A new study warns that more than a fifth of all reptile (爬行动物) species are threatened with extinction, which may have a bad impact on the planet.
The largest ever analysis of the state of the world’s reptiles, published in Nature, has showed that 21% of the reptile species are facing extinction. The study says from lizards to snakes, such a loss could have disastrous impacts on ecosystems around the world.
Although many reptiles live in dry environments such as deserts, most species occur in forests, where they suffer from threats such as logging of land for agriculture.30% of the forest-dwelling reptiles are at risk of extinction, compared with 14% in dry habitats. Hunting is also a major threat to reptiles, especially turtles and crocodiles, many of which are at risk of extinction. Another major contributing factor is the introduction of invasive species.
“If we removed reptiles, it could change ecosystems fundamentally, with unfortunate knock-on effects, such as increases in pest insects,” said Neil Cox, co-leader of the study. “Biodiversity, including reptiles, supports the ecosystem services that provide a healthy environment for people.”
Our hope is that this first-ever assessment of the world’s 10,000-plus reptiles helps put them in the spotlight and goes some way to highlighting this diversity, and just how much we have to lose. As well as controlling rats, mosquitoes and other pests, reptiles deliver many other benefits. “They help spread seeds, especially in island environments,” said researcher Hoffmann. “We’ve also achieved many medical advances from studies of reptiles.”
The results of the study are not all doom and gloom. Scientists have found, surprisingly, that if they set out to protect places where threatened birds, mammals and amphibians (两栖动物) live together, they’ll meanwhile protect many more threatened reptiles.
1. Which is the main concern raised by the new study?A.The overpopulation of reptiles. | B.The loss of reptiles. |
C.The sharp increase in reptile species. | D.The disastrous influence of reptiles on nature. |
A.One. | B.Two. | C.Three. | D.Four. |
A.Their benefits. | B.Their habitats. |
C.Their living habits. | D.Their health problems. |
A.Disappointing. | B.Odd. | C.Satisfactory. | D.Amazing. |
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【推荐1】Therapy (治疗) dogs have long visited nursing homes and schools and even disaster sites, offering comfort to humans. A new study shows that a 10-minute visit from a therapy dog can help relieve patients’ pain in the emergency room.
The research from the University of Saskatchewan, published in the journal PLOS on Wednesday, found that emergency room patients who were visited by a therapy dog reported less pain than those who weren’t.
“Therapy dogs themselves are really friendly and are so excited to visit with people in places where they don’t typically have a pot,” Dr. Colleen Dell, a professor at the University of Saskatchewan and one of the study authors, told NPR.
In a trial, researchers asked more than 200 patients to report their pain levels. One group of patients received a 10-minute visit from a therapy dog and the other group did not. After the visit, researchers asked patients in both groups to report their pain levels again. Those who spent 10 minutes with the dog reported less pain, the study found.
Many patients have experienced positive outcome from therapy dogs, but this study clinically proves them, said Dell, herself a therapy dog handler.
Stempien, an associate professor of emergency medicine at the University of Saskatchewan, has seen the dogs in action at the hospital where he works. Prior to the pandemic (大流行病), a therapy dog would visit multiple times a week. During visits, the dog would often make a stop in the nursing lounge (休息室) before visiting with patients.
“I think it brought smiles to faces of almost all the staff they interacted with,” Stempien told NPR.
But the people aren’t the only ones getting something out of this. “Therapy dogs love their job. They love to interact with people.” Dell said, “Though we need more research on his, we believe they also acquire something out of it as well as giving while visiting with people.”
1. Which of the following is true about the trial?A.200 doctors and nurses took part in the trial. |
B.Those visited by the therapy dogs got rid of their pain totally. |
C.Those visited by the therapy dogs reported more positive results. |
D.Different patients received different treatments from the therapy dogs. |
A.Therapy dogs. | B.Many patients. | C.Dog handlers. | D.The benefits from therapy dogs. |
A.Therapy dogs are only interested in helping people. |
B.Therapy dogs feel less pain when staying with people. |
C.Therapy dogs can also get something when helping people. |
D.The present research is enough to prove that therapy dogs love their job. |
A.A health magazine. | B.A biology textbook. |
C.A science fiction. | D.An animal encyclopedia. |
【推荐2】Wood stork, which was on the brink of extinction in 1984, has recovered enough in Florida and other Southern states. The American wildlife officials proposed removing the waterfowl (水禽) from the endangered species list.
