How do the world’s only flying mammals(哺乳动物) communicate? Researchers have observed young bats adopting new “dialects” simply by hearing them repeatedly, making them one of the few animals known to be capable of voice learning. “These bats may help us clarify the development of speech learning skills,” says Yosef Prat, a PhD at Tel AvivUniversity.
For one year, researchers raised 14 Egyptian fruit baby bats with their mothers in controlled area, surrounding each young bat with two different voices: the natural call of its mother and a distinct recording that varied in loudness or tone. They found that the baby bats in each group developed a dialect like the recording. “The general assumption in this field is that most animals develop their born voices in despite of what they hear, and that human voice learning abilities have developed as time goes by,” says Mr. Prat. “The finding that bats learn the common dialect in their rest place was unusual. ”
Scientists know little about the origin of spoken language, which is believed to have appeared in humans within the past 500,000 years. A diversity of theories attempts to give a detailed clarification of this skill, but none have done so conclusively.
“Studying voice communication and voice learning in animal models is a very useful way to approach the problem,” says Olga Feher, an assistant professor at the University of Warwick in England.
But animal voice s and human speech are very different things, says Jamin Pelkey, a professor at Ryerson University. “All species communicate. Unlike other animals, though, human beings are able to use sound patterns for functions that are far stranger—functions that are imaginative, theoretical, and critical. When speech is involved in these stranger functions, that is what we mean by spoken ‘language’. ‘‘
1. How do young bats pick up their “language” according to the research?A.By hearing it constantly. | B.By interacting with partners. |
C.By learning from researchers. | D.By repeating it with their mothers. |
A.It is distinct from the general assumption. |
B.It helps people understand human voice leaning. |
C.It proves animals only develop their inborn voices. |
D.It makes the previous assumption more convincing. |
A.Illustrating the origin of animal voices. |
B.Giving a full account of spoken language. |
C.Helping animals develop their born voices. |
D.Telling the differences between animal voices and human speech. |
A.It is not so relevant to understanding human speech. |
B.It promotes people to use imaginative sound patterns. |
C.It is essential for analyzing animal voice learning skills. |
D.It helps people explore more functions of spoken language. |
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【推荐1】It appears that language can have a fascinating effect on the way we think about time and space. A growing number of experts believe language can influence how we think just as our thoughts and culture can shape how language develops.
Cognitive scientist Lera Boroditsky, one of the pioneers of research into how language manipulates our thoughts, has shown that English speakers typically view time as a horizontal (平的) line. They tend to view time as travelling from left to right, most likely in line with how you are reading the text on this page.
Languages also encode (编码) time in their grammar. In English, the future is one of three simple tenses, along with the past and the present — we say “it rained”, “it rains” and “it will rain”. But in German, you can say Morgen regnet, which means “it rains tomorrow” — you don’t need to build the future into the grammar.
But does this affect how we think? In 2013, Keith Chen, a behavioral economist at the University of California, set out to test whether people who speak languages that are “futureless” might feel closer to the future than those who speak other languages. For example, German, Chinese, and Japanese have no linguistic barrier between the present and the future, while “futured languages” , such as English, French, Italian and Spanish, encourage speakers to view the future as something separate from the present.
He discovered that speakers of futureless languages were more likely to engage in future-focused activities. They were 31% more likely to have put money into savings in any given year and had gained 39% more wealth by retirement. They were also 24% less likely to smoke and 29% more likely to be physically active.
It is becoming increasingly clear that language is influencing how we think about the world around us, which is not to say that any one language is “better” than another. But being aware of how languages differ can help you think, navigate and communicate better. And while being multilingual (多语的) won’t necessarily make you a genius, we all can gain a more flexible understanding of the world by learning a new language.
