Conventionally butterflies were regarded not as fascinating subjects for close observation but as symbols of shallowness. But Eleanor Granville treated them with scientific seriousness.
In her thirties, though suffering from a marriage where the husband was violent and even turned her family against her, Granville sought comfort by studying moths and butterflies. She travelled around the countryside with local girls, beating bushes to catch falling larvae (幼虫), and recruited her servants as assistants to collect specimens (样本). Because of unusual generosity in paying for a fine specimen, she soon accumulated a substantial collection of butterflies. After bringing larvae home, she meticulously logged their growth, providing some of the earliest detailed accounts of insect life cycles.
However, wandering the countryside with a collecting net was considered weird behavior for anyone back then, let alone a woman, and she was accused of going out dressed like a “gypsy”.
Besides her own extensive research, Granville exchanged letters and butterflies with other collectors. Another enthusiast William Vernon reported that she had owned “the noblest collections of butterflies, all English, which has shamed us”. She sent 100 examples to the Royal Society and also sent James Petiver, England’s most celebrated butterfly expert, boxes of carefully pinned butterflies, including several that had been previously unknown, and notably the one later named the Granville fritillary whose wings carry striking brown and yellow patterns, a species of special concern due to the decline of the total number under the influence of food loss and hotter weather.
Eleanor Granville remains the only British naturalist to have left their name to a native butterfly species. A pioneer in the study of entomology (昆虫学), Cranville helped make it an academic subject. Regretfully, only two moths and a butterfly of Granville’s precious specimens are still preserved in London’s Natural History Museum. Her name lives on the butterflies she loved.
1. What do we know about Granville?| A．She paid generously for every specimen. |
| B．She was accused of deserting her family. |
| C．Studying butterflies provided an escape from her life. |
| D．Working with local girls earned her a good reputation. |
| A．James Petiver greatly influenced Granville. | B．Granville’s efforts shamed the Royal Society. |
| C．The Granville fritillary is an endangered species. | D．Granville’s work was academically recognized. |
| A．By naming butterflies and moths. | B．By studying rare butterfly specimens. |
| C．By offering up her collections for research. | D．By introducing entomology into universities. |
| A．A Battle Against Social Conventions | B．A Woman Who Collected Butterflies |
| C．An Adventurer Trapped in a Woman | D．An Undertaking That Changed History |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】A Koala Isn’t a Bear
Koalas remind people of teddy bears. They have thick fur and large ears. Their broad, flat nose makes them look cute, similar to teddy bears. In fact, koalas aren’t cute. They have sharp teeth and very sharp claws! Koalas are marsupials. This means the mother carries her baby in a pocket while it develops, similar to a kangaroo. The baby koala lives in its mother’s pocket for the first six months of its life.
The name “koala” comes from a native Australian word that means “no drink”. The koalas get almost all their water from the eucalyptus (桉树) leaves they eat. That’s where they get their food too. Koalas eat only eucalyptus leaves, and only the leaves of certain eucalyptus trees. The eucalyptus trees are where the koalas live. It’s also where they sleep. Koalas sleep about nineteen hours a day!
Why do they sleep so much? Some people think it’s because they’re lazy. But koalas aren’t lazy. They sleep so much because there isn’t much nutrition in eucalyptus leaves. Koalas store hardly any fat, so they must save their energy. One way to do this is to move slowly and sleep a lot.
After a day of sleeping, they like to move around and eat just after sunset. They live alone most of the time. Koalas are very protective of their trees. If a koala sees another koala eating in its favorite tree, it might tell the other koala to leave by “barking” at it. Koalas do “talk” to each other. Besides barks, the males make a deep grunting sound. The mothers and babies talk in soft clicking sounds. If they get scared, they may scream like a baby.
1. How are koalas and kangaroos alike?| A．They both have thick fur. |
| B．They both have sharp teeth. |
| C．They both eat eucalyptus leaves. |
| D．They both carry their young in a pocket. |
| A．large ears |
| B．no drink |
| C．moving slowly |
| D．barking loudly |
| A．Their babies need to get much rest. |
| B．They get tired from playing so much. |
| C．Their food does not give them much energy. |
| D．They don’t like to be awake when it is warm. |
| A．frightened |
| B．hungry |
| C．worried |
| D．sleepy |
Monster Zoo is one of the largest zoos in the world, covering more than 15 km squares. It is home to more than 50 species of rare and native animals. The zoo is located 70 km from the city New South Australia.
