Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing when you are happy.
Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory.
Do you know what a “territory” is? A territory is an area that an animal, usually the male, claims (声称) as its own. Only he and his family are welcome there. No other families of the same species are welcome. Your house is your territory where only your family and friends are welcome. If a stranger should enter your territory and threaten you, you might shout. Probably this would be enough to frighten him away.
If so, you have actually frightened the stranger away without having to fight him. A bird does the same thing. But he expects an outsider almost any time, especially at nesting (筑巢) season. So he is screaming all the time, whether he can see an outsider or not. This screaming is what we call a bird’s song, and it is usually enough to keep an outsider away.
1. Some scientists believe that most of the time bird’s singing is actually ________.A.an expression of happiness | B.a way of warning |
C.an expression of anger | D.a way of greeting |
A.A place where families of other species are not accepted. |
B.A place where a bird may shout at the top of its voice. |
C.An area for which birds fight against each other. |
D.An area which a bird considers to be its own. |
A.Because they want to invite more friends. |
B.Because their singing helps frighten outsiders away. |
C.Because they want to find outsiders around. |
D.Because their singing helps get rid of their fears. |
A.By comparing birds with human beings. | B.By reporting experiment results. |
C.By describing birds’ daily life. | D.By telling a bird’s story. |
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【推荐1】It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries.
Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frog’s legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.
This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them. Agreement was reached, and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time, the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn’t last long.
The change was hardly noticed at first, but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More worrying was that the children fell ill more often, and, there seemed to be more insects around lately.
The villagers decided that they couldn’t just wait to see the crops failing and the children getting weak. They would have to use the money earned to buy pesticide and medicines. Soon there was no money left.
Then the people realized what was happening. It was the frog. They hadn’t been useless. They had been doing an important job—eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed, the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases.
Now, the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning.
1. From Paragraph 1 we can learn that the villagers .A.were poor but somewhat content | B.worked very hard for centuries |
C.dreamed of having a better life | D.lived a different life from their forefathers |
A.The frogs made too much noise. | B.They needed money to buy medicines. |
C.They wanted to please the visitors. | D.The frogs were easy money. |
A.The harmony between man and nature is important. |
B.Health is more important than money. |
C.Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country. |
D.Good old days will never be forgotten. |
【推荐2】If you feel like you bonded with your pet during the pandemic(大流行病), you’re not alone.
Cat and dog owners in the United States gradually grew closer to their pets during the first two years of COVID-19. But these furry friends didn’t help with their owners’ overall stress or loneliness, despite owners citing their pets’ positive influences, researchers report April 26, 2023 in PLOS ONE. “The one very clear message is that the human-animal relationship is very complicated,” epidemiologist Hsin-Yi Weng of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind.
When the pandemic outbreak began, Weng and his colleagues recognized it as an unfortunate but unique opportunity to find out the dynamics of pet ownership during a large-scale event. The team launched a survey asking about people’s stress, loneliness and relationships with their pets. Participants reflected on their emotions before the pandemic and during lockdown.
Analyzing responses from more than 4,200 individuals, the team found that cat and dog owners felt they steadily bonded with their pets between the pre-pandemic and recovery phases. Spending more time at home and being separated from other people might explain those strengthened relationships, the researchers say.
But pets effects on mental health were a little indistinct. Although the authors expected pets to buffer stress and loneliness, people with furry companions had similar loneliness levels and sometimes even higher stress levels compared with non-pet owners. The results did suggest though that having a pet buffered the loneliness related to romantic relationships, or lack thereof.
On average, people without pets reported the lowest amounts of stress while cat owners had the highest. Affording everyday care, especially during lockdown, may have contributed to pet owners stress, the team suggests.“There are two sides of having a pet,” Weng says. While they provide companionship, pets also add extra responsibilities.
1. What can we learn from the report in PLOS ONE?A.People felt bonded with loneliness. |
B.Owners lived closer with their pets. |
C.Pets didn’t relieve people’s overall stress. |
D.Pets had little positive influence on their owners. |
A.To organize a large scale event. |
B.To reflect on pet owners |
C.To analyze responses from individuals. |
D.To explore the changes of pet-owner relationship. |
A.Cause. |
B.Ease. |
C.Experience. |
D.Suffer. |
A.People with cats as pets. |
B.People in romantic relationships. |
C.People without furry pets. |
D.People spending more time at home. |
【推荐3】There have been numerous wake-up calls about the effects of climate change on sea life. As ocean waters heat up, they are making coral lose color. Growing levels of carbon dioxide are making seawater more acidic. Now climate change is starting to affect fish's sense of smell, a phenomenon that will worsen in the coming years if global warming continues growing.
