Have you ever wondered why most store-bought tomatoes are so tasteless? Does it relate to climate change or soils? The answer has something to do with farmers’ income: Tomato farmers care about output, and the genetic variants (基因变体) associated with output are not associated with tasty tomato flavor, a new study finds.
Is it possible to bring back the rich, sweet flavor of the tomato? To find out, Denise Tieman, research assistant at the University of Florida, explored which genes are associated with tomatoes’ taste.
In an attempt to fix supermarket tomatoes, Florida researchers looked at 398 different types and identified the chemical and genetic makeup of each one. They had participants taste-test 101 varieties, cross-referencing the participants’ favorites with their research findings. They ended up with 13 genetic compositions that are most likely responsible for giving tomatoes their flavor. The researchers then measured the content of the 13 flavor compositions in each of the tomatoes, and identified about250 genetic loci (遗传基因座) that controlled tomato flavor. And the researchers also wanted to explore why supermarket tomatoes have no taste.
It turns out that for industrial growers, it all comes down to priorities (优先性). North American consumers want year-round availability, so farmers started raising their plants for qualities like firmness, shelf life, high output and disease resistance, says Tieman. “Not to discount any of that because it’s all important. We want to have tomatoes in the grocery stores year round and be able to ship them long distances when it’s winter in the north. If they have to be shipped from Florida or Mexico, you need to have all those features.” But as growers planted tomatoes to meet those priorities, the flavor gradually disappeared.
Going back to the old varieties is not an option—at least, not for grocery stores. But the researchers believe that there is hope for a growable tomato that’s both long-lasting and flavorful in about three to five years.
1. What is the main reason for the tasteless store-bought tomatoes?A.They get little energy from the soil. |
B.They are affected by climate change. |
C.Tomato farmers prioritize output over flavor. |
D.Consumers demand tomatoes with a longer shelf life. |
A.They conducted a survey on tomato consumers. |
B.They measured the size and firmness of tomatoes. |
C.They analyzed the genetics of different tomato varieties. |
D.They interviewed tomato farmers about their growing methods. |
A.Reserved. | B.Positive. | C.Objective. | D.Dismissive. |
A.How Are Tasty Tomatoes Produced? |
B.New Tomato Varieties to Be Released |
C.Risks of Too Much Tomato Consumption |
D.Why Do Store Tomatoes Lose Their Flavor? |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】What would happen if you replace all drinks with water?
We all know what harmful drinks can cause: obesity, heart problems, stomach pain, skin diseases, caries. This list sounds so scary.
Chris Bailey, a popular blogger and lecturer, carried out a month-long research about this topic. His conclusion is really impressive and surprising!
You lose weight faster.
Yes, you do! No special diet is required! You replace all drinks with water for 9 days, and you'll lose as equal amount of calories as when jogging for eight kilometers a day!
You speed up your metabolism.
Drinking just 17 fluid ounces (盎司) of water in the morning increases your metabolism (新陈代谢) by 24 percent.
Your brain works better.
Did you know your brain is 75 to 85 percent water? Nothing else, just water! So by drinking, you feel it, which helps you concentrate. Drink water to work more efficiently, cope with all daily tasks quickly, and stay energized even late in the evening! Doesn't this sound like a dream?
You eat less.
Sometimes we confuse hunger with thirst.
Your body releases toxins faster.
Water washes out harmful substances, clearing, moistening your skin and preventing aging. Want to look young and fresh as long as possible? Drink a glass of water right now.
Five glasses of water a day lower the risk of a heart attack by 41 percent! And there are similar effects on other diseases like bladder conditions, bowel cancer…Want to avoid wasting money on doctors? Just drink more water!
You save a lot of money
How much money do you spend on coffee and juices per week? Well. I don't want to say how much I do because my spending is massive. The price of water is much lower than that of other drinks Think about it!
A.Your heart works better. |
B.Your risk of many diseases gets lower. |
C.But what if we completely replace all drinks with water? |
D.Write it down on your calendar: Drink plenty of water every day! |
E.This seems to be a great way to stay slim without much effort. |
F.Water prevents you from feeling hungry, which helps you lose weight. |
G.Namely, if you suddenly want to eat something high in calorie, maybe all you need is just a glass of water. |
【推荐2】When first entered, Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob(烤肉串)hit the senses, you are incapable of calling it anything less.
Owned by a local couple, this Persian restaurant has an inviting, homelike atmosphere that many restaurants lack.
