Artificial Intelligence (AI) advice is as influential as humans’, but positive crowd views still overpower.
In a study, researchers found that machines that make recommendations or AI experts were as influential as human experts when the AI experts recommended which photo users should add to their online business profiles. However, both AI and human experts failed to budge them if the feedback of both AI and human experts was negative and went against popular views among other users, said Sundar, a professor of Media Effects.
Because people are increasingly using social media to look for feedback, studies suggest that expert opinions and the bandwagon effect (从众效应) may be important factors in influencing decisions. “Nowadays, we often turn to online platforms for opinions from other people-like our peers and experts-before making a decision,” said Jinping Wang, a doctoral candidate in mass communication and first author of the study. AI experts are often less expensive than human experts and they can also work 24 hours a day, which, Wang suggests, might make them appealing to online businesses.
The researchers also found that the AI’s group status (群体地位) - in this case, national origin was pointed out-did not seem to affect a person’s acceptance of its recommendation. Among human experts, however, an expert from a similar national origin who offered a negative opinion of a photograph tended to be more influential than a human expert from an unknown country who offered a similar negative rating of a photograph.
While findings that suggest group status may not affect whether a person values the view of AI experts sound like good news, Sundar suggests that the same cultural biases (偏见) might still be at work in AI experts for they could be hidden in the programming and training data. “It can be both good and bad because it all depends on what you feed AI, ”said Sundar, “ While it is good to believe in AI’s ability to transcend (超越) cultural biases, we have to keep in mind that if you train the AI on pictures from one culture, they could give misleading recommendations on pictures meant for use in other cultural contexts.”
1. What do the underlined words “budge them” in paragraph 2 mean？| A．Raise users’ spirits. | B．Satisfy users’ needs. |
| C．Change users’ ideas. | D．Fire users’ imagination. |
| A．AI experts are more knowledgeable. |
| B．AI experts are less influenced by feelings. |
| C．AI experts are so new as to be more attractive. |
| D．AI experts are on hand and cost less. |
| A．An expert from countries with similar cultures to his. |
| B．An expert who has great achievements in arts. |
| C．A foreign expert who is very popular worldwide. |
| D．An expert with better personality and attitude. |
| A．People should have a mind of their own. |
| B．People should be able to tell good from bad. |
| C．People should know AI’s hidden cultural biases. |
| D．People should be trained how to use AI properly. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】As is known to all, “I am sorry.” is the phrase we hear most in daily communication in Britain. What does it mean? Does it always mean you apologize (道歉) for what you have done wrong? Let us review a scene happening in a British street one day.
A young man walked down a road playing with his smart phone when a lady came over in his opposite direction. The man failed to give his way to the lady in time. As a result, he bumped (碰撞) into the lady. As a rule in China, the man must say “I am sorry” first, because he was so busy playing with his smart phone that he got in the way of the lady. However, both the persons apologized to each other by saying “I am sorry.” Why is this the case? As a matter of fact, the phrase “I am sorry” takes on another meaning in Britain. Anyone should speak to the other this way if either of them creates inconvenience (不便). The apology is just a way to avoid unnecessary fights between them.
Another cultural difference about “I am sorry.” can also be found at British restaurants. Supposing an old woman says to a waiter in a pub (酒馆), “I am sorry, but can I order another drink?” This time you must realize it doesn’t mean she apologizes to the waiter for what she has done wrong, but means she really needs the waiter to do something for her.
1. In China, the person who does something ______should apologize to the other by saying “I am sorry.”| A．wrong | B．special | C．right | D．common |
| A．answering a call | B．playing with his smart phone |
| C．dancing along the road | D．playing football with his friends by the roadside |
| A．the waiter | B．both the lady and the young man |
| C．the young man | D．the lady |
| A．apologize to | B．ask for help from | C．treat | D．play a joke on |
| A．Don’t play with smart phones on the road. |
| B．We should learn to be a person with good manners |
| C．How to order a drink successfully in a British pub? |
| D．We can find cultural difference in daily English communication. |
【推荐2】Terribly hot weather. Pouring downpours. Scientists have long suspected that global warming can cause extreme weather events. Now experts have numbers to support that idea.