This symbolic species, which is the only stork native to North America, has rebounded (反弹) because dedicated partners in the southeast have worked tirelessly to restore ecosystems that support it. In addition, the wood stork has increased its range in coastal areas. The birds have adapted to new nesting areas, tripling the number of colonies across their range from 29 to 99 in recent years.
Credit goes mainly to the wildlife protections provided by the Endangered Species Act(ESA), which can impose restrictions on a variety of activities in areas where such species are, located, such as development, mining and oil drilling. The act saved the wood stork and it helped; preserve and rebuild vital habitats throughout the southeast, which has improved water quality and benefited countless other species who call the area home. The Endangered Species Act has saved 99% of the species that have been on the list since 1973, with 100 types of plants and animals delisted because they have recovered or are at least stable.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service said that restoration of the wood stork’s habitat, especially in the Florida Everglades and adjacent Big Cypress National Preserve, led to a, sharp increase in breeding pairs. Those numbers had shrunk to just 5,000 pairs in 1984, whereas there are more than 10,000 pairs today.
“The proposed delisting of the wood stork is a significant milestone and a remarkable, achievement of the hard work by federal agencies, state and local governments, tribes, conservation organizations, and private citizens in protecting and restoring our most at-risk species,” Interior Secretary Deb Haaland said.
If the wood stork is delisted, officials said it would remain protected by other laws including the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Clean Water Act. A monitoring plan, would be put in place for at least five years to ensure the stork population remains stable.
1. What can be inferred about the wood stork from the text?A.Its population is increasing. | B.It has already died out. |
C.It is widely distributed worldwide. | D.It is the most endangered species. |
A.Charity organizations. | B.Federal agencies. |
C.Protections of the ESA. | D.Local companies. |
A.Negative. | B.Doubtful. | C.Indifferent. | D.Positive. |
A.Effect of the Big Cypress National Preserve Counts |
B.Saving of the Endangered Wood Stork Progresses |
C.Efforts to Restore the Wildlife Habitat Pay Off |
D.Protection of American Native Species Works |
【推荐3】In Florida’s Everglades, few species are more closely tied to the habitat’s health than an endangered bird, the snail kite. The Everglade snail kite is a raptor (猛禽), similar to a hawk, that eats just one thing: snails, a species that relies almost entirely on a resource usually abundant in the freshwater marshes (沼泽).
Over the last century, as much of the Everglades dried up, droughts contributed to the snail kite’s decline, and by 2007, there were fewer than 800 remaining. But the kite has bounced back recently thanks to an exotic (外来的) snail. It’s a rare case of an invasive species having a positive impact.
Robert Fletcher, a University of Florida professor who directs a snail kite monitoring program, said the invasive species was first spotted in 2004. Within a few years, it had expanded through much of the Everglades. “And it was around that time,” he said, “that we started to see snail kite number increase.”
No one’s sure about how the exotic snails were introduced into the Everglades. They’re related to Florida’s apple snails and are commonly used in home aquariums. The invader, the island apple snail, is larger than its Florida cousin. It lays eggs in the thousands in pink clusters visible on the stalks of many of the marsh plants.
Efforts to restore Florida’s Everglades have helped the snail kite and restored native vegetation. It’s been in the works for more than 30 years with a cost of more than $20 billion. But progress is increasing gradually, albeit hard to measure. In the meantime, scientists say the invasive snail may have helped pull Florida’s endangered snail kite back from the threat of extinction.
But Fletcher is concerned about the potential impact the species will have on the Everglades over the long term. He said, “What we should be thinking about is how we restore native snails to get those benefits rather than relying on this non-native species that can have damaging impacts on the ecosystem.” The invasive snails may already have caused losses to some native marsh plants, which indicates that trouble may come very soon.
