Young male zebra finches (斑胸草雀) learn to communicate by listening to adults. In the lab, researchers have found that these songbirds can learn from audio recordings. But zebra finches learn better when they listen to live male finches, notes Ralph Simon. He studies how animals make and use sounds at the Nuremberg Zoo in Germany. Simon is part of the team that built RoboFinch, a robotic singing coach for finches.
The researchers recorded videos of adult males to analyze how their beaks (喙) move when they sing. They then programmed their robots to copy those beak movements. Finally, the researchers painted their RoboFinches the same colors as the real birds.
The team divided 45 young finches into four groups. Some only heard recordings of finch songs played by a speaker. Others listened with female birds that weren’t singing. RoboFinches taught the two other groups of chicks. The birdsongs played from a speaker right behind the robots. And the robots’ beaks moved either in or out of syne (协调) with the songs. That allowed the team to investigate whether beak or head movements aid song learning.
The birds housed with RoboFinches eventually spent most of their time near the robot and its speaker. During the first week, finches living with a RoboFinch whose song was in sync with its beak motions spent 27 percent of their time near the robot. Those caged with a robot playing songs out of syne only spent 5 percent of their time near the setup during the first week. Finches that heard only the audio without RoboFinch or female birds spent even less time around the sound source. Young finches partnered with RoboFinches sang less while the songs played. This was especially true when the robots’ beaks moved in sync with the songs. Those paired with a female also sang less while hearing songs. The young finches seemed to pay close attention to the robots’ movements during training sessions.
Simon hopes researchers will adapt this approach to building robots of other species, too.
1. Whose song did the researchers record?A.Adult male finches’. | B.Adult female finches’. |
C.Yong finches’. | D.RoboFinches’. |
A.By how fast they learn. | B.By where they were kept. |
C.By how they react to the robot. | D.By what they are accompanied with. |
A.speakers behind them |
B.female finches keeping silent |
C.RoboFinches moving their beaks to the songs |
D.a recorder playing the songs |
A.RoboFinches Are Used as Singing Coaches |
B.Machine Learning Are Adapted to Building Robots |
C.Yong Finches Communicate Through Beak Movements |
D.Researchers Discovered How Finches Make and Use Sounds |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Guide Dogs of America, A History is the book that we all have been waiting for. It’s a book that tells how and where the guide dog movement really started, with information never before revealed--until now. After reading this 200-page, picture-filled work, you will know about every aspect of Guide Dogs of America(GDA) from its inception to how it has become one of the top guide dog schools in the country.
Joseph W. Jones, Sr., was refused a guide dog because of his age--he was fifty seven--but he would not accept defeat. He researched the guide dog movement and with the help of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, established his own school, one that would provide guide dogs free of charge to visually impaired people regardless of their age.
The school graduated 18 guide dog teams the first year with students staying at, GDA’s first trainer, Lambert Kreimer’s house on South Virginia Avenue in Burbank, and Jones manning the office on Lankershim Boulevard in North Hollywood.
In 1952, Jones addressed the quadrennial(四周年纪念的) IAM Grand Lodge Convention in Kansas City, Missouri. “I sincerely prayed to God for two things,” Jones said. “After my wife passed away and left me with a ten-year-old boy, I prayed that I would be spared long enough to see this organization well established and that my ten-year-old boy would become a man. Both prayers have been answered. The organization is well established, it is in the hands of the IAM and my boy is a man, and I am proud to say that today he is a member of the IAM.”
Jones’ pray for a successful organization had been answered now, ten years after he was rejected for being too old, his dream of having a guide dog for himself, hundreds of others had already been given the gift of sight because of his drive and determination. That school, now known as Guide Dogs of America, has provided guide dogs to thousands of people free of charge.
1. What can we known about the book Guide Dogs of America, A History?A.It only tells us where the guide dog movement started |
B.There are no pictures in the book |
C.It mainly deals with Guide Dogs of America |
D.It was written by Lambert Kreimer |
A.He couldn’t afford to buy one |
B.He was too old to get one |
C.There were not enough guide dogs |
D.He didn’t know how to make use of a guide dog |
A.trained 18 guide dog teams in 1952 |
B.received much help from the guide dog movement |
C.has provided guide dogs to thousands of affordable people |
D.had Lambert Kreimer as its first trainer |
A.I prayed I could live long enough to set up a school to train guide dogs |
B.I prayed I could have enough money to establish an organization |
C.I prayed I could have a guide dog to help me realize my dream |
D.I prayed I could have good health in the rest of my life |
【推荐2】Sonia Kleindorfer was a new director of the Konrad Lorenz Research Center in Austria. At her institute, Konrad Lorenz was a famous Austrian zoologist who could correctly name each kind of goose, which made Kleindorfer feel a certain amount of pressure. “I can do five, but when the next five come, I start to have a mental meltdown,” she says. So she contacted a more technically-minded colleague and asked him: Could he write a program to distinguish these faces?
