“Given that signs of Alzheimer’s disease (老年痴呆症) start to accumulate in the brain several decades before the disease begins, understanding the connection between sleep and cognition (认知) earlier in life is critical for understanding the role of sleep problems as a risk factor for the disease,” said study author Yue Leng, PhD, of the University of California, San Francisco.
The study involved 526 people with an average age of 40. They were followed for 11 years. Researchers looked at participants’ sleep duration and quality. Participants wore a wrist activity monitor for three continuous days on two occasions approximately one year apart to calculate their averages. Participants slept for an average of six hours. Participants also reported bedtime and wake-up time in a sleep diary and completed a sleep quality survey with scores ranging from 0 to 21. A total of 239 people reported poor sleep with a score greater than five.
Researchers also looked at sleep fragmentation (碎片化), a measure of restlessness during the sleep period expressed as a percentage. The higher the value, the more sleep is interrupted. Participants were divided into three groups based on their sleep fragmentation score. Of the 175 people with the most interrupted sleep, 44 had poor cognitive performance 10 years later, compared to 10 of the 176 people with the least interrupted sleep.
After adjusting for age, sex, race, and education, people who had the most interrupted sleep had more than twice the possibility of having poor cognitive performance when compared to those with the least interrupted sleep. There was no difference in cognitive performance at midlife for those in the middle group compared to the group with the least interrupted sleep.
However, due to the small sample size, the researchers were unable to fully investigate potential race or sex differences. “More research is needed to assess the link between sleep disturbances and cognition at different life stages and to identify if critical life periods exist when sleep is more strongly associated with cognition,” Leng said.
1. What do we know about Yue Leng’s study?A.Data collection was an easy process. | B.It aimed to find a cure for Alzheimer’s. |
C.The results were far from satisfactory. | D.Higher scores mean poorer sleep quality. |
A.It did require outside intervention. | B.It included a series of memory tests. |
C.It measured short interruptions of sleep. | D.It determined those participants’ groups. |
A.The quality of sleep may affect cognitive health. |
B.Keeping a sleep diary can improve one’s sleep quality. |
C.People sleeping well won’t suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. |
D.People with interrupted sleep won’t have memory problems. |
A.The major limitation of the study. |
B.An explanation of the research method. |
C.A possible reason for the study findings. |
D.The use of careful investigations in real life. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Nicotine is the addictive chemical in tobacco smoke and e-cigarette vapors. And doctors say a teen’s brain is no place for it to end up. Nicotine can reach the brain within seven seconds of smoking a cigar, cigarette or electronic cigarette.
The area of the brain responsible for emotions and controlling our wild impulses is known as the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮层). It’s very easily affected by nicotine, research shows. This is especially true for young people, because this part of the brain doesn’t finish developing until about age 25.
Nicotine acts like a key to unlocking special receptor (感受器) molecules on the outside of cells in the brain, including those in the prefrontal cortex. Nicotine causes these cells to release signaling molecules, such as dopamine (多巴胺). These chemical signals travel across a gap between nerve cells. When they reach the neighboring nerve cell, they release their message. And it makes users get a feel-good high.
But after repeated exposure to nicotine, those brain cells can change. The effect of these changes is to reduce the body’s ability to release its own, natural pleasure-giving chemicals.
Meanwhile, the brains of teens who smoke or vape may create more receptors to handle the flood of nicotine they have come to expect. As the number of receptors increases, teens will need more nicotine to get the same high. That makes nicotine users seek hit after hit. In teens, this can provoke side effects. For instance, it can make it hard for them to stay focused. It might also trigger depression or anxiety, research suggests.
Some of the negative effects of nicotine on the young brain will fade with time — if exposure ends. Others, however, may persist. For instance, brain scientists at VU University Amsterdam found that exposing adolescent rats to nicotine increased their aggressive behavior. It made them a bit more reckless than usual. It also made it harder for them to focus their attention—even later, as adults
No one is sure that the same thing happens in humans, but that’s exactly what worries Garry Sigman. “Exposing the developing adolescent brain to nicotine could lead to a high risk of lifelong addiction,” he explains.
1. What do we know about the prefrontal cortex?A.It controls personality and the brain. | B.It regulates emotions and behaviors. |
C.It finishes developing in adolescence. | D.It defends itself against nicotine effect. |
A.Teenagers have fewer receptors in the brain. |
B.Nicotine does not reach the brain quickly enough. |
C.The brain creates more receptors to handle nicotine. |
D.Nicotine has a greater effect on teens’ prefrontal cortex. |
A.Optimistic. | B.Pessimistic. | C.Doubtful. | D.Concerned. |
A.Explain-er: The Nico-Teen Brain |
B.Tobacco, Nicotine, and E-Cigarettes |
C.How Nicotine Affects Memory and Learning |
D.Nicotine Addiction: Symptoms and Treatments |
【推荐2】Awe is generally defined as the sense that you are in the presence of (在……面前) something larger and more consequential(重要的) than yourself. According to a study called “awe walks”, people who took a fresh look at the world around them during brief, weekly walks felt more upbeat and hopeful in general than walkers who did not. Feeling a sense of awe also seems to up our overall feelings of gladness and improve health.