The space is small with only a few dining tables and nearly no decoration, but the environment is truly charming.
Lying in a hardly noticeable street corner, the restaurant still attracts all customers, especially those experienced in the delights of Middle Eastern cooking.
A common sight is that of old Persian men sitting in the corner talking loudly about world topics, watching news events on TV, drinking a black tea known as Persian chai, and reading local Persian newspapers all the while trying to finish off their plates piled with food.
The variety of food at the restaurant is limited, but the amount of each dish is fairly large. Most of the meals can serve two people and are under $10, so not only is it affordable but practical as well.
The food, especially appeals to health-conscious eaters because each dish is very healthy, made with limited fat and oil and served straight off the grill (烤肉架).
The main dish that the restaurant is popular for is its kabobs, which are different style of grilled meat.
One delicious and extremely healthy dish is the Joojeh Kabob, which is made of grille chicken pieces served with either rice or bread. Another great kabob is the Cbelo Kabob, kabob consisting of grilled beef.
Although the restaurant is small, the atmosphere and the food is delicious. It is a place that should not be overlooked.
1. When first entering the restaurant, one can find that it ________.A.is splendidly decorated | B.has pleasant smells of kabobs |
C.is crowded with dining tables | D.looks like a common restaurant |
A.Watching news events on TV. | B.Drinking a kind of black coffee. |
C.Reading local English newspapers. | D.Discussing world topics in low voices. |
A.Rice | B.Chicken | C.Bread | D.Beef |
A.occupies a large space | B.owns a favorable location |
C.is popular for its special food | D.has a quiet environment inside |
【推荐3】The first mouthful of “cultivated” meat is both remarkable and dull. In a homely kitchen at the California headquarters of Eat Just, a startup, a-card-sized slice of meat, served with a sweet-potato puree, mushrooms and some pickled peppers, has been grilled. The meal is remarkable because the meat was grown in a lab. It is ordinary because the texture, taste, look and smell of the meat is almost identical to that of chicken.
Broadly speaking, there are two ways to make cultivated meat. One option is to put the cells in a stainless-steel tank, called a “bioreactor,” which is filled with a nutrient-rich liquid that is often from cow embryos (胚胎). The cells multiply, and after a month or so a meaty slurry can be harvested and turned into minced-meat products such as chicken nuggets (鸡块).The alternative is to place the cells on a frame. That encourages them to grow into a certain shape, and is used to create more fibrous meat, such as steaks.
The cultivated-meat business hopes that this experience will become more common. In June, Eat Just and Upside Foods, became the first two companies to win regulatory approval to sell cultivated meat in America. A handful of firms already do so in Singapore. In total, around 160 firms are trying to bring cultivated meats to market.
But doing so will be challenging. In America, diners without the benefit of a press card can find cultivated meat in just two restaurants. Years ago the industry was bullish. McKinsey guessed it might grow to $25 billion worldwide by the end of the decade. But that hope is fading. Most companies are now more focused on producing hybrid meats, which combine cultivated animal protein with protein from plants such as soya or wheat because of stubbornly high costs and troubles with mass production.
In some rich countries, plenty of people say they want to reduce their consumption, ether for ethical reasons or environmental ones. Lab-grown meat may, for some consumers, be less ethically worrisome than eating animals. And the early success of plant-based meat alternatives gave investors hope. Earlier this year, Vow Food, an Australian start-up, created a “mammoth meatball”, mixing ancient DNA recovered from frozen mammoth remains with that of modern-day elephants.
1. Which kind of lab-grown meat does Eat Just serve?A.Beef steak. | B.Chicken nuggets. | C.Mammoth meatball. | D.A chicken-like meat dish. |
A.Gloomy. | B.Pessimistic. | C.Promising. | D.Depressing. |
A.Because of the much easier way to cook hybrid meats. |
B.Because of the remarkably enhanced flavor and texture. |
C.Because of the fierce competition with traditional meat companies. |
D.Because of high costs and production challenges of cultivated meat. |
A.A new cuisine will take the place of traditional dishes, |
B.A debate about moral issues is aroused by lab-grown meat. |
C.Will lab-grown meat ever make it on to supermarket shelves? |
D.How is the lab-grown meat made to cater for people’s demand? |
【推荐1】There is no escaping our evolution into a cashless society. The idea that all transactions (交易) can be completed digitally is becoming more realistic day by day.
Economic inequality and inclusivity (包容性) are fundamental issues still present worldwide.