1. What does the underlined word “manipulates” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Weakens. | B.Shapes. | C.Impacts. | D.Deepens. |
A.By listing figures. | B.By giving examples. |
C.By giving definitions. | D.By explaining the reasons. |
A.Smoke and drink. |
B.Be mentally active. |
C.Spend money without restriction. |
D.Take part in future-focused activities. |
A.One language is much better than another. |
B.Being multilingual can help you become a genius. |
C.Learning a new language can change your way of life. |
D.Language has an impact on how we think about the world. |
In fact, it is impossible to estimate the number of people in the world who have acquired an enough working knowledge of English in addition to their own languages. The purpose for English learning and the situations in which such learning takes place are so varied that it is difficult to explain and still more difficult to judge what forms an adequate working knowledge for each situation.
The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present-day importance as a world language. Besides serving the indefinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of important works in science, technology, and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers. It is widely used for such purposes as meteorological and airport communications, international conferences, and the spread of information over the radio and television networks of many nations. It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries, especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have multilingual populations and need a language for internal communication in such matters as government, commerce, industry, law and education as well as for international communication and for entrance to the scientific and technological developments in the West.
1. What would be the best title for this passage?
A.The Difficulties of Learning English | B.International Communications |
C.The Standard Varieties of English | D.English as a World Language |
A.Some 260 million people in the world have an adequate working knowledge of English. |
B.There are some 260 million native speakers of English in the world. |
C.It is almost impossible to estimate the number of people with an adequate working knowledge of English. |
D.People learn English for a variety of reasons. |
A.It was popular during Shakespeare’s time. |
B.It is used in former British colonies. |
C.It serves the needs of its native speakers. |
D.It is a world language that is used for international communication. |
A.Those geographically close to the United States. |
B.Those interested in the culture of the United States. |
C.Former colonies of the Great Britain. |
D.Countries where international conferences are held. |
【推荐3】Did you know that all human beings have a “comfort zone” regulating the distance they stand from someone when they talk? This distance varies in interesting ways among people of different cultures.
Greeks, some of the Eastern Mediterranean, and many of those from South America normally stand quite close together when they talk, often moving their faces even closer as they warm up in a conversation. North Americans find this awkward and often back away a few inches. Studies have found that they tend to feel most comfortable at about 12 inches apart. In much of Asia and Africa, there’s even more space between two speakers in conversation. This greater space subtly lends an air of dignity and respect. This matter of space is nearly always unconscious, but it is interesting to observe.
This difference applies also to the closeness with which people sit together, the extent to which they lean over one another in conversation, how they move as they argue or make an emphatic (强调的) point. In the United States, for example, people try to keep their bodies apart even in a crowded elevator; in Paris they take it as it comes!
Although North Americans have a relatively wide “comfort zone” for talking, they communicate a great deal with their hands—not only with gesture but also with touch. They put a sympathetic hand on a person’s shoulder to demonstrate warmth of feeling or an arm around him in sympathy; they pat an arm in reassurance or stroke a child’s head in fondness; they readily take someone’s arm to help him across a street or direct him along an unfamiliar route. To many people –especially those from Asia or the Muslim countries—such bodily contact is unwelcome, especially if done with the left hand. The left hand carries no special significance in the United States. Many Americans are simple left-handed and use that hand more.
1. What would most probably happen when a Greek meets a North American?A.The Greek keeps 12 inches apart from the North American. |
B.The Greek can keep a comfortable distance with the North American. |
C.The North American accepts the Greek distance when they become friends. |
D.The North American keeps backing away while the Greeks keeps moving closer. |
A.move closer when they want to emphasize a point |
B.use more body language to interact with others |
C.sit farther apart when they talk in a large room |
D.Don’t mind bodily contact in a crowded elevator |
A.a meaningless gesture |
B.an offending action |
C.an unintentional mistake |
D.an ill-intentioned joke |
【推荐1】There is a huge need for shark fins (鳍) in Asian countries. As a result, many sharks are caught and killed. According to reports, sharks are being killed at an shocking rate (速度) of up to 273 million worldwide every year.
Some experts predict that if the killing continues at the current rate, many shark species will be lost forever. It can be very dangerous. Sharks are very important and they should be protected.