Previous studies have linked increased physical activity to greater happiness and reduced risks for anxiety, depression and other mental illnesses. But no studies had looked into whether mixing awe and activity might increase the benefits of or, on the other hand, reduce them. So, for the new study, scientists concentrated on people in their 60s, 70s and 80s, an age when some people can face risks for declining mental health.
The scientists asked 52 study volunteers to add a weekly 15-minute walk to their normal schedules. All of them were physically healthy and psychologically well-adjusted, with little anxiety or depression. Then they were randomly divided into two groups. One, as a control group, was asked to start walking, preferably outside, but given few other requirements. The other group was not only asked to walk once a week, but also were instructed in how to cultivate awe as they walked. “Basically, we told them to try to go and walk somewhere new, since novelty helps to cultivate awe,” says Virginia Sturm, an associate professor who led the new study.
Both groups were asked to take a few selfies (自拍) during their walks and upload them to a lab website and also complete a daily online assessment of their current mood. After eight weeks, the scientists compared the groups’ responses and photos. Not surprisingly, the awe walkers felt happier, less upset and more socially connected than the control group members.
The findings are subjective, though, since awe, like other emotions, is difficult to quantify, but Dr. Sturm thinks awe walks could be a simple thing for small wonders without any downside.
1. What makes the new study different from the previous ones?A.It concentrated on older people. |
B.It found the solution to mental health. |
C.It associated physical exercise with happiness. |
D.It took both activity and awe into consideration. |
A.The volunteers were suffering mental diseases. |
B.Only the control group practiced weekly walks. |
C.The study volunteers were divided by age. |
D.Novelty can produce awe feelings. |
A.The number of volunteers is small. |
B.The awe emotion is hard to measure. |
C.The daily assessments are difficult to complete. |
D.The period of the experiment isn’t long enough. |
A.Business. | B.Science. | C.Advertisement. | D.Travel. |
【推荐3】Since the end of 2019, a terrible disease has been spreading all over the world. It’s caused by a virus that has not been found before in humans.
What are the symptoms?
The virus is from a family called the corona viruses. The symptoms of this illness are pretty ordinary on the face of it: it’s dry cough, fever and then breathing problems.
Who does this virus attack?
As we can see, older people are ending up in hospital with the virus. Most of the affected people are usually over 40 years old.
We’ve only just discovered that the new corona virus is actually spread from one person to another. It was hoped at first actually that it just came from animals as all corona viruses do.
A.How is this virus spread? |
B.It seems quite mild in lots of people. |
C.Those who have died tend actually to have other diseases already. |
D.People affected by viral pneumonia will die. |
E.Signs of the virus may appear between 2 and 14 days after being near someone who is affected. |
F.So the disease is called a "novel" or new virus. |
G.Now it has been confirmed that it is actually passed from one person to another, however. |
【推荐1】New York factories in the early 1900s were busy and dangerous places to work. Most factories were housed in brick buildings that were overly hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter. Workers at the time often worked more than 12 hours each day, receiving few breaks and no overtime pay. The floors were crowded with people and equipment, and the doors were often locked to prevent employees from leaving early. In fact, most factory owners and managers mistreated those who asked for changes or directly fired them. The people in charge believed that they did not owe anything more than a paycheck to their workers.
Everything changed when a fire broke out at the Triangle shirtwaist factory in 1911. During that tragic event, about a quarter of the workers (mostly young immigrant women) lost their lives. The factory workers, located on the ninth floor of the building, could not get the door open. The fire escape led only to flames below. The fire truck ladders were not long enough, nor were the water hoses (水管). Fire nets were inadequate.
After the fire, people marched and protested in order to change conditions in factories. Many large protests took place in New York. Eventually, politicians took up the cause, and legislators (立法者) passed workplace laws regulating child labor and the number of workers allowed on a floor. They also called for sprinkler systems (自动喷水系统) to be placed in all factories. The rights of workers were important and valuable.
Today, working in a factory is still a demanding, difficult, and often dangerous job. The victims of the Triangle shirtwaist factory did not die in vain, however. Because of their experience, the workplace was forever changed for the better.