1. What does the underlined phrase “bounced back” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Jumped. | B.Moved. | C.Recovered. | D.Returned. |
A.The loss of habitat. | B.The lack of food due to droughts. |
C.The increasing number of hawks. | D.The introduction of an invasive species. |
A.Their eggs are hard to spot. |
B.Aquariums are an ideal habitat for them. |
C.They are smaller than native apple snails. |
D.They quickly increased in population around the Everglades. |
A.Restoring the native ecosystem is costly and time-consuming. |
B.The invasive snails pose little threat to the local ecosystem. |
C.The benefits of the invasive snails outweigh the harms. |
D.Human efforts apparently have proven to be effective. |
【推荐1】Summer is the season of mosquitoes. And mosquito bites are truly the worst-not only are they huge and painful, but they itch(发痒) like nothing else. And once you start scratching (挠), it’s hard to stop.
You can blame female mosquitoes for the trouble we all face. There is something that enters the skin while the mosquito is enjoying its blood meal. This is the protein that leads to the allergic reaction and itching. Basically, our immune systems see the protein as an enemy. This causes the local reaction we see as the bug bite. Our bodies are just particularly sensitive to mosquito bites. Other bug bites may not have the same effect on your immune system. Bees for example, are likely to produce more pain than an itch.
Scratching a mosquito bite is a double-edged sword. It feels so good, but it also makes the itch way worse. When you scratch, you may release more local histamine, the chemical in the skin that causes the itching, and you may also be spreading the allergen under the skin. If you tend to scratch until you bleed you’re putting yourself at risk for skin infections.
You’re not imagining it -mosquito bites do itch more at night. Most people itch more at night because we are less distracted as we try to fall asleep.
If you’ve ever wondered why some mosquito bites itch more than others, it totally depends on your body. Everyone responds differently to mosquito bites. While some people may have a minimal reaction, others may experience serious reaction. It just depends on your body’s immune system. People with so-called atopic traits, who are highly sensitive, are more likely to develop more serious local reactions after the mosquito bites.
1. What accounts for the itch you feel after a mosquito bite?A.The blood type. | B.The sensitivity of our skin. |
C.The change of temperature. | D.The protein from mosquitoes. |
A.Scratching them helps the blood to flow quicker. |
B.Your skin will be infected after you scratch them. |
C.Scratching them causes a special chemical to let out. |
D.You focus more on mosquito bites when you are scratching them. |
A.Their body’s immune system is less sensitive to the bites. |
B.They pay less attention to the mosquito bites. |
C.Their skin is thicker than others. |
D.They get used to the bites. |
A.The cure for mosquito bites. | B.The itch caused by mosquito bites. |
C.Why mosquito bites itch less than bee bites. | D.How people respond to mosquito bites differently. |
【推荐2】All networks like 3G and 4G will be things of the past, because people already have access to 5G. So, what’s so special about a 5G future? First of all, its download speed can be as fast as 20GB/s, which is 100 to 200 times faster than that of 4G. But what’s more impressive is 5G’s low delay rate. Now, 4G takes an average of 200 milliseconds to send and receive information. But 5G will get it down to 1 millisecond.
5G is a great breakthrough (突破). It’s going to change the way equipment connects to the Internet, and more importantly, to each other. And self-driving cars may be one of the biggest breakthroughs to come out of 5G. Human reaction (反应) time is 200milliseconds, yet we still have accidents every day. The self-driving car under the 5G network could react and communicate its reaction to hundreds of cars around it, all within 1 millisecond. It’ll play a great role in preventing car accidents and completely ending traffic jams.
5G can benefit us in many other ways. Operations could be performed by robots controlled by experts from the other side of the world. Therefore, more lives will be saved in time. Factories can be staffed by robots that can communicate their tasks to each other, and they can do more work over the 5G network. As a result, more labour forces will be freed.
However, 5G is not perfect. 5G uses the millimeter waves, while 4G uses the 15- to 40-centimeter-long waves. And shorter waves go fast but not very far. On the4G network, the signal (信号) can go 10 kilometers. But the 5G signal can go at most 300 meters, and it can’t even go through walls or rain. So, what does that mean? Having such a short signal distance means we need to build a lot of signal towers in the future.