The burning of fossil fuels has been leading to a build-up of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. This CO2 is a greenhouse gas. That means it can trap heal in the air. As a result, our planet’s temperature has been rising. And this global warming will account for a growing share of ever more frequent extreme weather events.
Many governments hope to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius above temperatures that were typical before the Industrial Revolution. It will be hard for nations to achieve that. But even if they do, global warming still will be responsible for nearly all heat extremes. Global warming will also be to blame for about 2 out of every 5 extreme rains and snowfalls. “This is a considerable fraction (分数) of major weather events,” says climate scientist Peter Stott.
So far, the Earth has warmed about 0.85 degree Celsius since 1750. That’s about when the Industrial Revolution got its start. That’s also when fossil fuel use took off, spewing (喷出) lots of CO2 into the air. “Overall，the new study shows that relatively small rises in the global temperature translate into large increases in the likelihood of extremes,” Stott says.
Erich Fischer and Reto Knutti analyzed 25 different computer models of global climate. These analyses looked at different climate periods，from preindustrial times to the present. The analyses also predicted what weather events were likely to be like in the future. This period was predicted to be warmer by 2 and 3 degrees Celsius.
The computer looked at when extreme heat and precipitation (降水量) occurred during each climate period. It focused on events of unusual heat or heavy precipitation. Before the Industrial Revolution, such extremes typically would have occurred only once in every 1,000 days.
“But since the globe has been warming, such extremes are no longer nearly as rare. These new findings provide a global statement,” Fischer says. “You can still get the biggest heat that you have ever seen without any human changes.”
1. The second paragraph is mainly about ________.| A．what damage global warming caused |
| B．how global warming came into being |
| C．where global warming is becoming serious |
| D．why fossil fuels have to be forbidden |
| A．it is reasonable for climate change to happen |
| B．there is no serious effect of global warming now |
| C．the influence of global warming is great |
| D．the extreme weather happens in small numbers |
| A．2.5 | B．3 |
| C．4 | D．2 |
| A．will happen more often than before |
| B．happens once in every 1,000 days |
| C．strikes every region without differences |
| D．becomes a rare phenomenon across the planet |
| A．Extreme weather becoming common now. |
| B．The role of global warming in extreme weather. |
| C．The Earth has suffered from extreme weather. |
| D．Global warming makes the Earth hotter and hotter. |
【推荐3】Prosocial behaviors are those intended to help other people. Behaviors that can be described as prosocial include feeling empathy(同感) and concern for others and behaving in ways to help or benefit other people.
Prosocial behavior has long posed a challenge to social scientists seeking to understand why people engage in helping behaviors that are beneficial to others, but costly to the individual performing the action. Why would people do something that benefits someone else but offers no immediate benefit to the doer?
Psychologists suggest that there are a number of reasons why people engage in prosocial behavior. In many cases, such behaviors are fostered during childhood and adolescence as adults encourage children to share, act kindly, and help others. Prosocial behaviors are often seen as being compelled by a number of factors including egoistic reasons (doing things to improve one's selfimage), reciprocal benefits (doing something nice for someone so that they may one day return the favor), and more altruistic reasons (performing actions purely out of empathy for another individual).
Characteristics of the situation can also have a powerful impact on whether or not people engage in prosocial actions. The bystander effect is one of the most notable examples of how the situation can impact helping behaviors. The bystander effect refers to the tendency for people to become less likely to assist a person in distress when there are a number of other people also present. For example, if you drop your purse and several items fall out on the ground, the likelihood that someone will stop and help you decreases if there are many other people present. This same sort of thing can happen in cases where someone is in serious danger, such as when someone is involved in a car accident. In some cases, witnesses might assume that since there are so many other present, someone else will have surely already called for help.
