photos and videos of pandas engaged in activities such as eating, resting and fighting for mates. It provides scientific data to help us grasp pandas’ living conditions and establish conservation strategies. More importantly, it achieves real-time monitoring of the reserve so that we can discern the threats to the wildlife as early as possible.
A recent study found the facial recognition system can automatically recognize various wild animals caught in infrared cameras, allowing researchers to collect data on giant pandas while staying indoors. It’s shown that by equipping the AI-aided system to retain the filed photos of giant pandas, we obtain a 98% success rate for species recognition. Its success rate of recognizing other wild animals can top 80%. In 2021 alone, this monitoring system captured 2, 896 photos of giant pandas and other rare animals and filmed 3,218 seconds of footage, showcasing the reserve’s sound ecological environment as well as a gradual rise in panda population there.
Head of the reserve’s administration, Liu Xingming, said researchers used the system not only to observe the dynamics and health of the giant panda population but also to learn about changes in the natural surroundings of their habitat. “The monitoring system has enabled systematic, scientific, and intelligent conservation of wildlife,” he added. “However, it is expected to be further improved and optimized in the near future.”
1. What does the underlined word “discern” mean in paragraph 2?A.Solve. | B.Affect. | C.Detect. | D.Attach. |
A.It contributes to species data collection. | B.It makes panda population rise rapidly. |
C.It precisely recognizes any species. | D.It understands pandas’ facial appearance. |
A.Critical. | B.Ambiguous. |
C.Objective. | D.Conservative. |
A.Panda Facial Recognition Using Database |
B.AI Technology for Better Panda Protection |
C.Functions of Facial Recognition Technology |
D.A Breakthrough in Video Monitoring System |
【推荐3】My, what a big beak you have!
For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help to make the effects of a warmer world less harmful.
In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871. Another study, this time in North American dark-eyed juncos, another bird, found the same pattern.
All that is perfectly consistent with evolutionary theory. “Allen’s rule”, named for Joel Asaph Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger body parts than those in temperate (温带的) regions.
Ms. Ryding is not the first researcher to take that approach. But it is hard, when dealing with individual species, to prove that climate change was the cause of an anatomical (解剖学的) changes. All sorts of other factors, from changes in prey to the evolving reproductive preferences of males or females, might have been driving the changes.
A.However, looking at the bigger picture makes the pattern clearer. |
B.For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%. |
C.Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviors. |
D.It seems that the future world is going to be hotter than humans are used to. |
E.Therefore, the negative effects of a warmer world are visible in these animals’ bodies. |
F.Such adaptations boost an animal’s surface area relative to its body, helping it to release extra heat. |
G.Similar trends are seen in mammals, with species of mice and bats evolving bigger ears, legs and wings. |
【推荐1】TANAKA KANE became the third person ever to turn 118, according to the Gerontology Research Group, a team of academics. She is also the first citizen of Japan to reach 118—but is unlikely to be the last. The country has the world's longest life expectancy, and 80,000 people aged at 100 years old or older.
The unusual longevity enjoyed in Japan is credited to diet. Japan largely banned meat for l,200 years, and still consumes relatively little meat and dairy. Too much of these can be damaging, since they contain saturated fatty acids(饱和脂肪酸),which correlate to heart disease. Studies have also tied eating lots of processed red meat to a greater risk of stroke. But too little may be unwise as well, because they provide chemical substance that may be needed for our blood-tube walls. In a study of 48,000 Britons, vegetarians were unusually resistant to heart disease, but likely to suffer from strokes.
In theory, a lack of animal-based food could have contributed to Japan's historical cerebrovascular(脑血管)death rate. In 1960-2013, as the country's deaths from strokes reduced, its annual meat intake rose from near zero to 52kg per person (45% of America's level). Tsugane Shoichiro of the National Cancer Centre in Tokyo says that his citizens may need meat and dairy to keep their blood tubes strong―though not so much that those tubes get blocked.
Some evidence supports this view. One paper from the 1990s found that the parts of Japan where diets had changed most also had the biggest drops in cerebrovascular death rate. Another study, which tracked 80,000 Japanese people in 1995-2009, showed that strokes were most common among those who ate the least chops and cream. Although Japan's decline in cerebrovascular deaths could stem from other causes, these data suggest that nutritional shifts may have helped.
The unhappy irony is that Japan's health gains, paired with a low birth rate, threaten its economy. By 2060, 40% of Japanese could be 60 or older. That would produce more birthday cakes with 118 candles—and fewer great-grandchildren to blow them out.