He said, yes, but he’d need a database of geese photos to work with. Kleindorfer got her team out there, snapping pictures of the geese from every angle. After building the database, they wrote a piece of facial recognition AI that could ID a goose, by looking at specific features of its beak (喙). After a couple of years, the team reports that their goose recognition software is now about 97% accurate.
“Geese have such drama—there are archrivals (劲敌), and jealousy and retribution (报答),” Kleindorfer says. To find out how faces figured into this drama, she presented the geese with full-sized pictures of themselves, their partners, or another member of the flock. She showed evidence that geese seemed to recognize photos of their partners and friends, but not themselves. For further study, Sonia Kleindorfer hopes birdwatchers will someday be able to snap a picture of a goose, ID it, and share its location with scientists. But she adds, just remember, her new research suggests that bird watching goes both ways: Geese can remember faces too. “If you are ever not kind to a goose,” she warns, “that goose may find you again.”
Kleindorfer thinks that facial recognition is going to play a really important role in conservation and ecology. “We need more computer scientists trained in behavioral ecology and we need more conservation scientists trained in computer science,” she says. “But working together, I think we can do this.”
1. What was the problem of Sonia Kleindorfer at work?A.She was always stressed. | B.She was not able to count the geese. |
C.She suffered a mental illness. | D.She couldn’t recognize all the geese. |
A.By snapping pictures of the geese. | B.By presenting the full-sized pictures. |
C.By identifying the beaks in the photos. | D.By building the database of the geese. |
A.Birdwatching is a dangerous activity. |
B.Geese can locate and find human beings. |
C.Geese have the ability of facial recognition. |
D.Birdwatchers can snap a picture of a goose. |
A.Science training. | B.Computer science. |
C.Photo-taking skills. | D.Cross-subject study. |
【推荐3】As days are getting shorter and colder, people can often find themselves feeling sad or lacking the motivation to do anything. One possible reason for those feelings is seasonal affective disorder (SAD), which is common during the cold months.
Pay close attention to your dog’s behaviour.
Analyzing your dog’s behaviour will help you get a better understanding of whether they may be feeling sad.
Even when you’re inside, make sure to spend time playing or training your dog. Try to come up with new games that require you to interact with your dog. This is a great way to get your pet excited and boost their mood, and yours, too.
Provide them with as much sunlight as possible.
As with humans, the lack of sunlight during the winter can cause lower mood levels, so it is very important for your dog to get as much sunlight exposure as possible.
Ensure your dogs get exercise during the day.
The winter months are colder and darker, and it might be inviting to skip an exercise or a walk outside, but much like humans, this can have a significant effect on your dog’s mood.
A.Spend time interacting with your dog. |
B.Calm your dog down with relaxing activities. |
C.Whenever possible, take your dog outside for a walk. |
D.Observe their behaviour for a while and speak to a vet if needed. |
E.While we know people can suffer from SAD, can dogs get SAD too? |
F.Changes in routine or environment can cause your dog to feel unwell. |
G.Even a short walk can help improve your dog’s mood and also your own. |
【推荐1】The Mattel toy company created a new Barbie doll with the famous British scientist Jane Goodall as its model. The company issued the new doll this week, the latest member of the Barbie toymaker’s “Inspiring Women”. Mattel said the doll, made from used plastic, honored Goodall’s deep research on chimpanzees (黑猩猩) in Tanzania and her efforts to protect the wild animals.
The doll was dressed in a light brown shirt and shorts, much like that seen in many images of Goodall at work in Africa. It also came with a notebook, telescopes and another doll modeled on the real chimp Goodall named David Greybeard. He was the first chimpanzee with which she built trust in Tanzania’s Gombe Stream National Park. The relationship permitted her to study the animals extremely closely. “I wanted a doll to be me even before this idea came up,” the 88- year-old scientist said. She praised Mattel for developing new Barbies standing for a wider number of working women.
Lisa McKnight agreed. She is the Executive Vice President and Global Head of Barbie and Dolls for Mattel. She said, “We hope that this collection inspires kids to learn more about green careers and how they can protect the planet, and act out stories about environmental protection through doll play.”
