“You’re so smart!” This encouraging response to children’s math performance is commonly heard. Recently, a new study, conducted by the University of Georgia, found that encouraging children with responses related to their personal characteristics or inborn abilities might weaken their math motivation and achievement over time.
Parents who make comments linking their children’s performance to personal characteristics like intelligence are using what’s referred to as person responses. In contrast, parents who link their children’s actions, such as efforts or strategy use, to their performance are using process responses.
For the study, researchers asked more than 500 parents to report on how they responded to their children’s math performance and their math beliefs and goals. Children were assessed in two waves across a year to measure their math motivation and achievement.
The results show that parents who view math ability as changeable are more likely to give process responses focused on their children’s strategy use and efforts rather than their intelligence or other personal characteristics. In contrast, parents who believe math ability is unchangeable and that math failure can’t be constructive give more person responses. Parents with high expectations for their children give a combination of both responses. While responses highlighting strategy and efforts are not related to any achievement outcomes, children who receive more responses about their personal characteristics -- in particular, related to failure -- are more likely to avoid harder math problems, exhibit higher levels of math anxiety, and score lower on math achievement tests.
Because person responses predict poor math adjustment in children over time, researchers suggest parents limit this type of responses at home. Another recommendation for parents is to think about their own beliefs and goals for their kids and examine how these might lead them to respond in person or process ways. Simply telling parents to avoid talking about math ability may not be enough. Focusing less on how children perform and more on their strategy and enjoyment of math might be a more effective way to enhance motivation.
1. Which of the following is an example of process response?| A．You are a lucky dog. | B．Running is in your blood. |
| C．What works well for your study? | D．Why are you such a math genius? |
| A．Parents prefer to give more process responses. |
| B．Children are more likely to be affected by math anxiety. |
| C．Process responses help with children’s math achievement. |
| D．Person responses can discourage children from learning math. |
| A．Restrict person responses. | B．Defend their own beliefs. |
| C．Stress children’s performance. | D．Ignore children’s math problems. |
| A．The Strategy Children Adopt to Learn Math Helps |
| B．The Way Parents Talk to Children on Math Matters |
| C．Responses to Enhance Children’s Math Performance |
| D．Suggestions for Parents to Teach Their Children Math |
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【推荐1】If you grew up watching the kid’s television channel Nickelodeon, you will probably understand that there is nothing greater than enjoying its special bright green slime ( 水晶泥). The week of May 11, astronauts (宇航员) aboard the International Space Station(ISS) joined the slime.
Nickelodeon sent two kilos of its green slime into space in the summer of 2019. The Slime in Space project’s idea was to create an educational trip for teachers to use in class. The green slime was also used to guide astronauts through a series of experiments that were designed to learn more about how slime acts in microgravity.
Researchers from Portland State University(PSU) were excited to design the experiments for the project. Mark Weislogel and his partner designed eight shows for NASA astronauts and European Space Agency astronaut aboard to perform.
If you’re wondering what we could hope to learn from sending slime into space, the answer lies in its very name. Slime is slimy. This is because it is a liquid that is thicker than liquids like water. This makes slime act in unexpected ways in the microgravity of the ISS. Improving our understanding of how thicker liquids act in space may help us improve the design of systems that something were designed with Earth’s gravity in mind.
“Interestingly, we consider liquid on Earth as that takes the shape of its container,” Koch tells CNN. “Water just turns into a ball in microgravity, so we’ve had to have a new understanding of different kinds of matter in space. This experiment shows how microgravity can help us understand things on Earth, especially the things we take for granted.”