Why do people help in some situations but not in others? Experts have discovered a number of different situational variables that contribute to (and sometimes interfere with) prosocial behaviors. First, the more people that are present decreases the amount of personal responsibility people feel in a situation. People also tend to look to others for how to respond in such situations, particularly if the event contains some level of ambiguity. Fear of being judged by other members of the group also plays a role. People sometimes fear leaping to assistance, only to discover that their help was unwanted or unwarranted. In order to avoid being judged by other bystanders, people simply take no action.
Experts have suggested that some key things must happen in order for a person to take action.
1. Prosocial behaviors are motivated for all the following reasons EXCEPT ________.| A．empathy for another individual | B．instant benefits of helping others |
| C．parental influences in the early life | D．the desire to better one's selfimage |
| A．peace | B．despair |
| C．comfort | D．trouble |
| A．When hearing an injured lady crying for help, the neighbors didn't take action. |
| B．Seeing an old man slipping on the icy road, many people volunteered to help. |
| C．A woman was to give birth on the train and you were the only doctor there. |
| D．On the scene of your colleague's traffic accident, you called the police for help |
| A．possible benefits of prosocial behavior |
| B．various reasons for prosocial behavior |
| C．situational influences on prosocial behavior |
| D．skills and knowledge to provide assistance |
【推荐1】“In time, we will put our eyes to this light and see that these people are the peers of nature. And forgivingly, when they appear we will lift up our song and sing, and say we cannot praise too much of any single thing.” It may read like poetry, but these lines weren’t composed by a poet — they were written by an artificial intelligence (AI).
It appeared in early December on the face of the UK Pavilion (展馆) at Expo 2020 in Dubai, and it was created from a single word chosen by a visitor to the pavilion, which was then fed to an AI that had previously been trained with millions of lines of poetry. The result forms part of a “Collective Message” — a continuous poetry shown on the bar screens arranged in a circle at one end of the cone-shaped (锥形) pavilion, which was designed by Es Devlin, a British artist whose previous works includes stage sets for the London 2012 Olympic Closing Ceremony. She is the first female designer of a UK pavilion since the Expo started in 1851.
Devlin’s inspiration to create Collective Message came from famed scientist Stephen Hawking. In 2015, three years before his death, he approved a competition in which people were invited to submit a potential message for an advanced alien civilization, with the goal of meaningfully representing mankind and our planet.
In a similar way, visitors to the pavilion are encouraged to send a message to the AI and acknowledge the role that AI plays in our lives. “We don’t want this thing just to be like a museum with lots of different exhibits, and we really want something that visitors could engage with,” says Stuart Bradbury of creative agency Avantgarde, “The AI was created specifically for this project, many AI experts and social organizations, including the Poetry Archive, the Poetry Society and the Scottish Poetry Library, worked with developers to train and improve AI output over six months, and we think we’ve created something really special.”
1. Who is the designer of the Collective Message?| A．Stephen Hawking. | B．Stuart Bradbury. |
| C．Es Devlin. | D．Poetry Archive. |
| A．To introduce the theme of the Expo 2020. |
| B．To popularize the world-famous scientist. |
| C．To state the source of inspiration for this project. |
| D．To increase the authority of the design of the pavilion. |
| A．Es Devlin is the first female artist in British history. |
| B．Es Devlin is as well known as Stephen Hawking. |
| C．All visitors acknowledged the role that AI plays in their lives. |
| D．The AI had been previously trained with millions of lines of poetry. |
| A．Creative inspiration is everywhere. |
| B．Visitors are encouraged to compose poems. |
| C．Poems written by a computer light up the UK Pavilion at Expo Dubai. |
| D．An AI that can write poems was created successfully. |
【推荐2】As many as 300 million full-time jobs throughout the world could be automated in some way by the newest wave of artificial intelligence that has made platforms like ChatGPT, according to Goldman Sachs economists.
In a report Sunday, they predicted that 18% of work globally could be computerized, with the effects caused more deeply in advanced economies than emerging markets. That’s partly because white-collar workers are seen to be more at risk than manual laborers. Administrative workers and lawyers are expected to be most affected, the economists said, compared to the “little effect” seen on physically demanding or outdoor occupations, such as construction and repair work.