Goodall started her research in what is now Tanzania in the 1960s. She produced much research on wild chimpanzees over the years. She recorded how they made and used tools, lived in communities, and showed a high level of emotional understanding.
Goodall wanted to teach children that if they wanted to have a good effect on the changing environment, they must act. Goodall said, “Hope is about action on climate change, loss of wildlife, unfriendly lifestyles and pollution. We reach out to others because there are people working on each one of these problems…”
1. What do we know about the doll modeled on Goodall?A.It was created by Goodall. |
B.It looked like a chimpanzee. |
C.It was in honour of Goodall. |
D.It was named David Greybeard. |
A.The habits of chimpanzees. |
B.Goodall’s career experiences. |
C.The importance of studying wild animals. |
D.The bad living conditions of chimpanzees. |
A.Keep healthy. |
B.Raise questions. |
C.Adapt to the environment. |
D.Protect the natural environment. |
A.Jane Goodall Gets Her Own Doll |
B.A New Doll Is About to Go on Sale |
C.Women Should Have Green Careers |
D.Environmentally Friendly Action Is a Must |
【推荐2】Here’s a depressing number for you: 12. Just 12 percent of engineers in the United States are women. In computing it’s a bit better, where women make up 26 percent of the workforce — but that number has actually fallen from 35 percent in 1990.
There’s no single solution to such an annoying problem, but here’s an unlikely one: robots getting more girls interested in STEM. Specifically, robot toys for kids — simple yet powerful toys for teaching youngsters how to engineer.
These days, many toys targeting at getting kids interested in science and engineering are gender specific. “Sometimes there’s this idea that girls need special Legos, or it needs to be pink and purple for girls to get into it, and sometimes that makes me annoyed,” says Amanda Sullivan, who works inhuman development at Tufts University.
So Sullivan decided to try a specifically non-gendered robot toy called Kibo. Before playing with Kibo, boys were significantly more likely to say they’d enjoy being an engineer than the girls did. But after, boys had about the same opinion, while girls were now equally as likely to express an engineering interest as the boys. “I think that robots in general are novel to young children both boys and girls,” Sullivan says. “So aside from engaging girls specifically, I think robot toys like Kibo bring an air of excitement and something new to the classroom that gets all kids excited about learning.”
There’s a problem, though. While Sullivan proves that these kinds of robot toys can get girls interested in engineering, that doesn’t mean it will sell. “If you look at sales data, it clearly shows that they’re not being used by girls,” says Sharmi Albrechtsen, CEO and co—founder of SmartGurlz. “Even the ones that are considered no gender difference are towards boys. That’s the reality of the situation.” Gender sells — at least when it’s the parents doing the buying.
1. What can be learned about American women from paragraph l?A.They are less gifted than men. |
B.They can be the best engineers. |
C.They are better in computing than in engineering. |
D.They take up a smaller part in computing than in the past. |
A.Robot toys are more suitable for boys. |
B.Girls should play with pink and purple robot toys. |
C.Both boys and girls can be attracted by robot toys. |
D.People must consider gender when designing toys. |
A.Money-saving. | B.Gender-free. | C.Eye-catching. | D.Girl-focused. |
A.They are boring and dull. | B.They are difficult for girls. |
C.They ignore the needs of girls. | D.They are not welcomed by girls’ parents. |
【推荐3】Alzheimer’s disease is mostly a condition of old age. Since life expectancy is getting longer around the world, the number of people affected by the brain disease is expected to increase greatly in some countries by the middle of the century. People with Alzheimer’s often have other medical needs that require the services of numerous health care professionals. The caregivers often have a hard time keeping up with all the medical information.
More and more family members are being called on to help care for loved ones with Alzheimer’s. It is a responsibility for which most people are unprepared. This is why the Hebrew Home, a private non-profit health care group in Riverdale, New York, developed an iPhone and iPad application called “Balance.” The app offers caregivers advice on recognizing symptoms and on feeding, bathing and providing a healthy environment for patients. It can be bought on the Internet for four dollars. David Pomeranz is Hebrew Home’s program development director, and he created “Balance.”
“It is not easy and we hope this will make it a little easier for people,” Mr Pomeranz says. “We are dealing with their family members because, as a philosophy, we feel that we need to care for the caregivers equally in our response to the care needs of the clients themselves, since if the caregivers do not have the proper supports, they simply cannot be caregivers.”
Mr Pomeranz says the “Balance” software is designed to let users organize medical and other information so they can easily keep track of the person’s health. It helps caregivers manage doctor’s appointments and share information with doctors about the patients’ daily emotional changes.