1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?A.To provide evidence. |
B.To introduce the topic. |
C.To promote an idea. |
D.To make comparison. |
A.A light heart lives long. |
B.Diet cures more than doctors. |
C.Happiness lies first of all in health. |
D.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. |
A.It is vital to have meat and dairy. |
B.It is common to suffer from strokes. |
C.It is beneficial to change diet habit. |
D.It is important to eat least cream. |
A.The less meat and dairy, the better. |
B.More cakes and candles are needed. |
C.Medical demand for heart disease is met. |
D.Longevity and low birth rate affect economy. |
【推荐2】Lime has launched its latest Gen4 e-bike, featuring a series of upgrades, among which an interchangeable battery is the most characteristic, in an effort to improve the sustainability and availability of the company’s shared vehicles.
The launch is initially limited to Washington D.C., but the e-bike will gradually spread in other cities this spring, including Atlanta and Charleston in the U.S.
In early 2021, Lime announced a $50 million investment in the Gen4 model. The battery can be used between Lime’s Gen4 e-bikes and Gen4 e-scooters(电动滑板车), which will hopefully result in reduced van trips for the Lime’s operations team replacing the batteries. The feature is also designed to improve reliability for the service and prevent large numbers of uncharged, unusable vehicles lying around on sidewalks.
“The launch of our Gen4 e-bike is an important step toward achieving our mission of building a future where transportation is shared, affordable and carbon-free,” said Wayne Ting, CEO of Lime. “Standardising our exchangeable batteries across modes is a leap forward for Lime and the broader micromobility industry, making operations more efficient and sustainable, while improving reliability for riders.”
Other significant updates to the bike include increased motor power, an improved phone holder, new handlebar display(already seen on Lime’s e-scooters), an automatic two-speed transmission for a smoother ride, and a modular(组合式的)design which the company says makes the bike’s usable life longer. Durability(持久性)is a major issue for the miromobility industry.
The demand for e-bikes, shared or otherwise, appears to be continuing at a steady pace, as Americans apparently bought electric bikes at greater rates than they did electric cars during the pandemic. Here’s all the electric bikes and scooters that rolled into CES 2022 for a glimpse of what’s ahead.
1. What is the biggest feature of Gen4 e-bike?A.Its colour. | B.Its firm phone holder. |
C.Its exchangeable battery. | D.Its fast-charge system. |
A.It will only be used in Washington D.C. |
B.It uses the same battery as Gen4 e-scooters. |
C.It has reduced the number of the operations team replacing batteries. |
D.It may cause more uncharged vehicles on the roadside. |
A.Automatic two-speed transmission. | B.A newly designed pedal. |
C.Increased motor power. | D.New handlebar display. |
A.A new e-bike appears in the UK |
B.The high quality of Gen4 e-bike |
C.A great leap for battery sharing in Washington D. C. |
D.Lime launches a new e-bike featuring swappable batteries. |
【推荐3】Money might not grow on trees, but scientists have confirmed that gold is found in the leaves of some plants. Researchers from Australia say that the presence of the particles (颗粒) in a eucalyptus (桉树) tree’s leaves shows that deposits (矿藏) are buried many meters below. They believe that the discovery offers a new way to find the valuable metal in difficult-to-reach areas.
Dr Mel Lintern said: “We have found a lot of the easy particles in Australia in this way. Now we are trying to find the more difficult ones that are buried tens of meters below. And the trees are providing us with a method to be able to do this.”
Using a vast machine that uses X-rays to explore matter in detail—they found gold in the leaves and small thin branches.
“We need 500 eucalyptus trees growing over a gold deposit to have enough gold in the tress themselves to make a gold ring,” said Dr Lintern. However the presence of the particles pointed to richer deposits buried more than 30m below. He added, “We believe that the trees are acting like a pump(水泵). They are bringing life-giving water from their roots, and in doing so, they are taking smaller gold particles up into the leaves.”
The scientists said that research on plants could offer a better and simpler method to discover gold deposits. Dr Lintern said: “Not only do we believe it is a way of saving the exploration cost, because exploring for these deposits can be quite expensive, it also reduces the damage to the environment because we are taking a very small amount from the trees themselves, as well as the leaves and branches on the ground. The plant-analyzing(分析) method is certain to work!”
1. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A.A New Way to Protect Metal Deposits. |
B.Newly-discovered Gold Deposits. |
C.Gold in Trees leading to Hidden Deposits. |
D.Gold Found in Eucalyptus Trees in Australia. |
A.the amount of the valuable metal in a eucalyptus tree’s leaves was very small |
B.a pump takes smaller gold particles up into the leaves |
C.a tree growing over a gold deposit have enough gold to make a gold ring |
D.the roots can take water and deposits up into the leaves |
A.useless | B.cheap | C.environmentally-friendly | D.simple |
A.is doubtful about the plant-analyzing method |
B.is confident of the plant-analyzing method |
C.is very satisfied with what he has achieved in mining |
D.is tired of discovering gold deposits in the wild |