1. How does the author introduce 5G in paragraph 1?A.By giving examples of the uses of 5G. |
B.By reviewing 5G’s development from 4G. |
C.By providing some basic information of 5G. |
D.By making comparisons between 4G and 5G. |
A.To explain the role of self-driving cars. | B.To prove the importance of 5G. |
C.To show the advantage of 5G. | D.To tell the progress of self-driving cars. |
A.Be built by robots. | B.Produce more robots. |
C.Offer employees robots. | D.Have robots as workers. |
A.It uses longer waves. | B.It needs more signal towers. |
C.It travels a longer distance. | D.It won’t be affected by weather. |
【推荐3】A good deal of fascinating research has been done about the reading patterns of young people, and it is surprising to discover at what an early age children start expressing preferences for particular kind of books. A recent report, which examined in detail the reading habits of primary-school children, showed that even seven-year-old boys and girls have clear views about what they want to read. Girls, in general, read more, and far more girls than boys preferred reading stories. Boys were showing a taste for the more instant appeal of picture stories, or else books about their hobbies.
These tastes continue unchanged until the children are teenagers. Apparently girls read more in general, but more fiction in particular. You could say that there are more opportunities for girls to read fiction: magazines encourage the fiction habit in girls in their early teens, and by their late teens they have probably moved on to the adult women’s magazines. Teenage boys tend to buy magazines about their hobbies:motorcycles, heavy transport and to on.
Adult reading tastes are also the subject of research. Again the number of women who read for pleasure is considerably higher than the number of men. It seems that the majority of women still want love stories. There has also been some analysis of what men actually read. Apparently only 38 percent of men read anything, but 50 percent of what they read is fiction in the form of action-packed (内容丰富有趣的) stories of space or gunmen
1. What has the recent research into children’s reading show?A.Children begin to read very fast at an early age |
B.Children examine in detail what they read at school |
C.Children can read clearly in primary school |
D.Children form their reading tastes by the time they are seven |
A.girls are more interested in fiction than boys |
B.girls are more interested in action-packed stories than boys |
C.boys read much more than girls |
D.boys have no interest in fiction |
A.boys change their reading tastes more often than girls |
B.people usually do not change their reading tastes when they grow up |
C.boys and girls form their reading habits by reading magazines |
D.people have no definite(确切的)reading tastes |
【推荐1】More Americans say they are on a special diet compared with Americans about 10 years ago. That information comes from a report released this week by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC. The increased dieting comes at a time when obesity levels continue to rise. The CDC report found that 17 percent of Americans said they were on diets in 2017-2018 — up from 14 percent about 10 years earlier. Over the same period, obesity levels increased in the U. S. to 42 percent — up from 34 percent.
Dana Hunnes is a professor of public health and nutrition at the University of California, Los Angeles. Hunnes said that the number of Americans who said that they are on a diet is lower than expected. This is because diet-related diseases are very common in the country. The report noted that about half of American adults have diet-related health problems, such as diabetes and heart disease. Generally speaking, more women reported being on a diet than men. The heavier and more educated people were, the more likely they were to report being on a special diet, the study found.
Between 2007 and 2008, and 2017 and 2018, diets described as “weight loss or low calorie” grew in popularity. Low-carbohydrate diets became more popular, while low-fat and low-cholesterol diets became less popular. The findings were part of an continuous national survey. People who took part in the survey were asked the following question: “Are you currently on any kind of diet, either to lose weight or for some other health-related reason?”
Becky Ramsing is a dietician and program officer at Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future. Ramsing said that people make very different kinds of choices in hopes of losing weight. In some cases, she said people might not understand why the choices they make do not help them lose weight.
1. Why do more Americans start to go on a special diet at present?A.Because of their health. | B.Because of their wealth. |
C.Because of their disease. | D.Because of their age. |
A.Losing weight. | B.Putting on weight. |
C.Low-fat diets. | D.Diet-related diseases. |
A.Some Americans aren’t t interested in losing weight. |
B.Some Americans have had serious diseases in their life. |
C.Some Americans don’t make good choices in their life. |
D.Some Americans have doubted the importance of science. |
A.Diseases on Diets for More Americans |
B.More Women on Diets than men in America |
C.Diseases Related to Health problems in America |
D.More Americans on Special Diets for Health Reasons |
【推荐2】California’s Yosemite National Park is home to many stunning waterfalls. However, from mid-to-late February each year, the unlikely star of the preserve is Horsetail Fall-a small waterfall that forms over the eastern edge of the park’s famous vertical rock formation, El Capitan, every winter. That’s because, during the two-week-period, the temporary1,000-foot fall frequently transforms into a red “firefall” for about ten minutes a day during sunset.