Interest in the app is not limited to the United States. “It has been interesting to see that we have had apps purchased in countries from Egypt to the Netherlands to Greece. It is like the United Nations every day, to see where people are buying this.”
David Pomeranz says software developers are working on a version of “Balance” for mobile devices using the Android operating system.
1. Which of the following statements is correct?A.Not all mobile phones can use the app “Balance”. |
B.Fewer people will suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. |
C.The app “Balance” are used in all countries in Europe. |
D.The Hebrew Home has made money from the app. |
A.most caregivers aren’t good enough | B.good caregivers are needed badly |
C.caregivers also need professional aid | D.most caregivers are too old to learn |
A.to tell us the situation of Alzheimer’s disease |
B.to introduce the “Balance” software to us |
C.to ask us to care about Alzheimer’s disease |
D.to attract people to buy the app “Balance” |
In a recentWall Street journalarticle, technology policy expert Alec Ross argued that, within a decade or so. We’ll be able to communicate with one another via small earpieces with built-in microphones. That's because technological progress is extremely rapid. It’s only a matter of time. Indeed, some parents are so convinced that this technology is imminent that they're wondering if their kids should even learn a second language.
It's true that an increase in the quantity and accuracy of the data loaded into computers will make them cleverer at translating "No es bueno dormir mucho" as "It's not good to sleep too much. " Replacing a word with its equivalent (同义词) in the target language is actually the "easy part of a translator's job". But even this seems to be a discouraging task for computers.
It’s so difficult for computers because translation doesn't-or shouldn’t-involve simply translating words, sentences or paragraphs. Rather, it’s about translating meaning. And in order to infer meaning from a specific expression, humans have to interpret a mass of information at the same time.
Think about all the related clues that go into understanding an expression: volume, gesture, situation, and even your culture. All are likely to convey as much meaning as the words you use.
Therefore, we should be very skeptical of a machine that is unable to interpret the world around us. If people from different cultures can offend each other without realizing it, how can we expect a machine to do better? Unless engineers actually find a way to breathe a soul into a computer, undoubtedly when it comes to conveying and interpreting meaning using a natural language, a machine will never fully take our place.
1. What does the underlined word "imminent" in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A.Ready. | B.Approaching. | C.Helpful. | D.Advanced. |
A.Their data is not adequate enough. |
B.The real meaning of words can vary. |
C.Their accuracy needs big improvement. |
A.Proper translation can be tough for humans. |
B.Slight distinctions matter little in translation. |
C.Some machines will interpret our world properly. |
D.Cultures deserve more attention than words used. |
A.An Expert's Precise Prediction |
B.The Complexity of Translation |
C.Who Will Be a Better Translator |
D.Will Language Barrier Actually Fall |
【推荐2】Light and bright, cheap and cheerful: IKEA’s 400-plus outlets (专营店) in 49 countries all run on the same central principle. Customers do as much of the work as possible, in the belief they are having fun and saving money. You drive to a distant warehouse built on cheap out-of-town land. Inside, you enter a maze (迷宫) — no shortcuts allowed — where every twist reveals new furniture.
Compared with the prices of other outlets, IKEA’s are much lower. You load up your trolley (手推车) with impulse buys-a clock, storage boxes, tools and more chairs than you will ever use. You drag cardboard boxes, cupboards and tables into your car and reward yourself for your economy and good taste. Then you drive home and put your prizes together. You are satisfied with the bargains. IKEA is satisfied with your money.
The company’s name was a do-it-yourself job, too. IKEA stands for Ingvar Kamprad, from Elmtaryd ― his family’s farm — in Agunnaryd. That village is in the Smaland region of southern Sweden. Mr Kamprad founded IKEA aged 17. Well before that, he spotted a principle which would make him one of the richest men in the world that customers like buying goods at wholesale prices (批发价). First he bought matches in large quantities and sold them by the box. Aged ten, he sold pens in the similar way.
Setbacks inspired him. Facing a price war against his low-cost mail-order furniture business, he defeated competitors by opening a showroom. Dealers tried to crush Mr Kamprad and banned him from their trade fairs. He slipped in, hiding in a friend’s car. When they tried to threaten his suppliers, he relied on his own workers, and secretly sold his production to communist Poland. Decades later, east Europeans freed from the planned economy drove hundreds of miles to newly opened outlets in Moscow and Warsaw.