In the United States and Europe, about two-thirds of current jobs “are exposed to some degree of AI automation”, and up to a quarter of all work could be done by AI completely, the bank estimates.
Further use of such Al will likely contribute to job losses, the Goldman Sachs economists wrote. But they noted that technological innovation that initially displaces workers has historically also created employment growth in the long run.
While workplaces may shift, widespread adoption of Al could ultimately increase labor productivity — and boost global GDP by 7% annually over a 10-year period, according to Goldman Sachs economists.
“Although the impact of AI on the labor market is likely to be significant, most jobs and industries are only partially exposed to automation and are thus more likely to be complemented rather than replaced by AI,” the economists added. “Most workers are employed in occupations that are partially exposed to AI automation and, following AI adoption, will likely apply at least some of their freed-up capacity toward productive activities that increase output.”
Of US workers expected to be affected, for instance, 25% to 50% of their workload “can be replaced,” the researchers added. “The combination of significant labor cost savings, new job creation, and a productivity boost for non-displaced workers raises the possibility of a labor productivity boom like those that followed the emergence of earlier general-purpose technologies like the electric motor and personal computer.”
1. Who are less likely to be affected by AI automation according to Paragraph 2?| A．Repairmen. | B．White-collar workers. |
| C．Administrative workers. | D．Lawyers. |
| A．AI may cause little impact on the labor market. | B．AI has replaced most jobs and industries. |
| C．AI may increase labor productivity. | D．AI has caused huge job losses. |
| A．To add to something to improve. | B．To destroy. |
| C．To introduce new things. | D．To displace. |
| A．The Concept of AI | B．The Achievements of AI |
| C．The Impacts of AI | D．The Development of AI |
【推荐3】Artificial intelligence, a key technology for driving digital transformation, is playing an increasingly vital role in accelerating China’s push for industrial upgrading and promoting the in-depth integration (融合) of the digital economy and real economy. Significant progress has been made in developing China’s AI industry, with technological innovation capabilities in some areas ranking among the best in the world, business leaders and experts said.
A Stanford University report showed that China filed more than half of the world’s AI patent applications last year and the nation continued to lead the world in the number of AI journals, conference papers and related publications. The report said Chinese researchers have been the most productive in recent years, publishing 27.5% of all AI journal articles worldwide, while researchers from the United States accounted for 12%. Articles in Chinese journals also exceeded those of other nations for citations, an indicator of their scientific importance.100000
Chinese technology companies have invested heavily in research and development based on AI. In 2017, Baidu was chosen to lead the establishment of the Al national laboratory in deep learning. Self-driving technologies are important for this national research project.
Robin Li, co-founder and CEO of Baidu, said the application of AI technology is reshaping the industry landscape and will be a transformative force revolutionizing development over the next 40 years.
Tech heavyweight Tencent Holdings launched its AI Lab in April 2016. It emphasizes basic research in computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing and machine learning. The tech firm works to put fundamental research to practical use, applying AI to its key businesses, including medicine, social interaction, online games and cloud computing. It also operates Youtu Lab, which has developed advanced technologies in facial and image recognition and voice identification.
Xiang Ligang, director-general of a telecom industry association, spoke highly of the nation’s intensified efforts to develop digital technologies represented by AI, which will further reinforce China’s advantages in global supply chains, he said.
1. What is Paragraph 1 mainly about?| A．It conveys China’s determination in AI study. |
| B．It introduces the necessity of digital transformation. |
| C．It reveals China’s ambition in promoting tech firms. |
| D．It shows the critical role of AI in China’s development. |
| A．Industrial upgradation. | B．Investment ratio. |
| C．AI journal article publication. | D．Technological management capability. |
| A．China should stress more on AI patent applications. |
| B．Emphasis on basic research in cloud computing is vital. |
| C．It is important to accelerate the in-depth integration. |
| D．China will benefit from developing digital technologies. |
| A．Supportive. | B．Negative. | C．Neutral. | D．Indifferent. |
