Gorillas (大猩猩) in films such as King Kong and Tarzan are wildly beating their chests when under threat. Researchers have tried to find out what the behavior might mean, and they doubt that the gorillas exhibit this behavior not to start fights, but to prevent themselves — and chest-beating could be used to advertise (展示) their body size to other gorillas.
Scientists observed 25 wild male mountain gorillas for over 3,000 hours. The research team used audio (音频) equipment to record the sound frequency (频率), rate, duration, and amount of chest beats. To determine each gorilla’s size, the researchers used cameras to photogragh and measure each gorilla’s back.
Although the rate, duration, and amount of beats did not correlate (相关) with the size of the gorillas, sound frequency did , the researchers report. The team also noticed that larger gorillas produced deeper-tone chest drumming. Previous research has shown that a gorilla’s larger body size is linked to reproductive success and social rank (地位). The chest-beating could be a way for the gorillas to advertise their size to others and, in turn, avoid fights that could result in serious injury or death.
Though gorillas can obviously observe size just by getting a good look at others, the researchers suggest chest beating is copper-bottomed when trying to communicate through a thick forest. The sounds gorillas created by beating their chests are powerful enough to travel long distance through thick forests and signal others their size and fighting ability.
Animal expert Anna Nekaris says it would be interesting to see if smaller gorillas can imitate the deep tones of larger ones in future studies. Nekaris says, “For now, the researchers will continue to study chest-beating to see if the action can pass on other information, such as dominance rank (优势等级), sex, and individual identity, to nearby gorillas.”
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about according to the research?A.Its fingdings. | B.Its method. | C.Its samples. | D.Its purpose. |
A.To declare war on other gorillas. | B.To celebrate their victory in a fight. |
C.To welcome their companions. | D.To frighten other gorillas away. |
A.Scientific. | B.Interesting. | C.Reliable. | D.Skillful. |
A.If smaller gorillas can make deep-toned chest drumming. |
B.If gorillas’ chest-beating contains other information. |
C.If larger gorillas are better at using their body influence. |
D.If gorilas have other communication skills. |
A.Health. | B.Entertainment. | C.Science. | D.Sports. |
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【推荐1】Researchers recently offered the most complete examination yet of the history of penguins. They said penguins came from a common ancestor shared with a group of seabirds like albatrosses. Penguins first developed the ability to dive, and then lost the ability to fly as they adapted to water.
The earliest-known penguin is called Waimanu manneringi, from New Zealand. It is believed to have lived 61 million years ago. Penguins live mainly in the southern hemisphere. The Galapagos penguin is the only one found north of the equator. Daniel Ksepka of the Bruce Museum in Greenwich, Connecticut, is the co-writer of the study that was published in Nature Communications. Ksepka noted that penguins are appealing animals. He added that they are interestingly charming creatures. Apart from their funny upright posture, they love, they fight, and they steal, making it really easy to imagine them having all the same motivations as people.
The study proposes that changes in world temperatures and in major ocean currents have been important drivers of penguin evolution. Theresa Cole is the study’s lead writer. Cole said the research found a number of genes likely involved in physical changes known as adaptations.
Such adaptations include gene transforms that shift the way penguins see the world. Penguins’ vision is more sensitive toward the blue end of the color spectrum(光谱). Blue light goes more deeply into the ocean than light at the red end of the spectrum. Genes that help birds detect salty and sour tastes are active in penguins. But genes that help detect bitter and sweet tastes become inactive. Those may no longer be needed as penguins find food in cold, salty water and usually swallow the whole fish. Penguins show changes in their wing ones and a reduction of their flight feathers. Penguins also have reduced air spaces in the bone and the ability to store more oxygen in their muscles for long dives.
1. What does the underlined word “hemisphere” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Deep ocean. | B.Earth’s pole. |
C.Half globe. | D.Large land. |
A.Penguins’ habitats. | B.Penguins’ appearances. |
C.Penguins’ characters. | D.Penguins’ behaviors. |
A.Physical changes from gene transforms. | B.Changes of geographical environment. |
C.Interactions with human beings. | D.Competitions with other animals. |
A.How penguins survive by adaptions. | B.Why penguins change their body. |
C.How penguins are unique. | D.What damages penguins’ genes. |
【推荐2】Some humans consider mulberry trees( 桑 树 )little more than oversize weeds. the giraffe Stella loves them. Her long, gray tongue snakes around the leaves and gets them from their branches beautifully.