1. In paragraph one, Nickelodeon is mentioned .| A．to introduce the topic | B．to attract the kids |
| C．to make advertisements | D．to share a TV show |
| A．Because they get students interested in space. |
| B．Because slime takes the shape of its container. |
| C．Because slime is popular with kids in the TV show. |
| D．Because they help us understand how slime acts in space. |
| A．Puzzled. | B．Worried. | C．Uninterested. | D．Positive. |
| A．Microgravity makes a difference to matters. |
| B．Astronauts join the slime in space for science. |
| C．Kids join the slime so as to become astronauts. |
| D．Experiments are designed with slimy slime. |
【推荐2】So many things can keep you from seeing your loved ones in person. Fortunately, the people we miss are often only a phone call or text message away. But if you prefer typed out messages to verbal ones, you may want to reconsider.
A new study found that communication interactions that included voice, like a phone call, created stronger social bonds than communication through typing, like text messaging or email.
“People reported they did form a significantly stronger bond with their old friend on the phone than email, and they did not feel more awkward,” study co-author Amit Kumar, an assistant professor of marketing at the McCombs School of Business, said in a statement.
In another experiment, the researchers had strangers connect by either texting, talking over video chat, or talking using only audio. They found that both forms of voice communication—whether video or audio only—made the strangers feel significantly more connected than when they communicated via text.
Sabrina Romanoff, a Harvard trained clinical psychologist, says people tend to text or email instead of calling because of convenience,
| A．if they want to get connected with someone far away. |
| B．According to science, if you want to feel more connected to the people you’re talking to, you should call them instead of texting. |
| C．Although people expected that a phone call would be more awkward, hearing someone’s voice actually made the experience better. |
| D．as they see it as a controlled form of communication where they can “express information exactly without unexpected interruptions by the other person.” |
| E．As far as some people are concerned, making a call can save us more time than texting. |
| F．In the study, researchers used various experiments to measure connectedness. |
| G．“A phone call is actually more convenient when considering the net effects of the message,” she explains. |
【推荐3】As one of the most popular and affordable drinks in the world, tea has been enjoyed by us for ages.
No matter which type of tea you use, it is rich in antioxidants(抗氧化剂) that help fight the damaging effects of free radicals(自由基). It’s also known for its mood-enhancing qualities.
If your furniture is looking dull and old, with the polish wearing off, and you haven’t had the time to purchase a furniture polish, fear not. Try this effective approach.
Tea can help in getting rid of all kinds of bad smells in the house. So, if that sweat stench(恶臭) refuses to leave your shoes, place a dry and used tea bag in each shoe for a day and see the difference.
| A．It helps us manage stress and bad mood. |
| B．So, when you come home exhausted, try a tea bath. |
| C．You may be troubled by the smelly shoes in your house. |
| D．You can also keep a few dry and used tea bags in your shoe closet. |
| E．This will not only relax your senses but also leave your skin soft. |
| F．Put a couple of used tea bags in warm water to make a slightly weak tea. |
| G．Besides treating yourself a hot cup of tea, you can use it to do various things. |
【推荐1】Utility, Portland’s low-waste and reuse company, started in January 2019 and held its first retail (零售) shop in April. Rebecca Rottman and Nadine Appenbrink, two women on a mission to green their city, are deeply committed to sustainability (持续性) and supporters of zero waste.
They believed that their green-minded city was missing something that was essential to sustainability. So, they started one shop (that is almost zero waste) as a second job for both. It started as a personal journey, looking for clean products that didn’t come in plastic. Their mission is to reduce the amount of single-use plastics by allowing people to bring their own reusable containers.
Every week the women teamed up with local stores to sell their goods and to refill (再装满) products for returning customers. Now they are operating only online for pickup or local delivery in the Portland area. Just shop online and choose a container. Then select pickup or delivery. The products include all-natural dish bar soap—that is locally made, and a wide variety of plastic free kitchen tools.
While not completely zero waste, Utility is striving to get incredibly close. Appenbrink said, “We’re all on a journey. And we want to be as approachable as possible. Utility is to raise awareness about this lifestyle.”
When the shops were running, the women were able to build the community with other like-minded environmental activists and they planned to do community engagement activities like park cleanups. There are also plans to start some DIY classes on how to make natural products like the face cream they sell.
