Scientists say baby sharks are at risk of being born smaller and without the energy they need to survive because of warming oceans from climate change.
Scientists studied epaulette sharks, which live off Australia and New Guinea. They found that warmer conditions expedite the sharks’ growing process. That meant the sharks were born earlier and very tired. The findings could be used in the study of other sharks, including those that give birth to live young.
The scientists studied 27 sharks. Some were raised in average summer water temperatures, about27 degrees Celsius. Others were raised in higher temperatures around 29 degrees Celsius and 31 degrees Celsius. They found that the sharks raised in the warmest temperatures weighed much less than those raised in average temperatures. They also showed reduced energy levels.
Epaulette sharks can grow to a length of about one meter. Their name comes from large spots on their bodies that look like decorations on some military clothing.
One study this year found that worldwide numbers of oceanic sharks and rays dropped more than70 percent between 1970 and 2018. Overfishing is a main concern, while climate change and pollution also threaten sharks.
Carolyn Wheeler is a doctoral student at the University of Massachusetts Boston and with the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies at James Cook University in Australia. She is the lead author of the epaulette shark study. She said that while all the sharks survived, those raised in warmer temperatures were not strong enough to survive for long in the wild.
She added that if the sharks are born smaller than usual, they are probably going to have to start looking for food sooner, and they’re going to have less time to adjust to their surroundings.
The study should serve as a warning to ocean governing agencies that careful management is needed to prevent the loss of more sharks.
1. What does the underlined word “expedite” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Accelerate. | B.Slow. | C.Cause. | D.Influence. |
A.By studying former data. |
B.By tracking sharks in the wild. |
C.By collecting information about climate change. |
D.By comparing sharks in waters of different temperatures. |
A.They are named after a military officer. |
B.They can’t adapt to new surroundings quickly. |
C.They are dying mainly because of climate change. |
D.They would die soon after birth in warmer temperatures. |
A.The reasons for sharks’ loss. | B.The measures to preserve sharks. |
C.The function of the government. | D.The warnings about the endangered sharks. |
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The air is thin and we have to rest several times on the short hike from camp. To our left, snow- covered mountains disappear into clouds that seem almost close enough to touch. On the plain in front of us, we can just make out a herd of graceful animals. This is why we are here—to observe Tibetan antelopes.
Tibetan antelopes live on the plains of Tibet, Xinjiang, and Qinhai. Watching them move slowly across the green grass, I am struck by their beauty. I am also reminded of the danger they are in. They are being hunted illegally for their valuable fur.
My guide is Zhaxi, a villager from Changtang. He works at the Changtang National Nature Reserve. The reserve is a shelter for the animals and plants of northwestern Tibet. To Zhaxi, the land is sacred and protecting the wildlife is a way to life. “We are not trying to save the animals,”he says. “Actually, we are trying to save ourselves.”
The 1980s and 1990s were bad times for the Tibetan antelope. The population dropped by more than 50 percent. Hunters were shooting antelopes to make profits. Their habitats were becoming smaller as new roads and railways were built.
In order to save this species from extinction, the Chinese government placed it under national protection. Zhaxi and other volunteers watched over the antelopes day and night to keep them safe from attacks. Bridges and gates were added to let the antelopes move easily and keep them safe from cars and trains.
The measures were effective.The antelope population has recovered and in June 2015, the Tibetan antelope was removed from the endangered species list. The government, however, does not intend to stop the protection programmes ,since the threats to the Tibetan antelope have not yet disappeared.
In the evening, I drink a cup of tea and watch the stars. I think about the antelopes and what Zhazi told me. Much is being done to protect wildlife, but if we really want to save the planet, we must change our way of life. Only when we learn to exist in harmony with nature can we stop being a threat to wildlife and to our planet.
1. Why did the writer visit Tibet?2. What happened to the Tibetan antelope in the 1980s and 1990s?
3. What were the measures to save the Tibetan antelope from extinction? Please write down at least one measure?
【推荐2】In Shark Bay, Australia, bottlenose dolphins that aren’t related have been observed teaching each other a new way to use a tool, a behavior that until now scientists have found only in humans and other great apes. It’s also the first known example of dolphins passing on such knowledge within the same generation, rather than between generations. That’s significant, the authors say, because such social learning between peers is rare in nature.