For a cashless society, there needs to be an understanding and acceptance by governments and payment providers of the financial inclusion issues currently in existence.
A.However, this is far from reality. |
B.Several countries have entered cashless society. |
C.A cashless society might actually worsen these problems. |
D.COVID-19 has sped up the move away from physical cash. |
E.In China, four out of every five payments are now cashless. |
F.It isn’t just the unbanked who are at risk of being left behind. |
G.So financial inclusion needs to be the core value in a cashless society. |
Self-protection Tips
When someone is trying to take you away without permission,you should call your family.Shout as loud as you can.Remember:your life may be depending on it.
You may be afraid to run from someone who wants to take you away,but you must run.Run,run,run! You must get away as soon as possible.
No one should come into your home and try to take you.If you are woken up by someone doing this,shout as loud as you can and run to your parents.Do whatever you must do and don’t let them take you away.
If you have been taken to a public area,this may be your only chance to run away.Run to another adult and do not allow yourself to be taken away from this place.
Do not allow yourself to be taken by someone without a fight.Hit and kick the stranger if you are being taken.
Never get into someone’s car without your parents’ or teachers’ permission,even if you know the adult.This is one way children are taken away.
Finally,don’t be fooled by how nice someone is,especially someone who wants to be your friend.
Question:How do you protect yourself in your life? Please give your idea.
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【推荐3】Many kids and teenagers have cell phones in their hands. However, is it really necessary for them to have phones at school? Here are the pros and cons.
Pros
They can get in touch when necessary. The main benefit of having a phone is that your children can get in touch with you whenever they need to.
Cons
The latest smartphones can almost double as a computer. It means they offer far more of a distraction to kids than they used to.
Cell phones could interrupt lessons. Many children, even though they are asked to do so, forget to turn off their phones during lessons and their phones may make sounds.
A.Cell phones can be turned off or put on mute. |
B.Children use ordinary phones instead of smartphones. |
C.This allows you to feel they are safe. |
D.Without cell phones, campus life would be less colourful. |
E.They have some other functions — a calculator and the ability to save notes. |
F.This not only annoys other pupils, but also prevents them from learning well. |
G.Nowadays, children can not only text and make calls with their phones, but also play games, surf the Internet and listen to music. |
【推荐1】It seems like everything nowadays is a smart device. Smart toasters. Smart dog collars. Smart homes. In the age of smart (智能), there is nothing more intelligent or more innovative than the devices being produced by the wearables industry. Wearable devices help collect and analyze real-time personal data that informs us on everything from our health to our workouts. They’ve become extremely popular tools to help us stay informed and in touch with ourselves to the point that almost a quarter of people in the U.S. now sport a wearable device.
What exactly is a wearable? Wearables are electronic devices that are worn on a person — usually close to the skin — in order to accurately relay important medical, biological and exercise data to a database.
In addition to smart watches, VR and AR technology, smart jackets and a wide variety of other gadgets (小器具) are leading us towards a better-connected lifestyle. Each device’s main job is to collect millions of data points that range from how many steps you take to your heart rate.
The healthcare industry is probably seeing the biggest benefit from wearable technology. Patients who wear these smart devices can measure information ranging from body temperature to blood pressure, which is then relayed to their medical team in real-time. If something looks off, doctors have a quicker way to accurately diagnose and treat a patient. The entire treatment process is now quicker thanks to the data collected by a wearable device because doctors no longer have to run some tests to determine an illness or disease.
Having all of this health data in real-time is, of course, helping the sports and fitness industries push the boundaries of training. Professional athletes from all over the world maximize their training regimes thanks to the biometric data captured through wearable technology.
Wearable technology is the key to answering these questions and unlocking the potential of world-class athletes.
The advancement of wearables has been a welcomed tool for the insurance, healthcare and sports industries for a number of reasons. From encouraging healthier habits to optimizing (优化) physical performance, industries have got numerous rewards that come with wearable tech.
1. What can we infer about wearable devices from Paragraph 1?A.They haven’t existed yet. |
B.They are not easy to get one in our daily life. |
C.They seldom collect and analyze real-time personal data. |
D.They have offered a lot of benefits for us so far. |
A.To offer better and useful hints based on these data. |
B.To urge us to join their business projects. |
C.To study our behaviors. |
D.To do biological experiments by these data. |
A.They can measure the patients’ appetite. |
B.Parts of these devices could detect (探测) the dangerous symptoms in a quicker way. |
C.The healthcare industry need make profits from the patients. |
D.Professional tests to determine an illness or disease is not useful anymore. |
A.Confused but worried. |
B.Disinterested and puzzled. |
C.Questionable and doubtful. |
D.Supportive and optimistic. |
【推荐2】The invention of the 1D barcodes revolutionized supermarkets and general market management. But shortly after their introduction, their disadvantages were clear. There was an instant demand to be able to encode (编码) more than 20 alphanumeric characters (字符) that the traditional barcodes could hold.