Stella’s mother, Abby, comes over for her share. The Philadelphia Zoo’s two female giraffes consume about a pound of leaves in mere minutes. Fortunately, the zoo has plenty, thanks in part to an unusual source: the local power company.
Utility( 公 共 事 业 )companies routinely cut back trees. They want to keep branches from damaging power lines and causing power failures. Usually the branches end up in landfills. But in recent years, a growing number of energy providers have begun donating them to zoos. Hungry zoo animals are happy to eat the green, leafy tree branches known as “browse”
Browse partnerships between zoos and power companies are one example of the creative and sometimes unexpected ways zoos work with local organizations to meet animals’ particular-and often huge-dietary needs. Store chains and restaurants sell or donate greens, fruits and vegetables to zoos. Local landowners also provide plant material. But utility companies are in a special position. They need to regularly cut back branches. And they have no use for these branches themselves.
PECO Energy Co. Is Pennsylvania’s largest electric and natural gas utility. From August through October, the company delivered three pickup trucks full of browse every week to the Philadelphia Zoo. The weekly browse delivery totaled between 100 and 200 pounds.
“Zoos require a lot of browse because it’s such an important part of many animals’ diets. Of the Philadelphia Zoo’s 330 species, 40 eat it. Browse has it all: fiber, protein, vitamins, minerals and a little fat. It’s also lower in sugar and higher in protein and fiber than some other plant material, ”said Toddes, the Zoo’s director. “Chewing on the bark is even good for animals’ teeth.”
What’s more, browse provides animals with important exercise, she said. In the wild, giraffes eat the tops of trees. So zoo staff hang browse up high to simulate(模拟)their native environment. This also gives visitors a better idea of the animals’ natural behavior.
1. What can be learned about Stella and her mother?A.They are big eaters | B.They don’t like oversize weeds |
C.They have difficulty reaching leaves | D.They live in a local power company |
A.To beautify the tree | B.To use them to produce power |
C.To provide food for zoo animals | D.To keep power lines working normally. |
A.The donations are for large animals | B.The donations come from landfills |
C.The donations are given routinely | D.The donations contain fruits and vegetables. |
A.It has great nutritional value. | B.It doesn’t require strong teeth |
C.It’s more than what the animals can eat. | D.It’s suitable for most of the zoo’s species. |
A.To give visitors a better view. |
B.To get the giraffes moving a lot. |
C.To prevent other animals stealing giraffes’ food |
D.To get the giraffes out of their native environment. |
【推荐3】Why does the giant squid (乌贼) have eyes as large as a football? Why do more than 350 species of fish produce their own electricity? Why do dogs become more optimistic after two weeks of plentiful sniffing (嗅)?
The mysteries and miracles of animal senses are revealed in this year's winner of Royal Society Trivedi science book prize. An Immense World by Ed Yong is an exploration of the unique sensory world of other creatures, from tree hoppers to singing frogs, who sense the world in vastly different ways to humans.
Yong has interviewed many kinds of scientists during his writing but sensory biologists are his favourite. “There's a surprising number of sensory biologists who are themselves neuro-atypical—they have something like face blindness or colour blindness,” he says. “Their different than‘normal’ way of experiencing the world themselves might help them better empathize (共情) with other creatures who have those experiences. The core of this book is curiosity and empathy, understanding and valuing animals for their own benefit, and trying to put ourselves in the shoes of creatures who are very different to us.”
Yong's book carries an important message about how our lack of understanding of the sensory worlds of other animals is hugely destructive. Studies have shown that LED lights are particularly damaging to bats and insects. Flowers illuminated (照亮) by bright lights receive 62%fewer visits from insects. Meanwhile, low-frequency noise in oceans has risen 32-fold since the Second World War because of global shipping-damaging whales' ability to communicate.
Unfortunately, reducing noise and light pollution is nowhere near the political agenda. "It's understandable why it's not on the political agenda because it's not a visceral (强烈的) problem like a plastic-ridden beach or chemicals billowing from a smokestack, ”says Yong. “Light and sound don't produce the same kind of horror. Light especially feels like an entirely good thing-we want more light in our lives; light is knowledge, safety, beauty and goodness. So just raising awareness that these are problems that could be tackled is an important first step and one I hope An Immense World moves people further towards taking."