In a practice called shelling, dolphins will chase fish into abandoned giant snail shells on the seafloor, then bring the shells to the surface and shake them with their noses, draining the water and catching the fish that fall out. In 2007, Krutzen launched a study of Shark Bay’s dolphins, identifying more than a thousand individual dolphins over 11 years. During this time, scientists observed shelling 42 times among 19 dolphins. Half of these events occurred after a marine heatwave in 2011, which may have caused a die-off among giant sea snails, leading to more abandoned shells on the seafloor.
Because of the length of their study, scientists had thorough knowledge of the individual dolphins, family histories, ages sexes, and behavior, making it easier for them to study the 19 dolphins that practiced shelling. For instance, they observed that the dolphins that practice shelling hang out with other shelling hunters, so it’s likely that they copy the action from those they spend time with, says study lead author Sonja Wild, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Konstanz in Germany. Although 42 observations are a small data set, the scientists add it’s likely the behavior is actually common; it only lasts a few seconds, making it harder for people to spot it from a boat.
The team had assumed that environmental factors — specifically, whether shelling dolphins did so simply because they lived in a shell-rich area — could explain this peer-to-peer transmission (传递). A genetic trait (遗传特性) among a family group was another possible reason.
So the researchers combined their data on the dolphin sightings, as well as genetic and environmental data, into a computer model that proposed various ways shelling could be passed on between dolphins. The model that supported this kind of transmission was the strongest outcome, according to the study.
1. What do we know about dolphins?A.They are becoming rare in nature. |
B.They are as intelligent as humans. |
C.They cause more sea snails to die. |
D.They can carry out social learning. |
A.It could probably happen often. |
B.It may be hard to understand. |
C.It is actually meaningless. |
D.It differs between dolphins. |
A.Analyze the causes of the dolphins’ behavior. |
B.Explain the genetic traits of shelling dolphins. |
C.Summarize the previous paragraphs. |
D.Get the readers to reflect on the topic. |
A.Shelling Dolphins Face More Dangers |
B.Dolphins Learn Tricks from Each Other |
C.Dolphins Communicate with Sea Snails |
D.Dolphins Abandon Their Natural Habitats |
【推荐3】Lucca, a retired US Marine Corps dog, was awarded the PDSA Dickin Medal at a ceremony in Wellington Barracks in London on Tuesday. The award is considered the animal equivalent (相等的东西))of the Victoria Cross and was given out by veterinary charity. People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA).
The 12-year-old German shepherd (牧羊犬))completed over 400 separate missions during six years of service. In 2012, Lucca discovered a 301b explosive (爆炸的)device while on patrol (巡逻),and when she started searching for other devices ,a second exploded . She lost her left leg and suffered severe chest burns, but thanks to life-saving first aid from her handler , Corporal Juan ,she was saved and recovered.
None of the soldiers were hurt in the explosion which took Lucca’s leg. Corporal Juan said, "Through all of her treatment and in spite of the pain she was in, her temperament never changed. Her fighting spirit was still clear to see and I was so proud of how quickly she recovered. "
Lucca is the 67th animal to be awarded a PDSA Dickin Award and the first US Marine Corps dog. The award, started in 1943 by PDSA founder, Maria Dickin, has been previously awarded to 30 dogs, 32 WWII(World War II) carrier pigeons, three horses and one cat.
The medal was awarded to Lucca by PDSA Director General, Jan Mcloughlin, who said, "Lucca's bravery together with devotion to duty makes her a hugely deserving recipient (接受者) of the PDSA Dickin Medal. Her ability and determination to seek out arms and explosives protected human life.”
Lucca attended the ceremony with her current owner, Gunnery Sergeant Christopher Willingham. Willingham said, “Lucca is very smart and loyal, and had an amazing drive or work as a search dog. Besides her unbelievable detection abilities, she was instrumental in increasing morale (士气)for the armies we supported.”