In a study of the east coast of the United States, 11 species of sharks were eliminated from their range. Of the 14 species of ocean life that those sharks used to eat, the populations of 12 exploded and caused great damage to the ecosystem. For example, the cownose ray (鳐) population was no longer kept under control by sharks and so grew out of control. As a result, the rays destroyed the population of bay scallops (扇贝), their favorite food. The scallop fishery, which had been in good condition for over 100 years, was destroyed completely. Also, the removal of the scallops most likely had an effect on water quality as they were no longer there to perform their function (功能) of cleaning the water.
Sharks tend to eat very efficiently (高效地), going after the old, sick, or slower fish in a population, keeping that population healthy. Sharks help keep many populations of ocean life to the right size so that those prey (猎物) species don’ t do harm to the ecosystem by becoming too populated. The ocean ecosystem is made up of very complex (复杂地) food webs. For the most part, sharks are at the top of these webs and are considered by scientists to be “keystone” species, meaning that removing them may cause the whole structure to fall apart. Therefore, we should protect sharks because doing so is to protect the whole ecosystem.
1. According to the passage, in Asian, people kill sharks mainly because ________.A.sharks are dangerous for people | B.there are too many sharks |
C.shark fins are in great need | D.sharks often attack swimmers |
A.Fed. | B.Removed. | C.Charged. | D.Protected. |
A.water quality improved as well | B.bay scallops grew out of control |
C.there are more food for shark | D.the local scallop fishery was harmed |
A.They can’t find enough food to feed on. |
B.They never eat the old, sick or slower fish. |
C.Their large populations can harm the ecosystem. |
D.They play a key role in keeping the ecosystem healthy. |
【推荐2】Heavy traffic doesn’t stop big mammals like bears from crossing highways—not does it keep smaller creatures from being squished (压扁) by cars. In just two years along one highway in Utah, more than 100 animals were killed in traffic accidents. In the United States, there are 21 endangered species whose survival is threatened by traffic accidents.
However, there’s one solution that’s been effective in decreasing crashes between cars and animals crossing the road: wildlife under-and-overpasses. Looking much like a regular overpass for cars, but decorated with native plants, they aren’t particularly noticeable unless you know what you’re looking for. The drivers may not be able to see the undercrossings, which pass beneath highways to assist shyer and smaller animals. But they’re helping countless species, from gold monkeys in Brazil to water voles in London.
Washington State is one of the latest to join in. Construction on its first wildlife bridge began in 2015 over Interstate 90 (I-90), which runs from Seattle to Boston. Though it’s just a bare set of arches now, with native plants to be planted next year, deer and wolves are already using it. Along with six underpasses built since 2013, these crossings are the first set. These passes will allow black bears and mountain lions to pass through what was once an impenetrable road.
These wildlife crossings aren’t just about saving individual animals—they’re about species survival, too. I-90 is an economically important east-west lifeline in the state. But many of the animals mostly want to move from north to south. Those animals on the south of the highway also got trapped in an island. Inbreeding became a problem. Localized extinction happens if they don’t have genetic (基因的) variability. The Snoqualmie overpass helps reconnect these isolated populations. I-90’s underpasses are quite important in connecting waterways and species.
1. What’s the purpose of paragraph 1?A.To raise awareness of the danger of overspeeding. |
B.To draw people’s attention to the behavior of wildlife. |
C.To introduce the following method to protect animals. |
D.To show the results of wildlife protection through data. |
A.By making drivers notice the animals. |
B.By building highway crossings for animals. |
C.By looking for irregular passes for cars. |
D.By keeping smaller animals away from highways. |
A.Because they can protect native plants for animals. |
B.Because they are economically imporant for the country. |
C.Because they can help animals trapped in the island on the north. |
D.Because they will prevent species from dying out for lacking genetic variety. |
A.Unconcerned. | B.Doubtful. |
C.Cautious. | D.Favorable. |
【推荐3】Sydney’s Royal Botanic Gardens are to start a war on gray-headed flying foxes. These super bats have invaded one of Australia’s most famous public spaces. Officials have said the animals are destroying trees and have to move on.