A sense of smell is what the fish can't do without. They use it to find food, detect upcoming danger, escape from predators (捕食者)find safe environments, and even recognize one another. "Future levels of carbon dioxide can have large negative effects on the sense of smell of fish, which can affect fish population numbers and the entire ecosystem, ”said an ocean life expert. "This can be prevented, but we must reduce carbon emissions now before it's too late.”
Experts believe that about half of carbon dioxide emissions produced by human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels--have over time ended up in the oceans, lowering the pH of seawater, and making it more acidic.
Researchers found that sea bass (鲈鱼)exposed to the more acidic conditions swam less and were less likely to react when encountering the smell of a predator. Also, they were more likely to "freeze", a sign of anxiety, according to the study. They found the longer the fish were in high CO2,the worse they got along. The researchers also measured the ability of the fish to detect certain odors (气味)in different levels of acidity (酸度)。 The study showed that their ability to detect and respond to some odors connected with food and threatening situations was more strongly affected than other odors.
The research is important because 20 percent of the protein consumed by 3 million people comes from seafood, and about 50 percent of this comes from fish caught from the wild. “Therefore, increases in carbon dioxide in the ocean have the potential to affect all fish species, including those that many people rely on food and livelihood, "the ocean life expert warned.
1. What do we know from the first paragraph?A.Global warming will continue in the coming years. |
B.Global warming is starting to affect fish's sense of smell. |
C.The temperature of seawater is rising to a dangerous level. |
D.Few people are worried about the impact of climate change. |
A.It can affect the survival of fish. |
B.Fish can stay safe with their sense of smell. |
C.Fish rely on their sense of smell to find food. |
D.Fish can find each other by their sharp noses. |
A.He wants to blame human beings for global warming. |
B.He wants to criticize human beings for overuse of fossil fuels. |
C.He concludes that human activities can destroy the sense of smell of fish. |
D.He concludes that human activities can improve the ecosystem of the ocean. |
A.Satisfied. | B.Enthusiastic. | C.Disappointed. | D.Concerned. |
【推荐1】Are you afraid of going to the dentist(牙医)?If so, you’re not alone.
These fears could just be in our heads, however. According to a recent survey by Martin Tickle, a professor at the University of Manchester in the UK, the pain isn’t felt most of the time in dental surgeries(牙科手术). In fact, among the 451 interviewed patients, 75%reported no pain at all during their visits, including situations when they had their teeth pulled out.
Could it be the sound of the drill(钻头)then?
“I found that the sound of drilling can evoke deep worry in dental patients. Actually they don’t have any pain, ”Hiroyuki Karibe, a scientist at Nippon Dental University in Tokyo, told The Guardian.
To find the reason why a drill might bring on a racing heart, Karibe divided the volunteers into low-fear and high-fear groups based on how much they feared a trip to the dentist. Volunteers were played the sound of a drill while their brain activities were watched by a machine.
What Karibe found in the low-fear group was increased activity in the areas of the brain relative to auditory processing(听觉处理), which means, for these people, the sound of dental drills is no different from other sounds.
In the high-fear group, however, the brain area that was activated(激活)was different. It was the area that carries out a number of duties, including learning, feelings and, most importantly, memory. This means that these volunteers not only heard the sound, but they remembered it——they made connections between the sound of a drill and the worry it produced in the past, causing their worry to return.
Understanding how brains reply to the sounds of dentists’ drills could help scientists find ways to make patients more relaxed, according to Karibe, because patients who worry about going to the dentist might keep putting off their visits. But the best way is to keep your teeth healthy.
1. How does the writer explain that the pain isn’t felt most of the time in dental surgeries?A.By showing facts with numbers. | B.By asking questions one by one. |
C.By giving examples group by group. | D.By comparing results of patients. |
A.reduce | B.arouse |
C.show | D.stop |
A.It produced some worry in the volunteers in the low-fear group. |
B.For the low-fear group, it activated the brain area dealing with learning, feelings and memory. |
C.For the high-fear group,it caused more activities in the brain area relative to auditory processing. |
D.It made people in the high-fear group remember their past uncomfortable memories. |
A.How the study might be useful. |
B.Some new ways to treat teeth. |
C.The proper way to treat dental patients. |
D.The importance of keeping our teeth healthy. |
【推荐2】Teenagers are risk-takers. Those things may not be understood by the adults around them. Are they driven by poor judgment or immature (不成熟的)brains?