1. What's the main idea of this passage?A.It educates people to show respect for animals especially search dogs. |
B.It is a story about a dog serving as a US Marine Corps during World War II. |
C.It tells a three-legged hero dog that was awarded the PDSA Dickin Medal. |
D.It gives an introduction of the foundation of PDSA and its founder. |
A.She suffered serious leg burns. |
B.She lost her left leg and suffered serious burns. |
C.She saved many people although she lost her left legs. |
D.She nearly lost two legs in the explosion |
A.Lucca's courage and devotion to duty have earned great respect. |
B.Lucca is the only dog to have been awarded the PDSA Dickin Medal. |
C.Lucca s temperament changed greatly after her recovery. |
D.Lucca's fighting spirit was damaged by the explosion accident. |
A.It is awarded by the British government. |
B.It is considered the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross. |
C.It was started in 1943 by the PDSA founder, Maria Dickin. |
D.It has been previously awarded to other animals. |
【推荐1】“He looks red.” “I am feeling blue.” “She was green.” How often have you heard these expressions? They’re actually fairly common. And they show how color relates to our emotions.
Actually, color does have a physical effect on the human body. It can influence the pituitary gland (脑下垂体), which helps control hormone reduction. Hormones can affect our moods, so it makes sense that color would, too. But it can also be used to change our moods.
How do colors relate to moods and emotions?
Red is all about energy, but it can also indicate anger.
Orange is stimulating, good for times when we just can’t seem to get started with something. It may be useful for reducing stress.
Yellow is good for mental activities like reasoning and analysis. It can promote self-confidence and is helpful in situations when you need to be more optimistic.
Green tends to make most people think of nature, since so much of the natural world is green. It’s about connections—with nature, or with our fellow humans. It’s also good for general stress, since it can help balance emotions.
Blue is relaxing. It can stimulate creativity. Light blue can mean quiet, and dark blue can be depressing.
Purple is related to imagination. In some situations it can also be very peaceful.
White is definitely about peace.But it’s also associated with purity.
How can .you use colors to change your mood? Well, clothing is the most obvious choice. What you wear not only helps you feel a certain way,but also can give a strong impression about you to others—especially people you’ve never met.
But you don’t have to change everything about your appearance. Sometimes a cap, a tie or a scarf, in a particular color will have the desired effect—without being too noticeable to others.
1. The sentence “He looks red.” In the first paragraph means that”_____”A.He saw something with the color of red. |
B.He was shy and his face became red. |
C.He was tired of something he was doing. |
D.He was out of temper with somebody or something. |
A.Red. | B.Orange. |
C.Yellow. | D.Blue. |
A.Wear a red or a white shirt. |
B.Wear a light orange or a green tie. |
C.Wear a yellow or a purple scarf. |
D.Wear a dark blue or a dark cap. |
A.How Color Affects Our Emotions |
B.Which Is Your Favorite Color |
C.How to Change Your Mood |
D.Color Affects Hormone Production |
【推荐2】Scientists are excited by the rediscovery of the giant lacewing. It is an insect which looks like a cross between a fly and a moth. It has spotted wings with a span of roughly 50 millimeters, holding the wings over its body like a tent.
Giant lacewings have been around since the Jurassic era, a period of time about 150 to 200 million years ago. In the 1950s, scientists thought giant lacewings had disappeared from eastern North America. However, scientists recently confirmed that one had been spotted.
Michael Skvarla works for Penn State University, who is the director of its insect identification lab. Skvarla found the giant lacewing in 2012. He remembers it clearly, “I was walking into Walmart to get milk and I saw this huge insect on the side of the building,” Skvarla said. “I thought it looked interesting, so I put it in my hand and did the rest of my shopping with it between my fingers. I got home, mounted it and promptly forgot about it for almost a decade.”
Then, in late 2020, Skvarla was teaching biodiversity in a Zoom class during the pandemic lockdown. During the class, Skvarla showed his students microscopic images of the insect he had seen at Walmart. Together, they stared at the images. They studied the insect closely. Then, they realized that the insect had been wrongly labeled. Many scientists are stirred by this discovery. Now they have started wondering if there may be entire populations hiding out, which requires for further investigation.