These unwanted guests at Sydney’s Royal Botanic Gardens look like tiny foxes with wings. Officials have estimated there are about 11,000 of them living in the harbor-side park. After inspecting damage to dozens of trees they now believe there are twice as many as previously thought. Branches have been breaking under the weight of these furry invaders and their droppings have been poisoning plants.
Help may well be at hand, however, in the shape of the ordinary garbage bin. The gardens’ director Dr. Tim Entwistle hopes the unpleasant sounds of crashing bin lids will agitate the flying foxes and force them to move on. “The way to disturb them is to use noises, so we’ve used the loud noises made by rubbish bins in the past. You can also use speakers as long as you move the noise around, and what we’ll do is to have a series of noises, at the beginning and end of the day. What we’ve found in the past is that the flying foxes leave the gardens and go somewhere else,” said Tim.
The gray-headed flying fox is Australia’s largest bat. It flies around at night using its eyes and a powerful sense of smell to search for fruit and flowers. Officials at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney have said they’re optimistic the unwelcome colony can be uprooted. If and when the bats do move to other parts of the city they will of course then become someone else’s problem.
1. Why do people want to get rid of the flying foxes?A.Because the gardens are important public places. |
B.Because they are polluting the city. |
C.Because many garbage bins have been damaged by them. |
D.Because they’re threatening the survival of trees and other plants. |
A.Shooting them. | B.Making loud noises. |
C.Shaking the trees hard. | D.Cutting some trees down. |
A.excite | B.kill |
C.disturb | D.discourage |
A.The bats will still stay in the gardens. |
B.Some other areas will have to deal with the bats. |
C.The grey-headed flying fox often eats trees. |
D.The damage caused by the bats is serious. |
But that doesn’t mean you need to “fit in”, or at least in the way that people think. If you try to transform yourself into a clone of everyone else, it won’t help you make friends. It’ll just make you feel like a fake.
You also shouldn’t shut down or refuse to be friends with everyone who doesn’t like you. If you do that, you’ll just make yourself miserable. Instead, you’ve got to work on being comfortable and confident with whom you are while ignoring all the haters. Keep on speaking up, asking questions and getting to know people better. If you send out positive energy, then people will generally send some back to you. A couple of them will stay the same, and you’re allowed to forget about them.
If you feel like you’re doing all that but still not getting anywhere, then don’t give up. Just expand your circle. Get a part-time job at a cool-looking place, join an after-school art class or youth group—do whatever it takes to find a couple of like-minded people to connect with. Even if you don’t find anyone right away, you’ll still be getting some more social experiences under your belt, and that’s always a good thing.
A fun book called Uncool, by Erin Elisabeth Conley, has some tips for folks like you who want to stay positive at school while being true to your personality:
·Throw caution to the wind.
·Don’t tolerate others’ mistakes.
·Have patience with people who are different from you.
·Don’t change just because someone else thinks you should.
·Know that even though you may be a misfit, there’s always some place where you will be welcomed in the world.
1. According to the author, what should you do if you meet people who don’t appreciate you?
A.Just give up. |
B.Ask someone else for help. |
C.Show positive attitude toward them. |
D.Try your best to fit in with them. |
A.get more chances of making friends |
B.lay a better foundation for your future jobs |
C.transform yourself into a clone. |
D.make you feel like a fake. |
A.always be kind to your friends |
B.keep your own personality |
C.tolerate others’ mistakes |
D.help improve characters of others |
A.doctors | B.scientists |
C.students | D.Teachers |
【推荐2】Microplastics (微塑料) pollute drinking water. Data now suggest all of us have microplastics in our bodies. Some plastics are harmful.
Menake Piyasena, a professor at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, and his team worked on a new process. In the past, Piyasena used ultrasound (超声波) to separate microbes and other cells from water. He recalls thinking: “What if we can use the same method to concentrate on microplastics?”