In their book Wildhood, the bestselling authors Barbara Natterson-Horowitz and Kathryn Bowers, present findings from their five-year study on wild animal adolescence(青春期). The two performed a complete survey of age-related death in wild animals and found something truly surprising—young folks are born to take risks, and with good reasons.
Life on Earth for adolescent and young adult animals is just as dangerous. In the wild young animals crash, drown and starve more often than their adult animals. And they are more likely to be targeted and killed by predators (捕食者).Old enough to be away from home? But new to the ways of the world? This time of life is risky for human adolescents as well. Wildlife biologists describe these unprepared creatures as predator naives(幼稚).
Facing death danger while still maturing is a fact of life for adolescents across species. Adolescents must have predator awareness if they are to survive. Said another way: To become safe, you must take risks.
Adult bats typically flee predators such as barn owls. But adolescent bats have been seen doing the opposite —flying toward them. This behavior can also be seen in other wild animals. Biologists call it “predator inspection(检查)”. Predator inspection provides young animals important information about their deadly predators. Familiarity with predatory strategies helps adolescents survive and even avoid future attacks. Predator inspection is one of the ways to help predator naives to become experienced predators.
Studying wild animal adolescence offers a new understanding of why teenagers act the way they do. Parents should balance the urge to protect with the need to let their teenagers test their wings. The research suggests that adolescents need some exposure to the dangers they will someday face on their own —and without knowing that, parents’ over protection maybe the riskiest behavior of all.
1. What do we know about predator naives?A.They die of hunger. | B.They are inexperienced. |
C.They are born to hate risks. | D.They like living in the wild. |
A.By keeping away from dangers. |
B.By experiencing various dangers. |
C.By approaching other companions . |
D.By learning security experience from elders. |
A.They don’t have to avoid dangers. |
B.They don’t have to fight for food. |
C.They can learn about their predators. |
D.They can understand the value of life. |
A.Refusing parents’ protection benefits teenagers. |
B.Parents should take risks with their teenagers. |
C.Studying wild animal adolescence benefits human parenting. |
D.Parents should avoid leaving their teenagers exposed to dangers. |
【推荐3】Weather influences health, intelligence and feelings.
In August, it is very hot and wet in the southern part of the United States.
Weather also has a strong influence on people’s feelings. Winter may be a bad time for thin people. They usually feel cold during these months. They might feel unhappy during cold weather.
A.The weather can also influence intelligence. |
B.Warm weather can have a bad effect on health. |
C.So, different weather makes people feel different. |
D.But fat people may have a hard time in hot summer. |
E.Are you feeling sad, tired, forgetful, or unhappy today? |
F.People may have higher intelligence when low air pressure comes. |
G.People there have heart trouble and other kinds of health problems during this month. |
【推荐1】There are hundreds of types of birthday cake in the world. You are likely to enjoy one during at least one of your birthday parties. But have you ever stopped and wondered, “Why am I eating this? What makes this dessert fit to celebrate the day of my birth?”
It’s because you are as important and beloved as the gods.
The ancient Egyptians are thought to have “invented” the celebration of birthdays. They believed when pharaohs (法老) were crowned, they became gods, so their coronation (加冕) day was their “birth” as a god.
Ancient Greeks borrowed the tradition, but realized that a dessert would make the celebration more meaningful. So they baked moon-shaped cakes to offer up to the goddess of the moon. They decorated them with lighted candles to make the cakes shine like the moon. It is the reason why we light our birthday cakes on fire.
Modern birthday parties are said to get their roots from an 18th century German celebration. On the morning of a child’s birthday, he or she would receive a cake with lighted candles that added up to the kid’s age, plus one. This extra candle was called the “light of life,” representing the hope of another full year lived.
And then, torture — because no one could eat the cake until after dinner. The family replaced the candles as they burned out throughout the day. Finally, when the moment came, the birthday child would make a wish, try to blow out all the candles in one breath, and dig in.
Since the ingredients (原料) to make cakes were pretty expensive, this birthday custom didn’t become popular until the Industrial Revolution. More ingredients were available, which made them cheaper, and bakeries even started selling pre-baked cakes.
1. What is the passage mainly about?A.The origin of birthday cakes. | B.The significance of birthday cakes. |
C.The history of birthday parties. | D.The introduction of cake production. |
A.Germans. | B.Pharaohs. |
C.Ancient Greeks. | D.Ancient Egyptians. |
A.pleasure | B.replacement |
C.sharing | D.suffering |
A.The transport was inconvenient. |
B.The ingredients of cakes were expensive. |
C.The cake could not be eaten before dinner. |
D.The bakeries would not sell pre-baked cakes. |
【推荐2】There is a dolphin called Kelly in Mississippi. Kelly, who lives in captivity, was trained to remove litter from her pool. For each piece she removed, she received a reward. But Kelly received a lot more rewards than other dolphins. This wasn’t because she was better at removing litter, but because when she found a piece, she hid it. Then, whenever she was hungry, she just tore a piece off and gave it to her trainer.