Monster zoo was founded in 1983 as a breeding area (繁殖区). Officially open to the public in October 1993, Monster Zoo is now home to more than 500 animals.
Opening HoursMonster zoo is open daily from 9:30 am to 5:00 pm with last entry at 3:00 pm. The zoo is open every day of the year, including Christmas Day and all public holidays. The exception to this is if the forecast temperature for Monster Zoo is 40 degrees or above, it will be closed.
To get the most out of your visit we recommend setting aside a minimum of four to five hours to fully enjoy the Monster zoo.
TicketsChild (4-14 years old) : AU $28.50
Adult (15 years old and over) : AU $ 51.75
Family / Mini Group: AU $132.75
Meet the KeeperMonster zoo offers various daily zoo keeper talks and animal feeds that give guests the chance to interact (互动) with our friendly workers and learn about the zoo’s unique residents.
Looking for a more unique animal experience? Consider booking a Behind the Scenes Animal Experience to come face to face with some of our special animal residents.
CaféKetabi Café is open from 9:30 am to 5:00 pm daily and offers a variety of tasty treats, small snacks and hot meals.
PicnicsFor those who prefer to bring their own meals, special picnic areas are available close to the Visitor Center. Please note that due to fire risk, the zoo does not allow for the use of BBQs.
1. What can we learn about the zoo from the text?| A．It is the largest zoo in the world. |
| B．It is open daily all year except Christmas Day. |
| C．It is open to the public ten years after it was founded. |
| D．It is home to 500 species of animals. |
| A．AU $155.25. | B．AU $108.75. |
| C．AU $85.25. | D．AU $132.75. |
| A．A health newspaper. | B．An animal book. |
| C．A travel website. | D．A fashion magazine. |
【推荐3】Many animals climb, but few do it as well as the spider. Now researchers have turned upsurprising clued as to how spiders can stick to almost any surface. The structure of tiny hairs at the tip of the spider's legs likely help the creature hang on.
Clemens Schaber is a zoologist at the University of Kiel in Germany. He led the new study, which was published on June 11 in Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering. The finding was part of his research on how spiders move. Adhesion, or stickiness, “is an important part of that,” he says.
Spiders don't have a sticky liquid on their feet. Instead, they use “dry” adhesion. Animals that use dry adhesion can stick and unstuck to surfaced easily. Scientists have long studied the hairs on a spider's feet to understand how they do it.
Before this latest research, Schaber knew the hairs were important for adhesion. He wanted to know more about why they worked so well. He and his colleague chose to study this in Cupiennius salei spiders living in South and Central America.
The scientists first tried to pull tufts of hair off the spider legs. But the entire leg often came off instead. This is a natural defense that the spiders use to escape predators(捕食者). The researchers then used a powerful microscope to view the hairs closer. Schaber expected that all the hairs would point in the same direction, more or less. “But it wasn't like that,” he says. Instead, they saw hairs pointing all over the place. “The ends of the hairs were all a little bit different in direction,” Schaber says.
The researchers then tested the stickiness of the hairs on different materials, including glass. They found that some hairs had the strongest adhesion at one angle. Others worked best at other angles. This mix of angled and adhesions may help the spider stick no matter how it touches a wall.
1. What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 2?| A．Summarize the previous paragraph. | B．Provide some advice for the readers. |
| C．Add some background information. | D．Introduce a new topic for discussion. |
| A．The effect of spiders' foot hair on stickiness. |
| B．The importance of Schaber's latest research. |
| C．The natural defense behind spiders' tiny hairs. |
| D．The reason why spiders ' feet have no sticky liquid. |
| A．What results from the stickiness of spiders' hairs. |
| B．Which hair angle holds the strongest stickiness. |
| C．How the researchers conduct the spider test. |
| D．Why spiders can stick to almost any material. |
| A．To guide. | B．To inform. |
| C．To advertise. | D．To argue. |
【推荐1】What makes babies laugh? It sounds like one of the most fun questions a researcher could investigate, but there’s a serious scientific reason why Caspar Addyman wants to find out.
He’s not the first to ask this question. The great psychologist(心理学家) of human development, Jean Piaget, thought that babies laughter could be used to see into their minds. Studying when babies laugh might therefore be a great way of gaining insight into how they understand the world, he reasoned. But although he suggested this in the 1940s, this idea remains to be properly tested. Despite the fact that some very famous investigators have studied the topic, it hasn’t been given enough attention by modern psychology.