His self-discipline was world-famous. As a child, he removed the “off” button from his alarm clock to stop himself oversleeping. He rarely took a first-class seat. The wine didn’t get you there any earlier, he sniffed; having lots of money was no reason to waste it. He bought his clothes in second-hand markets, and for years drove an elderly Volvo until he had to sell it on safety grounds. He had his hair cut in poor countries to save money. Visitors admired the views, but were surprised that his house was so shabby. He worked well into his eighties.
His diligence and simple way of life set a good example to his 194,000 “co-workers”. But he was not mean. The point of cutting costs was to make goods affordable, not to compromise quality. He urged his staff to reflect constantly on ways of saving money, time and space. An improved design that allows easier piling means shipping less air and more profit.
Culture was more important than strategy. He disliked “exaggerated (夸张的) planning”, along with financial markets and banks. Better to make mistakes and learn from them. And use time wisely: “You can do so much in ten minutes. But ten minutes once gone are gone for good.” This did not apply to customers. The longer they stayed, the better.
Mr Kamprad’s impact on modern life can be compared with that of Henry Ford and the mass-produced motor car. Furniture used to be expensive, dark and heavy. For many people, decorating a home could cost many months’ salary. IKEA made furniture not just affordable and functional, but fun. The mission was civilizational, he felt, changing how people lived and thought.
His approach drew some fire. The company values struck some as unpleasant. At IKEA’s Corporate Culture Centre, lots of pictures of Mr Kamprad with his mottos can be seen everywhere. What’s worse, some parts of the supply chain seemed to have serious problems to overcome.
1. What can we learn about IKEA in Paragraph 1?A.IKEA prefers rural areas for its location. |
B.IKEA has 400 outlets throughout the world. |
C.IKEA likes to store new furniture in a maze. |
D.IKEA provides a lot of work for its customers. |
A.IKEA tricks you into spending more money |
B.you may buy bargains with impulse in IKEA |
C.both you and IKEA are pleased with the deal |
D.both you and IKEA are happy with the bargain |
A.was likely to become a successful businessman |
B.preferred selling matches and pens by low prices |
C.had been a well-off merchant due to his principle |
D.enjoyed doing something promising with discipline |
A.He never overslept due to his alarm clock being set. |
B.He was against drinking but for sniffing at the wine. |
C.He sold the old Volvo with the purpose of saving money. - |
D.He didn’t give up the quality of furniture for more profit. |
A.The pictures and mottos of Mr. Kamprad. |
B.The setbacks Mr. Kamprad experienced. |
C.Mr. Kamprad’s principles of management. |
D.Mr. Kamprad’s self-discipline and diligence. |
【推荐3】They say you catch more flies with honey than vinegar. But when it comes to tackling a tricky task, researchers have found that getting angry can also be a powerful motivator.
The experiments suggest people who are angry perform better on a set of challenging tasks than those who are emotionally neutral.
The study, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, details how researchers at Texas A&M University conducted experiments involving more than 1,000 people, and analysed survey data from more than 1,400 people to explore the possible impact of anger on people in various circumstances.
In one experiment, students were shown images previously found to cause anger, desire, amusement, sadness or no particular emotion at all. Participants were subsequently asked to solve a series of anagrams (变形词).
The results reveal that for a challenging set of anagrams, those who were angry did better — although no difference was seen for easy anagrams.
The researchers say one explanation could be down to a link between anger and greater persistence (坚持), with the team finding those who were angry spent more time on the difficult set of anagrams.
In another experiment, participants who were angry did better at avoiding flags in a skiing video game than those who were neutral or sad, and were on a par with (同水平) those who felt amusement or desire.
“This pattern could indicate that general physical arousal (激起) had a benefit for game scores, as this would be greater in anger, amused, and desire conditions compared to the sad and neutral conditions,” the researchers write. However, no such differences in performance was found when it came to an easier video game.
“People often prefer to use positive emotions as tools more than negative and tend to see negative emotions as undesirable,” said Lench, the first author of the study. “Our research adds to the growing evidence that a mix of positive and negative emotions promotes wellbeing, and that using negative emotions as tools can be particularly effective in some situations.”
1. What tasks did the researchers set for the students?A.Catching flies with honey. |
B.Helping analyze survey data. |
C.Putting tasks into different categories. |
D.Performing tasks in various emotional states. |
A.It brings team spirit into full play. |
B.It promotes a deep insight into the tasks. |
C.It increases effort toward attaining a goal. |
D.It changes challenging tasks into easy ones. |
A.Research result consistent with previous findings. |
B.Potential application of the research finding. |
C.A further explanation of the research method. |
D.A reasonable doubt about the research process. |
A.To present more proofs. | B.To draw a conclusion. |
C.To make a comparison. | D.To criticize old practices. |