And the causes of the supposed disappearance of the insect have long been a mystery. With a deeper research, there are some possible explanations. One is light pollution, which is the brightening of the night sky from man-made light sources such as street lights. Light pollution can disrupt the natural cycles of living things. Another cause could be the introduction of non-native insects such as ground beetles. They can cause harm to the environment. Ground beetles prey on giant lacewings. People’s stopping forest fires may also play a part in the disappearance of the lacewing. This is because giant lacewings need ecosystems that rely on natural fires.
1. What can we know about the appearance of the giant lacewing?A.It looks like a mix of a fly and a moth. |
B.Its body length is about 50 millimeters. |
C.Its wings are tiny and rough. |
D.Its body shape is like a tent. |
A.The researcher accurately recognized it at first sight. |
B.It was spotted at Walmart during the pandemic. |
C.It had been incorrectly labeled initially. |
D.Researchers closely studied the insect for nearly a decade. |
A.The lengthening of natural sunlight time. |
B.The increase in the number of native attackers. |
C.The frequent occurrence of forest fires. |
D.The biological rhythms were messed up by man-made light. |
A.A biology magazine. | B.A science fiction. |
C.A research plan. | D.A medical report. |
【推荐3】Why late-night eating is something you should absolutely avoid? It’s long been popular advice for people looking to lose weight to avoid late night eating. It’s no wonder, with a host of research showing that late-night eating is linked to greater body weight. But until now, few studies have actually investigated why. This is what a recent U.S. study set out to uncover.
Researchers had 16 participants follow two different meal schedules, each for a period of six days total. The first group had their meals early in the day with the last meal consumed six hours and 40 minutes before bedtime. The second group had their daily meals four hours later. This meant they skipped breakfast and instead had lunch, dinner and an evening meal. Their last meal was consumed only two and a half hours before sleep. All the participants consumed an identical diet, and all of their meals were equally spaced with around four hours between them.
The researchers looked at three measures associated with weight gain: the influence of appetite, the impact of eating time on calories burned, and changes of fat tissue. They found that compared to an early eating pattern, late eating not only increased feelings of hunger the following day, it also increased the rate of “hunger” hormones (激素) in the blood. Late eating also caused a decrease in calories burned the following day. Fat tissue samples taken from the participants also showed the increased fat storage. These results indicate that late eating could lead to weight gain.
Given the study was only conducted on a limited number of participants and over a very short time, more research will be needed to further understand whether these changes are only temporary, and what effects long-tern late-night eating can have on the weight gain mechanisms (机制).
Anyway this study adds to a growing body of evidence showing just how important meal timing can be when it comes to body weight. Therefore, people who are watching their weight may want to ditch the late-night snacks and favor eating most of their meals earlier.
1. What is the study designed to do?A.To promote suggestions on losing weight. |
B.To prove the findings of the past research. |
C.To see why late-night meal causes weight gain. |
D.To figure out which is the better meal schedule. |
A.The slow intake of nutrition. |
B.The decreasing feeling of hunger. |
C.The increase of blood pressure. |
D.The great accumulation of fat. |
A.Sell. | B.Quit. |
C.Delay. | D.Taste. |
A.Medical Stories. | B.Healthy Eating. |
C.Life and Fashion. | D.Sports and Fitness. |
【推荐1】It is a big job to take away a city’s rubbish. Most rubbish is made up of things we can’t eat or use. If we kept these things, we would soon have mountains of rubbish.
In some cities the rubbish is collected and taken outside of the city to a dump. Often the city dump is placed where the ground is low or there is a big hole. The kitchen rubbish is broken into small pieces and sent into the sewage system. The sewage system takes away the used water from toilets, bathrooms and other places.
To keep mice and flies away, some earth is used to cover the newly dumped rubbish. Later, grass may be planted on the rubbish-filled land. Finally, a house or a school may be built there, and then you’d never know that this was an old rubbish dump before.
In other cities the rubbish is burnt in special places. The fire burns everything but the metal. Sometimes the metal can be used again in factories where things are made of metal. The food parts of rubbish are put in special piles where they slowly changes into something called humus, which looks like black earth. It is rich with kinds of things that feed plants and help to make them grow.