1. Which is the cause of the tragic accident?A.The quality of the factory building. |
B.The involvement of politicians. |
C.The lack of worker safety at the factory. |
D.The inexperience of the workers. |
A.employers were given more control |
B.many laws were passed to protect workers |
C.sprinkler systems were invented |
D.factories in New York closed |
A.The tragedy could have been avoided. |
B.The women who died were wealthy. |
C.Factories were the best places to work. |
D.Shirtwaists were hard to find after the fire. |
A.caused little damage to the factory |
B.brought the reform in the working conditions |
C.became a turning point for politicians |
D.took place on the ninth floor of the building |
【推荐2】Nearly two years after the COVID-19 outbreak, China has granted approval to its first antibody combination treatment for COVID-19.
A team from Brii Biosciences, Tsinghua University, and the People’s Hospital of Shenzhen has accomplished the task in 20 months. It would usually takes 10 years. “It can reduce the rate of hospitalization and death by 80 percent,” said Zhang Linqi, leader of the research team.
The new antibody drug is immediately effective when conducted intravenously (静脉注射). Moreover, the treatment can protect people, especially those whose physical condition doesn’t allow vaccination, from becoming infected by COVID-19 for around nine to 12 months, said Zhang. How does it work? When a virus infects a cell, it relies on an important type of protein: the spike proteins on its surface. The spike proteins serve as a key to unlocking a cell. If a virus cannot enter a cell, it will be destroyed immediately. The job of our antibodies is to block the virus from entering cells. So its target is very precise. In addition, thanks to the coordination between the two antibodies, it is highly efficient and durable in controlling the virus, according to Zhang.
Lab tests suggest that the antibody combination can be effective against common COVID-19 variants, including the Alpha, Beta, Delta, Lambda and Mu. Testing with the newer Omicron strain is ongoing. The qualities of the new drug make it especially useful for high-risk groups, such as frontline medical workers and people who are not suitable for vaccination due to various possible health problems.
The new drug is expected to come to the market soon, but it’s not cheap. That’s because of limited production. Also, it typically must be administered intravenously in a hospital setting.
Noting that China has used science and technology to fight COVID-19 since the beginning of the outbreak, Zhang said: “Science is the core to solving the issue. Science has shown its power in all sectors, from medical treatment, medicine and vaccine development to prevention and control measures.”
1. What do we know about the new drug?A.It can remain active in human bodies for 20 months. |
B.It’s unsuitable for people with underlying health problems. |
C.It proves to be effective against COVID-19 variants alone. |
D.It promises an 80 percent reduced risk of death. |
A.By getting rid of cells infected with the virus. |
B.By preventing the virus from attacking cells. |
C.By assisting the spike proteins in unlocking cells. |
D.By targeting spike proteins on the surface of cells. |
A.It has some side effects. | B.Its ingredients are still in limited supply. |
C.Not everyone can afford it. | D.Only high-risk groups can have access to it. |
A.Supportive. | B.Ambiguous. | C.Indifferent. | D.Negative. |
【推荐3】The following picture books are a wonderful way to improve the summer experience with kids.
♦ Vampirina at the Beach by Anne Marie Pace
Vampirina and her best monster friend head to the beach during the full moon on a perfect summer night to enjoy all the fun and festivities the beach has to offer. Along the way, Vampirina’s beach adventures highlight the importance of beach safety to ensure a heroic adventure for all.
Available from Amazon, $11.50
♦ Summer by Alice Low
Summer brings so many things to a spirited boy, an eager girl, and an excited little dog. The season is filled with adventure. With clever rhyming words, clever phrasing, and playful images, children will love following along as this energetic trio (三重唱) takes in all the sunshine, big beach waves, fireworks, and sweet treats of this truly memorable time of year.
Available from Amazon, $6.23
♦ Waiting for Pumpsie by Barry Wittenstein
Summer is the season of baseball, and there’s no better way to celebrate summer than with the true story of Pumpsie Green’s rise from the minors to the Boston Red Sox in 1959. As the final major league team to include black athletes, young Bernard and his family travel to Fenway Park to witness Pumpsie Green take the field in this inspirational tale of equality and progress.
Available from Amazon, $9.61
♦ The Night Before Summer Camp by Natasha Wing
Sure, camp sounds fun, but when you don’t quite know what to expect, it’s only natural to feel a little nervous away from Mom and Dad. With rhyming prose (散文) and cheerful illustrations (插图), this cheering story of an unwilling boy who comes to enjoy all the fun summer camp will have children ready to take on their own camp adventure!
Available from Amazon, $3.52
1. What benefit can children get from Vampirina at the Beach?A.Enjoying the excitement of sports. |
B.Making friends with pets more easily. |
C.Strengthening the sense of shore safety. |
D.Gaining the courage to enjoy summer camp. |
A.Summer. | B.Waiting for Pumpsie. |
C.Vampirina at the Beach. | D.The Night Before Summer Camp. |
A.They tell what happens in the hot season. |
B.They introduce camp adventures. |
C.They describe sweet music. |
D.They have the same price. |