Utility’s concept is so simple that it can be replicated (复制) almost anywhere. Zero waste markets are the way to go to transition (过渡) into the economy that is needed to stop plastic waste, reduce our carbon footprint and have a sustainable future.
1. Why did Rottman and Appenbrink found the shop?| A．To raise money for a personal journey. | B．To satisfy people’s essential needs. |
| C．To offer more job chances for people. | D．To promote the use of reusable containers. |
| A．By going to the stores by themselves. | B．By taking a container to put goods. |
| C．By ordering goods through Internet. | D．By calling the women in local stores. |
| A．Making natural items. | B．Improving lifestyle. |
| C．Building the community. | D．Trying zero waste. |
| A．It’s easy to copy what Uility did. |
| B．Portland almost goes zero waste. |
| C．The economy of waste markets should change. |
| D．It’s a hard job to stop plastic waste. |
【推荐2】It was not easy to buy a delicious pineapple more than 10 years ago. The fruits that made it to the UK were green on the outside and , more often than not, hard with an unpleasant taste within. Then in 1966, the Del Monte Gold pineapple produced in Hawaii first hit our shelves.
The new type of pineapple looked more yellowy-gold than green. It was slightly softer on the outside and had a lot of juice inside. But the most important thing about this new type of pineapple was that it was twice as sweet as the hit-and-miss pineapples we had known. In no time, the Del Monte Gold took the market by storm, rapidly becoming the world’s best-selling pineapple variety.
In nutrition it was all good news too. This nice tasting pineapple contained four times more vitamin C than the old green variety. Nutritionists said that it was not only full of vitamins, but also good against some diseases. People were eager to be able to buy this wonderful fruit. The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.
Seeing the growing market for its winning pineapple, Del Monte tried to keep market to itself. But other fruit companies developed similar pineapples. Del Monte turned to law for help but failed. Those companies argued successfully that Del Monte’s attempts to keep the golden pineapple for itself were just a way to knock them out of the market.
1. Which of the following best describe the new type of pineapple?| A．It is green outside and sweet inside. | B．It is good-looking outside and soft inside. |
| C．It is a little soft outside and sweet inside. | D．It is yellowy-gold outside and hard inside. |
| A．It was used as medicine. | B．It was developed by Del Monte. |
| C．It was less sweet and good for health. | D．It was rich in nutrition and tasted nice. |
| A．Something that is always present. | B．Something that is difficult to get. |
| C．Something that people use as a gift. | D．Something that people don’t like eating. |
| A．Del Monte planned to help the other companies. |
| B．Del Monte tried hard to control the pineapple market. |
| C．Del Monte succeeded in keeping the pineapple for itself. |
| D．Del Monte slowed other companies to develop pineapples. |
【推荐3】On today’s program we talk about the word “field.” But which one? There are many different kinds of fields.
First, we will talk about fields in which you can work. A common question when you first meet someone in the States is, “What field do you work in?” or simply “What is your field?” Work fields are usually general. For example, if you are a doctor you would answer that you work in the medical field. A lawyer is in the legal field. And a marketing specialist’s field is business.
Now, another kind of field is also outside but we use this one for sports activities. And this type of field has led to several common expressions.
A level playing field is when the conditions of competition are fair or even. Everyone has the same shot at winning. This expression comes from the fact that for a sports field to be fair, it must be the same for both teams. It would be unfair if one team had to play on a rocky part of a field while the other team played on smooth ground.
Maybe you have heard of this expression before or maybe it came out of left field. “To come out of left field” or simply “out of left field” is another baseball term. It means something is a surprise to you. You were not expecting it at all! Other times it can describe something strange or odd.
I hope you have enjoyed today’s show on field expressions.
1. According to Paragraph 2, who works in the news field?| A．A reporter. | B．A lawyer. |
| C．A teacher. | D．A doctor. |
| A．One. | B．Two. |
| C．Three. | D．Four. |
| A．Equally balanced. | B．Calm. |
| C．Equally spaced. | D．Smooth. |