Addyman, of Birkbeck, University of London, is out to change that. He believes we can use laughter to get at exactly how babies understand the world. He’s completed the world’s largest and most comprehensive survey of what makes babies laugh, presenting his initial results at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Berlin, last year. Via his website he surveyed more than 1,000 parents from around the world, asking them questions about when, where and why their babies laugh.
The results are heart-warming. A baby’s first smile comes at about six weeks, their first laugh at about three and a half months. Peekaboo(躲猫猫) is a sure-fire favourite for making babies laugh, but tickling(挠痒痒) is the single most reported reason why babies laugh.
Importantly, from the very first chuckle(低声轻笑), the survey responses show that babies are laughing with other people, and at what they do. The mere physical sensation of something being ticklish isn’t enough. Nor is it enough to see something disappear or appear suddenly. It’s only funny when an adult makes these things happen for the baby. This shows that way before babies walk, or talk, they – and their laughter – are social. If you tickle a baby they apparently laugh because you are tickling them, not just because they are tickled.
What’s more, babies don’t tend to laugh at people falling over. They are far more likely to laugh when they fall over, rather than someone else, or when other people are happy, rather than when they are sad or unpleasantly surprised. Although parents report that boy babies laugh slightly more than girl babies, both genders (性别) find mummy and daddy equally funny.
In spite of the scientific potential, baby laughter is “strangely ignored”, according to Addyman. Part of the reason is the difficulty of making babies laugh reliably in the lab, although he plans to deal with this in the next stage of the project. But partly the topic has been ignored, he says, because it isn’t viewed as a subject for “proper” science to look into. This is a prejudice Addyman hopes to overturn – for him, the study of laughter is certainly no joke.
1. The psychologist Jean Piaget held the belief that ________.| A．even a good joke could not be got across to babies |
| B．his theory about laughter would be proved in the end |
| C．studying babies’ laughter helped to know how they understand the world |
| D．babies’ laughter could be used to find out whether their brains functioned well |
| A．the present situation of Birkbeck | B．the study conducted by Jean Padget |
| C．thinking little of modern psychology | D．ignoring the research into babies’ laughter |
| A．babies are likely to laugh at people falling over |
| B．babies are very fond of being tickled |
| C．babies’ first laugh comes at six weeks |
| D．babies and their laughter are social in a way |
| A．babies’ laughter is well worth studying |
| B．nobody should play jokes on babies |
| C．babies’ laughter is not a real science subject |
| D．scientists can get reliable information only in the lab |
| A．Admiring | B．Fact-based |
| C．Doubtful | D．One-sided |
【推荐2】Crosscountry aims to provide the most punctual service possible. However, when delays do occur, we will provide you compensation in line with our Passenger Charter and National Rail Conditions of Travel.
If your train has been delayed by 30 minutes or more to the destination printed on your ticket, you will be entitled to compensation. You can rest assured that your journey is covered whatever happens.
How much refund am I entitled to?
The amount of compensation that you may be entitled to depends on the length of time your journey was delayed by:
Delays of 30-59 minutes
50% of the cost of your single ticket or 50% of the cost of either portion of your return ticket.
Delays of 60 minutes or more
100% of the cost of your single ticket or 100% of the cost of either portion of your return ticket
Delays of two hours or more for return tickets
If either or both the outward or return legs of your journey are delayed by more than two hours and you have a return ticket, you will be entitled to receive up to 100% of the cost of the return ticket
How will I be paid?
Compensation will be paid in National Rail Travel Vouchers (i RB or, at your request, In money(for example by cheque or BACS). Rail Travel vouchers can be used as payment or part payment towards any National Rail ticket, including season tickets.
How do I make a claim under Delay Repay?
Please complete the form below within 28 days of the date of the delay. Areadable scanned copy of your ticket is required to make a claim.
Our customer service team will respond as soon as possible and aim to reply within 10 working days. Should you have any difficulties completing the form, please call us on 03447369123.
Alternatively, you can download our Delay Repay claim form and post to us at the address on the form.
1. John bought a single ticket from London to Glasgow, which cost him f20.60. Unfortunately, the journey was delayed by 40 minutes. How much refund can he receive?| A．None |
| B．E10.30 |
| C．E20.60. |
| D．41.20 |
| A．by bank transfer |
| B．by cheque or in cash |
| C．in National Rail ticket |
| D．in National Rail Travel Vouchers |
| A．get his train ticket clearly scanned |
| B．download the claim form and mail it |
| C．call the service hotline to get the form |
| D．complete the form within 10 days after the delay |
【推荐3】Meet the longest-living vertebrate（脊椎动物）in the world, the Greenland shark.