1. The best title of the passage is .A.Need of Rubbish Collection |
B.Different Ways to Treat Rubbish |
C.Reuse Rubbish |
D.Rubbish, a Big Job |
A.health | B.pollution | C.washing | D.rubbish |
A.a history book | B.a TV guide | C.a science book | D.a telephone book |
【推荐2】When you want to go shopping, decide how much money you can spend on new clothes. Think about the kind of clothes you really need. Then look for those clothes you really need. Then look for those clothes on sale.
There are labels(标签) inside all new clothes. The labels tell you how to take care of your clothes.The label for a shirt may tell you to wash it in warm water.A sweater label may tell you to wash in cold water.The label on a coat may say“dry clean only”, for washing may ruin this coat.If you do as the directions (说明)on the label, you can keep your clothes looking their best for a long time.
Many clothes today must be dry cleaned. Dry cleaning is expensive. When buying new clothes, check to see if they will need to be dry cleaned.You will save money if you buy clothes that can be washed.
You can save money if you buy clothes that are well made. Well-made clothes last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times.Clothes that cost more money are not necessarily(不一定) better made. They do not always fit better. Sometimes less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.
1. If you want to save money, you had better buy clothes that __ .A.Don’t fit you | B.Don’t last long |
C.need to be dry cleaned | D.can be washed |
A.how to keep them looking their best | B.how to save money |
C.whether they fit you or not | D.where to get them dry cleaned |
A.to look for well-made clothes | B.to see how much money you can spend on it |
C.to know how to wash them | D.to read the labels inside them |
A.are always worse made | B.must be dry cleaned |
C.can not be washed | D.can sometimes fit you better |
A.Buy Less Expensive Clothes | B.Taking Enough Money When Shopping |
C.Being a Clever Clothes Shopper | D.Choosing the Labels inside New Clothes |
【推荐3】Some of the most well-known bicycle friendly cities in the world are the ones going car-free like Copenhagen and Amsterdam but a lesser known city, Utrecht, the fourth largest city in the Netherlands, seems to be winning the competition hands down.
Today, with an average daily number of bike tips standing at 125,00 the city is doing something very right. A new short film by Streetfilms shows how this city of 360,000 — with 22.5 billion bicycles — transformed itself into a cyclist’s paradise.
Utrecht is made up of a historic city center, and bike paths and roads weave through the downtown making it really easy to commute to work or school without ever using a car. That’s because the city built specialized roads and bike parking facilities to give bicycle riders the upper hand over cars. According to CityLab, cars make up only 15 percent of the trips into the downtown area. Sixty percent are done by cyclists.
But the city wasn’t always this bicycle friendly. In the 1950s and 60s, cities in the Netherlands were as cities in the rest of Europe and the US. In the 1970s, in response to a rise in the number of pedestrians getting killed in traffic accidents, people started protesting against the use of the streets being priortized for cars. And the high cost of gasoline and the environmental movement added to conditions for change.
The transition didn’t come cheap. According to the New York Times, the city spends over €49 million annually to build, improve and maintain the bike-based transportation network which the city plans on doubling by 2030.
There are complaints by car owners that they are being discriminated against. “These are just growing pains.” Lott van Hooijdonk, the city’s mayor, said in the film, “The advantages of the changes far outnumber the disadvantages and include reduced air pollution, lower healthcare costs and a host of other social benefits. In Utrecht, two wheels are so much better than four.”
1. What has happened to Utrecht according to the text?A.It has become a bicycle friendly city. | B.It has turned into a city on the vehicle. |
C.It has won the competition of cycling. | D.It has been developed into a car-free city. |
A.Most trips can be covered by bike. |
B.It’s hard to park cars in the city center. |
C.There is never any traffic jam on the roads. |
D.Bike-sharing is common in the city Utrecht. |
A.The high cost of fossil fuels. | B.The rising deaths from vehicles. |
C.The poor transportation system. | D.The complaints from car owners. |
A.By protesting. | B.By persuading. |
C.By giving an example. | D.By making suggestions. |