1. What is An Immense World aimed at?A.Popularizing scientific knowledge. |
B.Exploring the origin of the universe. |
C.Revealing the unknown lives of animals. |
D.Building harmony between man and nature. |
A.They are pleasant to talk with. | B.They are more knowledgeable. |
C.They have abnormal behaviour. | D.They identify with the creatures. |
A.Their seriousness is not so obvious. | B.There is a lack of government funds. |
C.There is public ignorance about them. | D.They have been brought under control. |
A.A news report. | B.A biology textbook. | C.A research paper. | D.A book review. |
【推荐1】The curb cut (路缘坡) is a convenience that most of us rarely, if ever, notice. Yet, without it, daily life might be a lot harder in more ways than one, such as carrying baggage, pushing a bicycle or a wheelchair or riding a skateboard etc. —all these tasks are easier because of the curb cut.
But it was created with a different purpose in mind. It’s hard to imagine today, but back in the 1970s, most sidewalks in the United States ended with a sharp drop-off. That was a big deal for people in wheelchairs because there were no ramps (斜坡) to help them move along city blocks without assistance. According to one disability rights leader, a six-inch curb “might as well have been Mount Everest”. So, activists from Berkeley, California, who also needed wheelchairs, organized a campaign to create tiny ramps at intersections to help disadvantaged people dependent on wheels move up and down curbs independently.
I think about the “curb cut effect” a lot when working on issues around health equity. The first time I even heard about the curb cut was in a 2017 Stanford Social Innovation Review piece by Policy Link CEO Angela Blackwell. Blackwell rightly noted that many people see equity “as a zero-sum game.” Basically, there is a deeply rooted social belief among them that intentionally supporting one group hurts another. What the cur b cut effect reveals though, Blackwell said, is that “when society creates the circumstances that allow those who have been left behind to participate and contribute fully, almost everyone wins.”
One such example is closed captioning (字幕), originally intended to help deaf people understand movies and TV shows without needing to hear dialogue or sounds. But it’s easy to think of other applications for closed captioning: it’s convenient for customers watching TV in a noisy bar or gym. second-language learners who want to read as well as listen, or students who use it as a study aid.
So, next time you cross the street, or roll your suitcase through a crosswalk or ride your bike directly onto a sidewalk —think about how much the curb cut, that change in design that broke down walls of exclusion for one group of people at a disadvantage, has helped not just that group, but almost all of us.
1. What is the purpose of the examples listed in the first paragraph?A.To call on us to care about the disadvantaged groups. |
B.To offer some background information about the curb cut. |
C.To tell us that people ignore the existence of the curb cut. |
D.To make us know the convenience of the curb cut to our daily life. |
A.It is an impassable barrier. | B.It is an important sign. |
C.It is an unforgettable symbol. | D.It is an impressive landmark. |
A.Classic literature got translated into many languages. |
B.The four great inventions of China spread to the West. |
C.Reading machines for blind people also benefit others. |
D.Helping the disabled contributes to more people doing it. |
A.The curb cut is only beneficial to the disabled. |
B.Everyone in a society should be treated equally. |
C.The disadvantaged people fight for rights and equality. |
D.Caring for disadvantaged groups may benefit more people. |
【推荐2】Think back to when the women colored their fingernails with ground-up (碾碎的) flowers. Humans have been using natural pigments (色素) from plants or minerals to give color to things. However, pigments lose the brightness over time. Actually, some of the brightest colors in nature are not products of pigments at all, such as the green of peacock feathers. The green is vivid and can be maintained for a long time. This is what fascinates Debashis Chanda, a nanoscience researcher.
These colors are called structural colors. They are created from the arrangement of colorless materials to bend and reflect light in certain ways. This process is like how rainbows are made after it rains. Moreover, the beautiful colors are achieved without absorbing any light.
By borrowing the idea from nature, Chanda and his team may have created the world’s coolest paint ever, literally. Unlike pigments whose ability to reflect heat is determined by how dark the color is, structural colors don’t absorb any heat. Buildings painted black structural color are no hotter than those painted bright white. This opens the door for more colorful and cooler buildings without having to worry about the heat.
Chanda also found that structural paint weighs much less. Pigments rely on several layers to achieve depth of color while structural paint only requires one thin layer. Take a Boeing 747 for example. To cover the plane, about 500 kilograms of traditional paint is needed while only 1.7kilograms of structural paint is sufficient. This means the structural paint may contribute to higher fuel efficiency with a lower weight of the plane.
“Although it is not available right now, the possibilities for the world’s coolest paint are endless.” Chanda said. “Nature has its way to create harmony. So we want our color production inspired by nature to achieve this harmony.”