Found primarily in the very cold waters of the North Atlantic, these slow-swimming sharks can be as big as the largest great whites, reaching up to 21 feet in length. They're among the largest of carnivorous（食肉的）fish, and yet grow perhaps only a centimeter or so a year. Such slow growth yet big size is usually an indicator of a long-lived animal.
“We only expected that the sharks might be very old,” Julius Nielsen, at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, told NPR in 2016. “But we did not know in advance. And it was, of course, a very big surprise to learn that it was actually the oldest vertebrate animal.”
Imagine being 150 years old before you're ready to have your first child! Imagine being born before the United States was even a reality. For humans-who rarely make it to a century mark—it's difficult to fully understand.
Little is known about Greenland sharks, even basics such as where they give birth or how many of them there are, though researchers at a July 2017 conference at the University of Exeter thought that they may mate in “hidden” Arctic fjords. No one has even witnessed one hunting, though they have been found to have various vertebrate ones in their stomachs such as polar bear, seals, fast-swimming fish and even moose etc.
Given the shark's incredibly long lifespans, scientists are diving into the sea creature's genome, looking for clues. That conference also highlighted the work being done to separate the shark's longevity gene, with complete DNA information gathered from almost 100 sharks, including some born in the 1750s. Finding such a gene could go a long way in explaining why some vertebrates, like humans, have such limited lifespans.
These sharks also serve as swimming history books. Their tissue, bones and DNA could tell us a great deal about the waters of the world from a time before the Industrial Revolution, large-scale commercial fishing and the pronounced ocean pollution we see today.
Check out what it's like to swim with one in this encounter with what is a small and young—and yet to us, still fairly old—Greenland shark.
1. What can we know about Greenland sharks from the first two paragraphs?| A．Longest-living, and slow-swimming carnivorous vertebrate. |
| B．Longest-living, and slowest-swimming vertebrate. |
| C．Largest, but fast-growing carnivorous vertebrate. |
| D．Longest-living, largest carnivorous vertebrate but fast-growing. |
| A．Greenland shark can live as old as humans. |
| B．Greenland shark is the largest animal in the world. |
| C．Greenland shark can live more than one hundred years. |
| D．Greenland shark is really the oldest vertebrate in the world. |
| A．Both polar bear and seal. | B．Only fast-swimming fish. |
| C．Various vertebrate animals. | D．Polar bear, moose and fish. |
| A．Scientists declare that they have known all about Greenland sharks. |
| B．Scientists want to get more information from their study on sharks. |
| C．Scientists consider sharks can only serve as swimming history books. |
| D．Scientists just want to know why Greenland sharks have a long life. |
【推荐1】Father’s Day, a boxy bright red boat, was designed and made by Hugo Vihlen. It had no room for unnecessary things and only very limited room for him.
Vihlen once made an 84-day crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in 1968. It was then the smallest boat to have made the journey. The sailing boat April Fool was 5 feet and 11 inches long. But Tom McNally broke the world record in 1993 by crossing the Atlantic in a boat that was 5 feet and 4.5 inches long.
In order to regain the world record, Hugo set out alone later that same year to cross the Atlantic from Newfoundland to Falmouth. This time he was in Father’s Day, his home-built boat, which was half an inch shorter than McNally’s.
During his crossing, Hugo had to sleep on his back with his knees bent. He woke every hour to check his heading direction and general sailing conditions. After facing everything the Atlantic Ocean could throw at him, and some close encounters with large ships, Hugo finally arrived in Falmouth 105 days later. He could hardly walk and had lost 34 pounds in weight, but he had regained his record.
His reception on arrival in Falmouth was hardly a hero’s welcome. One of the waiting journalists found him a pizza to eat while his boat was taken to a local sailing boat club. When they arrived at the sailing club for a celebration tea, they found the club dosed. He felt a pity for that. But luckily, a member of the public brought a bottle of champagne to toast his success.