Denso Wave, a Japanese company, at the time, was in the business of manufacturing 1D barcode scanners. Listening to feedback from users of the 1D barcode scanners they were selling, they put together a development team to come up with a solution.
One of the key targets was to ensure that no matter what barcode they designed, it can be scanned very fast. It took the team nearly 18 months, and eventually they came up with a barcode that could hold up to 7,000 alphanumerical characters and could be scanned up to 10 times faster than any other code at the time. In 1994, the QR Code was born.
The QR Code quickly spread outside of Japan and were approved for many standards globally. But that wasn’t the end of the development of the QR Code. After all, nothing is perfect at its beginning and people soon began to present more requirements to Denso Wave. The variations (变体) of the QR Code were soon developed.
One of the biggest reasons why the QR Code has been able to be used widely is that Denso Wave made the decision to make the QR Code publicly available. This means anyone can use it without paying any fees. Denso Wave do hold a patent for the QR Code, but have declared that they have no intention to exercise it.
It wasn’t until 2002 that the first smartphones came to market with the QR Code scanner, and this really accelerated the technology. Once widespread on phones, almost anyone can read these codes and doesn’t require expensive hardware to do so. It is believed that Nokia is the first to bring this technology to a mobile device.
1. What is the disadvantage of the 1D barcodes?
A.The information they store is too little. |
B.They sometimes encoded wrong characters. |
C.They disturbed general market management. |
D.They could only be used in some supermarkets. |
A.A character. | B.A scanner. | C.A barcode. | D.Denso Wave. |
A.It has been protected by a patent. |
B.The public are permitted to use it for free. |
C.It has been perfect since its first appearance. |
D.People have fewer demands for its variations. |
A.An introduction of the QR Code. |
B.The disadvantages of the 1D barcodes. |
C.A famous development team. |
D.The reasons for developing the QR Code. |
【推荐3】
Chile (智利) is famous for its many attractions, including Torres del Paine National Park and Easter Island . If you’re planning a visit, be sure to add “Mano del Desierto” or “Hand of the Desert”to your must-see list.
Standing 11 meters tall and made of iron and cement (混凝土), this sculpture (雕像) of a hand emerges (出现) from the sand in the Atacama Desert , which is known as the driest desert in the world outside of polar regions. The sculpture was created by Mario Irarr á zabal in the early 1980s and was financed by a local nonprofit organization called Corporaci ó n Pro Antofagasta. The sculpture is not only famous for its size and design but also for the message it expresses. Many people believe that the hand represents the weakness and helplessness of human beings, as well as their strength and determination to overcome hardships.
If you’re interested in visiting the Hand of the Desert, take Route 26 or 28 from Antofagasta, a port city in northern Chile. The sculpture is located between mile markers 1309 and 1310. The desert’s flatness (平坦) makes it easy to spot the sculpture from far away. But some people mistake it for a mirage (海市蜃楼) caused by tiredness from driving a long way to the sculpture.
Visitors should take precautions (预防措施) before leaving , such as filling their gas tanks , taking plenty of water, and wearing sunscreen. They should also avoid driving too quickly, as many car accidents happen in the desert each year.
For those who are worried about driving alone, working with an agency (机构) like Plan South America is a good option. The founder of the agency, Harry Hastings, said that he always tries to join a visit to the sculpture with guests traveling to the desert.
1. What makes the Hand of the Desert a famous attraction?A.Its material. | B.Its location. | C.Its designer. | D.Its size and design. |
A.The sculpture attracts millions of visitors every year. |
B.Tired travelers often see mirages in the desert. |
C.The sculpture can be reached very easily. |
D.The sculpture can be seen from far away. |
A.He built the sculpture “Hand of the Desert”. |
B.He gave the financial support to the sculpture. |
C.His agency can help lonely travelers travel to the desert. |
D.He can avoid driving accidents in the desert. |
A.Travel. | B.Environment. | C.Culture. | D.Entertainment. |