Kelly is clearly a clever dolphin. But how clever? A group of scientists and philosophers believe we know enough now about cetacean (鲸类的) intelligence to consider whales and dolphins as “non-human persons”. And, at the annual conference of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Vancouver, they said that it was now time to honour that definition in law.
“Science has shown that individuality—consciousness, self-awareness-is no longer a unique human property,” said Thomas White, a philosopher at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles. “That presents all kinds of challenges.”
Chris Butler-Stroud, the chief executive of the Whale and Dolphin Conservation, said, “We need a law to balance what happens between humans and cetacean rights.” Such a ruling could move the issue on from conservation to being one of protecting individuals and their distinct cultures.
In support of the idea that cetaceans should be viewed as animals with intelligence and culture, he cited the example of a killer whale off Patagonia whose jaw was broken and whose progress following the incident was studied. “The social group kept that animal alive by feeding it. They must have conceptualized (形成概念)…that if it wasn’t fed, something would have happened to it, and they were able to work out what was needed to keep it alive.”
Mr Butler-Stroud and Dr White say they are not talking about whales or dolphins as humans but animals of “complex intelligence”. “They are similar to us”, said Mr Butler-Stroud, “but also different.” Dr White said, “Humans need individual freedom more…but dolphins need social life more.”
1. How is Kelly different from the other dolphins living in captivity?A.She is capable of finding more litter than other dolphins. |
B.She is far better trained to do litter removing than others. |
C.She gets hungry more often than other dolphins in the pool. |
D.She uses litter in such a way that it serves her own purpose. |
A.They can deal with challenges as well as humans do. |
B.They are creative in handling tasks assigned to them. |
C.They are able to think and talk in their own language |
D.They have human-like intelligence and consciousness. |
A.group feeding | B.lack of freedom |
C.social life | D.individual rights |
A.immature | B.reasonable |
C.neutral | D.crazy |
【推荐3】Sam Shepler was not surprised the first time he was asked to make a video resume (简历) in 2021. The 32-year-old had noticed the trend growing in the previous year, and was applying for a video-editing role. The role did not require any public speaking, and Shepler had no experience talking about himself on camera. Even though he got the job, the process felt more burdensome than usual. “I honestly prefer the old-fashioned resume and interview, ” he says.
A recent survey showed that 79% of hiring managers thought that video resumes had become “more important” than before for vetting (审查) candidates, and 61% of job seekers thought “ a recorded video could be the next version of the traditional cover letter”. As remote work has made video an increasingly common part of life at work, are video resumes the future—whether candidates want them to be or not?
Chloe Chioy, 22, believes a video resume was crucial in helping her secure her first job after university. “It was a decision on my part to submit a video resume,” says the Taipei-based digital marketing coordinator, who works remotely for a UK-based company. The job advertisement only stated that a resume was required. “Being a fresh graduate, I knew experience was my major disadvantage. I think showing my personality and attitude in the video helped my application.” She also made sure to emphasise skills relevant to the role, including screenshots of articles she had written, clips (片段) of her public speaking, and showing off her video-editing abilities.
Chioy’s approach made use of some of the distinct benefits of video resumes, says recruitment (招聘) specialist Jan Tegze. This can be particularly helpful for applicants with little experience applying in competitive fields who need an extra edge to secure a role. He also mentions that he cannot see the video resume replacing its written counterpart (相对物) any time soon. “Recruitment really hasn’t changed for decades. We are using different tools that are a little bit faster, but it’s still about human interaction,” he says.
1. What does paragraph 1 tell us about Sam Shepler?A.He felt awkward in front of a camera. |
B.He was inexperienced in editing videos. |
C.He liked the traditional hiring process better. |
D.He applied for a job that valued public speaking. |
A.Most candidates no longer use cover letters. |
B.There is a growing demand for video resumes. |
C.Most hiring managers screen candidates via video. |
D.Video becomes a common part of remote working. |
A.Brave and optimistic. |
B.Selfless and polite. |
C.Honest and independent. |
D.Creative and smart. |
A.Written resumes won’t be replaced in the short term. |
B.Using different tools can speed up the selection of talents. |
C.Virtual hiring is particularly popular in competitive fields. |
D.Sending a video resume isn’t very helpful for fresh graduates. |