1. Why did Hugo Vihlen cross the Atlantic in his boat in 1993?| A．To test his newly built boat. | B．To make Father’s Day famous. |
| C．To draw public attention to sailing. | D．To break Tom McNally’s world record. |
| A．It took half a year. | B．It was very difficult and uncomfortable. |
| C．It was beyond Hugo Vihlen’s expectation. | D．It made Hugo Vihlen seriously injured a few times. |
| A．It attracted a great deal of media attention. | B．It finally turned into a simple celebration. |
| C．It was arranged in a serious way. | D．It was exactly a hero’s welcome. |
| A．The legend of Father’s Day. |
| B．An unexpected new world record. |
| C．Celebration of Hugo Vihlen’s great achievement. |
| D．Hugo Vihlen’s’ story of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean. |
【推荐2】One of the most famous female lighthouse (灯塔) keepers was Ida Lewis of Newport. Rhode Island. Her father was the keeper of Lime Rock Lighthouse, but after only a few months at the job he had a stroke (中风). Because Hosea Lewis was no longer able to perform his duties as a keeper, 15-year-old Ida and her mother took over in 1853. Captain Lewis lived about 20years longer, but Ida and her mother performed all the required duties of a keeper.
Ida was known as the best swimmer in Newport. She was also skilled at handling a rowboat, something that was not seen as particularly appropriate for a woman of that time However, during her 39 years keeping the light at Lime Rock, Ida rescued between 18 and 25 people. That certainly made it seem less important whether or not Ida’s behaviors were appropriate!
People were fascinated by this woman who appeared to make her own rules for living. Thousands of visitors came to Lime Rock in the hope of seeing Ida Lewis in person. Ida was used to the quiet solitude of a lighthouse keeper’s life, and she was uncomfortable with all the attention. Even so, she couldn’t help being honored by the awards she received for her service. President Ulysses S. Grant made a trip to Rhode Island to visit Ida and to praise her for her heroism.
In 1924, Lime Rock was renamed Ida Lewis Rock in honor of the keeper who had died in 1911. The lighthouse service of Rhode Island also renamed Lime Rock Lighthouse the Ida Lewis Lighthouse. It is the only lighthouse to be named for its keeper.
1. How did Ida Lewis become the keeper of Lime Rock Lighthouse?| A．She was recommended for the position by her father. |
| B．She was appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant. |
| C．She took her mother’s advice on her career. |
| D．She took over after her father had a stroke. |
| A．To see Ida Lewis in the flesh. | B．To build the lighthouse. |
| C．To swim in the ocean. | D．To rescue Ida Lewis. |
| A．geographic surroundings. | B．state of being alone. | C．coastal workplace. | D．effortless job. |
| A．It is the tallest lighthouse in the world. | B．It is the first lighthouse in Rhode Island. |
| C．It is the oldest lighthouse in the United States. | D．It is the only lighthouse named after its keeper. |
【推荐3】“Can you imagine?” Diébédo Francis Kéré said to NPR, “I was born in Burkina Faso, a little village where there was no school. And my father wanted me to learn how to read and write very simply because then I could translate or read him his letters.”
The first Black winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize was as surprised as anyone else to be selected for the field’s most famous prize. Many architects had openly supposed that 2022 would be Sir David Adjaye’s year, who is best known for designing notable buildings as the Nobel Peace Center in Norway. Kéré, who is based in Berlin but centers much of his practice in Africa, has been—until now—far lesser known, with buildings that include primary schools and a healthcare clinic.
When he was twenty, in 1985,Kéré earned a scholarship to study carpentry in Berlin. But he also attended night school and was admitted to Technische Universität Berlin, from which he graduated in 2004 with an advanced degree in architecture. He was still a student when he designed and built the innovative Gando Primary School.
Kéré’s architectural practice was inspired by his own experience attending school with around 100 other children in a region with temperatures over 100 F. “It’s very hot inside. And there was no light, while outside, the sunlight was abundant. I think, one day I should make it better. I was thinking about space, about room, about how I could feel better.”
In his designs for Gando Primary School and Naaba Belem Goumma Secondary School, Kéré drew on traditional building materials such as local clay mixed with concrete, and emphasized shade and shadows, making spaces bright enough and letting air in, and thus reducing the need for air conditioning. He wanted the buildings to evoke the sense of an oasis (绿洲), a place for many children, to be happy and learn how to read and write.
1. Why did the Pritzker Architecture Prize of 2022 come out as a surprise?| A．Because it is the most famous prize. |
| B．Because the winner only designs schools. |
| C．Because Kéré wasn’t first selected as a candidate. |
| D．Because another competitor was more famous. |
| A．His academic training in Berlin. | B．Hardship in his early childhood. |
| C．An architectural contest. | D．His experience traveling abroad. |
| A．Creative and universal. | B．Determined and ambitious. |
| C．Caring and practical. | D．Devoted and productive. |
| A．They only use traditional materials. | B．They are well-lit and cool. |
| C．They need no air-conditioning. | D．They are built on oases. |