The researchers send polluted water down a tube. The tube’s water flows past a transducer, which turns electrical energy into sound energy. It makes ultrasound waves that travel from one side of the tube to the other. When they hit microplastics, these waves exert(施加)a force on the plastic bits.
What happens next depends on the size of those plastic bits. Ones less than about 180micrometers across will move to the center of the flow. Larger ones will interact with each other and create an additional force. This sends those larger ones toward the other end of flowing water.
The ultrasound treatment removed about four in every five plastic bits from the water. It took about 90 minutes to clean one liter. It cost only about 10 cents to do that. “We think our approach will be cost-effective and simple,” Piyasena says.
“Microplastics are a problem worldwide,” says a research chemist Souhail Al-Abed, who works for the US Environmental Protection Agency. In his opinion, this tech is not yet ready to be rolled out for widespread use. “I’d like to express praise for Piyasena’s team that are conducting this research,” Al-Abed adds. “Research does not have all the answers on day 1 or day 2 or day 100. But continuing work by these researchers may find a good solution for the future.”
1. Why did the researchers turn to ultrasound in the new study?A.They proved it was harmless to humans. |
B.They managed to apply it to other studies. |
C.It produced enough energy to heat water. |
D.It enabled them to focus on the experiment. |
A.It might waste plenty of water. |
B.It will serve every family soon. |
C.It could lead to safer drinking water. |
D.It has been the most effective approach. |
A.Hopeless. | B.Unclear. | C.Concerned. | D.Positive. |
A.Ultrasound Helps Remove Microplastics in Water |
B.Scientists Have Found the Cause of Water Pollution |
C.Efforts Are Made to Turn Microplastics into Energy |
D.Plastics Have a Bad Influence on Our Everyday Life |
The satellite was directed into an area known as Manhattan, named after the great Venusian astronomer Professor. Manhattan, who first discovered it with his telescope 20000 light years ago.
Because of excellent weather conditions and extremely strong signals, Venusian scientists were able to get valuable information as to feasibility (可行性) of a manned flying saucer landing on Earth. A press conference was held at the Venus Institute of Technology.
"We have come to the conclusion, based on last week's satellite landing," Prof. Zog said, "that there is no life on Earth."
"How do you know this?" the science reporter of the Venus Evening Star asked.
"For one thing, Earth's surface in the area of Manhattan is made up of solid concrete and nothing can grow there. For another, the atmosphere is filled with carbon monoxide (一氧化碳) and other deadly gases and nobody could possibly breathe this air and survive."
"What does this mean as far as our flying saucer program is concerned?"
"We shall have to take our own oxygen with us, which means a much heavier flying saucer than originally planned."
"Are there any other dangers that you discovered in your studies?"
"Take a look at this photo. You see this dark black cloud hovering (盘旋) over the surface of Earth? We don't know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have further tests before we send a Venus Being there."
"Over here you will notice what seems to be a river, but the satellite findings indicates it is polluted and the water is unfit to drink. This means we shall have to carry our own water, which will add even greater weight to the saucer."
"If all you say is true, won't this set back the flying saucer program several years?"
"Yes, but we shall continue as soon as the Grubstart gives us the added funds(资金)." Profession. Zog replied.
1. According to the passage, the Venusian scientists succeeded in getting important information about _____.
A.the feasibility of landing a satellite on Earth |
B.the possibility of making a first-rate flying saucer |
C.the feasibility of sending a Venus Being to Earth |
D.the possibility of directing a flying saucer into Manhattan |
A.they need it in their way to the planet of Earth |
B.the Earth's atmosphere is filled with deadly gases |
C.there is a low level of oxygen for Venusians |
D.there is no air on the planet of Earth |
A.landing a manned flying saucer on Earth will be carried out soon |
B.Venusians will land on Earth to help to stop serious pollution |
C.it’s unnecessary to land a manned flying saucer on Earth at present |
D.pollution on Earth makes it impossible for Venusians to survive there |
A.In a popular magazine. | B.In a fairy tale. |
C.In an observation journal | D.In science fiction |