For the phenomenon to occur, several conditions need to coincide. There must be enough snow and snow must be melted to form the waterfall. During drought years, Horsetail Fall is reduced to a trickle flowing slowly in drops or does not appear at all. Additionally, the skies have to be entirely clear. Even a slight mist is enough to ruin the illusion (错觉) of fire falling down the cliffs. Finally, the sun has to strike the water from the right angle to set the waterfall “burning” brightly.
The “firefall” has been popular with professional and amateur photographers since the 1940s.However, in recent years, thanks to social media, its fame has risen to new heights, with thousands of people flocking to the national park each February. In 2019, over 2,200 people crowded into the small viewing areas on February 22, the best day to see the light show last year. However, the visitors not only stepped on sensitive vegetation but also left behind large amounts of rubbish.
To prevent a repeat of the unfortunate incident, in 2020, the park service closed two of the ideal viewing areas. The only one open required a 1.5-mile-long hike. However, the 3-mile round-trip, as well as a warning by the officials that a dry spell turned the fall into a trickle, leaving the possibility of a “firefall” in doubt, didn’t not seem to have deterred fans. Hundreds of people made their way to Horsetail Fall to catch a glimpse of the light show. Hopefully, Horsetail Fall enthusiasts would be more respectful of the natural environment this time.
1. When can the “firefall” be seen?A.About at dawn. |
B.Exactly at noon. |
C.Just before dusk. |
D.Late at night. |
A.The temperatures have to be warm enough. |
B.Horsetail Fall must be reduced to a trickle. |
C.There has to be enough slight fog in the sky. |
D.The waterfall must be frozen down the cliff. |
A.The “firefall” was discovered by a photographer. |
B.The viewing areas were equipped with telescopes. |
C.Social media offer new tools to view the “firefall”. |
D.The tourists caused the environmental pollution. |
A.Disapproved. | B.Discouraged. |
C.Disturbed. | D.Distinguished. |
【推荐3】Researchers have long known that lack of sleep can cause weight gain and increase other health risks. But for those who force themselves out of bed every weekday after too few hours of sleep, they always hope that turning off the alarm on weekends will repay the weekly sleep debt and change any ill effects around completely.
New research published in Current Biology destroys those hopes. Despite complete freedom to sleep in during a weekend recovery period, participants in a sleep laboratory who were limited to five hours of sleep on weekdays gained nearly three pounds over two weeks. They also experienced metabolic disruption (新陈代谢紊乱). Weekend recovery sleep had some benefits after a single week of lack of sleep. However, those gains were wiped out when people went back into their old schedule the next Monday.
“These health effects are long-term,” said Kenneth Wright at the University of Colorado at Boulder, who oversaw the work. “It’s kind of like smoking once was. People would smoke and wouldn’t see an immediate effect on their health, but now they will say that smoking is not a healthy lifestyle choice. I think “catch-up” sleep is in the early phase of where smoking used to be.”
Michael Grandner, at the University of Arizona, said the study highlights that people need to stop thinking of sleep as a balance sheet (资产负债表). Considerably cutting calories all week and then bingeing on (无节制地吃) a giant pizza on Saturday would not restore balance. That is essentially what people are doing when they skip sleep on weekdays with the idea that they can make up for it on the weekend.
The study suggests people should put sleep first — cutting out the optional “sleep stealers” such as watching television shows or spending time on electronic devices. Even when people do not have a choice about losing sleep due to tight schedules, they should think about sleep first in the same way they would a healthy diet or exercise.
1. Why do people hope to sleep longer on weekends?A.To avoid some debt concerns. | B.To cure some illness. |
C.To get some health benefits. | D.To get complete freedom. |
A.It has the long-term benefits. | B.It hides some potential harm. |
C.It causes smoking problems. | D.It contributes to losing weight. |
A.Sleep well every day. | B.Guarantee weekly sleeping hours. |
C.Make up for missing sleep. | D.Stop watching TV shows before bed. |
A.Weekend “Catch-Up Sleep” Is a Lie. |
B.Watch out for "Sleep Stealers". |
C.Sleep and Smoking are alike. |
D.Lack of Sleep Does No Good. |