1. Which aspect of structural colors attracts Debashis Chanda?A.The range of brightness. | B.The endurance of vividness. |
C.The eco-friendliness. | D.The diversity of colors. |
A.Its process to bend light. |
B.Its ability to maintain color. |
C.Its performance to reflect heat. |
D.Its possibility to hit the market. |
A.It is less expensive. |
B.It may help lower the flight cost. |
C.Its color depth varies with layers. |
D.It can make the plane safer than before. |
A.A Nature-inspired Artwork |
B.Ways to Seek Structural Colors |
C.Live in Harmony with Our Planet |
D.The Coolest Paint with Structural Colors |
【推荐3】In internships (实习期) and jobs that I, now a career woman, have ever had, I’ve watched professionals, experienced and brand-new alike, conduct interviews or present in meetings and many of them appear unprepared and lack confidence. I think they would all benefit from an acting class.
A central technique an acting class can equip you with is improvisation (即兴表演). Essentially, skills such as the improvisation principle of “Yes, and …” are beneficial for thinking on your feet. When someone suggests a new idea, you say “yes” and run with the suggestion. A professional familiar with this technique can entertain and value the contributions of others, promoting a free-flowing exchange of ideas, which inspires a positive, creative spirit that the corporate world longs for.
Both college students and professionals might benefit from the voice and movement training. I used to be afraid of the voice and movement part of acting class. My acting teacher would make us do push-ups and yoga. Then, we’d stand up and moan (呻吟) with varying degrees of voices. I hated this, and lots of other people do, too. But the product of this training is an individual who stands tall and speaks clearly and loudly. Plus, I still use the stretches and warm-ups from class to calm my nerves before presentations.
As an actor, you are a student of human behavior. With that, when you receive a text, you explore your character. For example, if you’re playing a villain (反派角色), you have to approach your character from where it stands. Such an outlook makes for a wonderful leader, one that understands coworkers’ situations and treats them with politeness and understanding.
I’ve borne countless “What are you going to do with a theater degree?” speeches from family and friends. But ultimately, these soft skills are incredibly valuable for young professionals. Acting training will set you apart from the pack.
1. What effect does the principle of “Yes, and …” have on professionals following it?A.It generates positive suggestions. | B.It brings about smooth interaction. |
C.It offers them good entertainment value. | D.It helps them recognize their own contribution. |
A.She is still very nervous of her acting teacher. |
B.She is addicted to working on her physical fitness. |
C.The training has made her braver and more patient. |
D.The training has enhanced her presentation abilities. |
A.It is a big challenge for most of the student actors. |
B.It makes the study of human behavior much easier. |
C.It can help people to put themselves in others’ shoes. |
D.It may improve the relationship between coworkers. |
A.Take an acting class. | B.Pursue acting careers |
C.Obtain higher degrees. | D.Consult family and friends. |
【推荐1】China has announced it's abolishing its one-child policy. What difference has it made, statistically speaking? 400 million births prevented The one-child policy, officially in place since 1979, has prevented 400 million births. Parents have faced fines and other punishments for having more children.
The majority of the decrease in China's fertility(生育)rate happened in the 1970s. It dropped from 5.8 children per woman in 1970 to 2.7 in 1978. Despite the one-child policy the rate had only fallen to 1.7 by 2013.21:28 baby death rate Since the one-child policy was introduced, baby girls have become more likely to die than boys.
In the 1970s, according to the United Nations, 60 males per l,000 live births died under the age of one. For girls the figure was 53. In the 1980s, after the one-child policy became official, the rate for both was 36. By the 1990s, 26 males per l,000 live births died before the age of one-and 33 girls. The 2000s saw 21 boys per l,000 live births dying and 28 girls. 1.16 boys born for every girl
Sexually selective abortions have been considered as a major cause of China's unusual sexual imbalance. Gietel-Basten, associate professor in social policy at Oxford University, says the births of many girls are not registered if parents have broken the rule by having two children, adding officials often turn a blind eye. It's estimated there are now 33 million more men than women in China.
4:2:1 families
With the ageing of China's population and the continuation of the one-child policy, a “4: 2 : 1”home is the description given to households in which there are four grandparents cared for by two working age parents, who themselves have one child.
By 2050, it's predicted that a quarter of China's population will be 65 or older. The predicted decline in the number of people of working age is thought to have persuaded the government to drop the one-child policy.
1. When was the baby death rate for both boys and girls equal?A.In the 1970s. | B.In the 1980s. |
C.In the 1990s. | D.In the 2000s. |
A.The decline of birth rate. |
B.The rise of baby death rate. |
C.The change of family structure. |
D.The decline of working age people. |
A.number | B.example |
C.contrast | D.analysis |
【推荐2】If you think of the jobs robots could never do, you would probably put doctors and teachers at the top of the list. But, in some cases, they already perform better than doctors at diagnosing(诊断)illness. Also some patients might feel more comfortable sharing personal information with a machine than a person. Could there be a place for robots in education after all?
British education expert, Anthony Seldon thinks so. And he even has a date for the robot takeover of the classroom: 2027. He believes robots will do the main job of transferring(传递)information and teachers will be like assistants. Intelligent robots will read students’ faces ,movements and maybe even brain signals. Then they will transfer the information to each student. It’s not a popular opinion and it’s unlikely robots will ever have empathy(共情) and the ability to really connect with humans like another human can.
One thing is certain, though. A robot teacher is better than no teacher at all. In some parts of the world, there aren’t enough teachers and 9-16 percent of children under the age of 14 don’t go to school. Teachers all over the world are leaving because it is a difficult and lower-paid job and they feel overworked. That problem could be part solved by robots.
Perhaps the question is not “ Will robots replace teachers?” but“How can robots help teachers?” Teachers waste a lot of time doing non-teaching work, including more than 11 hours a week marking homework. If robots could cut the time teachers spend marking homework and writing reports, teachers would have more time and energy for the parts of the job humans do best.
1. What’s the function of the first paragraph?A.Drawing a conclusion. |
B.Giving an answer. |
C.Presenting an example.. |
D.Introducing the topic |
A.Robots can do most teaching. |
B.Robots will work as assistants |
C.Robots can only transfer information. |
D.Robots will have empathy like humans. |
A.Because robot teachers cost less. |
B.Because robot teachers teach better. |
C.Because there aren’t enough teachers. |
D.Because there are already robot doctors |
A.By answering emails. |
B.By marking homework. |
C.By reading students’ faces. |
D.By analyzing brain signals. |
A.Illness diagnosing |
B.Robot teachers |
C.Information transferring |
D.Education problems |
【推荐3】A new study found evidence that dogs developed in physical ways to present “puppy dog eyes” as a way to help connect with humans.
The study compared the facial muscles of dogs and wolves, which share ancestral history. Dogs broke off from wolves after being domesticated about 33,000 years ago. During that time dogs changed physically and behaviorally to adapt to life with humans.
The researchers examined the heads of six dogs and two wolves for comparison. They found the facial structures of both animals were mostly very similar. But one major difference was found above the eyes. The dogs were found to have two well-formed muscles around the eye that were not present in the wolves. These small muscles permit dogs to raise their inner eyebrows, the study found.
Juliane Kaminski, a comparative psychologist from the research suggests this eyebrow-rising movement causes “a warm” feelings in humans because it makes the dogs’ eyes appear larger. This expression also makes the dog look more like a human baby. The eye movement is similar to that which humans make when they are sad.
“The evidence is very obvious that dogs developed a muscle to raise the inner eyebrows after they were domesticated from wolves,” Kaminski said.
In a separate part of the study, the researchers observed how 27 dogs and nine wolves interacted with a human. “We also studied dogs’ and wolves’ behavior. And when exposed to a human for two minutes, dogs raised their inner eyebrows more and higher than wolves,” Kaminski said.
The researchers suggest that the eye movements developed over time as a way for dogs to get humans to do things for them, such as giving them food, care or attention.The only dog species in the study that did not have the muscles was the Siberian husky, which is an ancient kind of dog. The husky could be the best living example of what the link between dogs, and wolves looked like.
1. What is the difference found between dogs and wolves?A.They have diverse ancestors and senses. | B.Dogs have striking eyebrows. |
C.Dogs have additional muscles around the eyes. | D.They have easily distinguishable faces. |
A.Dogs have developed in order to get along with humans. |
B.Dogs have changed their behaviors to get food from humans. |
C.Dogs are intentionally raising their eyebrows to please humans. |
D.Dogs have learned facial expressions from human babies. |
A.The evolution of the wolves. | B.The similarities between dogs and wolves. |
C.Dogs’ ability to connect with humans. | D.Changes in dogs caused by domestication. |