They are so small that you need a microscope to see them, but so powerful that experts predict they could kill ten million people per year worldwide by the year 2050. They are superbugs — drug-resistant bacteria that have emerged since antibiotics (抗生素) revolutionized medicine. Indeed, the rise of these superbugs and the use of antibiotics are closely connected.
All organisms change over time. Smaller organisms, such as bacteria, are able to evolve more quickly, adapting as circumstances require. Facing antibiotics, bacteria have adapted with deadly efficiency. When a patient takes antibiotics to fight off a bacterial infection, the goal is to kill the bacteria causing the infection. However, although most of the bacteria are killed, a few of the strongest bacteria survive. Thus, only these drug-resistant bacteria are able to reproduce. This sets up a cycle and eventually results in the development of superbugs-bacteria able to resist even the most powerful drugs.
Scientists believe that a large part of this cycle is preventable. One recent study suggested that almost 50% of all antibiotic use is inappropriate or unnecessary. Some patients are prescribed (开处方) antibiotics for illness that would eventually clear up on their own. In addition, some patients don’t finish their course of medication, allowing bacteria to bounce back, but stronger. All of these factors contribute to the rise and spread of superbugs.
Another major factor that promotes the spread of drug resistance is the use of antibiotics for livestock (家畜). In the United States, 80% of antibiotic use is for animals. Partially, the drugs are used to prevent the spread of infection among animals. However, farmers also use antibiotics to help animals to gain weight quickly. Unfortunately, such use is problematic because it kills off the beneficial bacteria, leaving drug-resistant strains of bacteria to thrive.
What can be done to preserve antibiotics for future generations? Scientists maintain that as individuals, we can make a difference with simple steps, such as regular hand washing. It is also important that patients understand that antibiotics aren’t always the right course of treatment. Finally, it is crucial to take antibiotics out of the food chain. Fortunately, consumers are pushing for this, so we are likely to see changes in the near future.
1. According to the passage, what are superbugs?A.Effective and revolutionary antibiotics. | B.Small but powerful drug-resistant bacteria. |
C.Tiny organisms found under a microscope. | D.Bacteria that could harm animals and humans. |
A.The antibiotics for illness. | B.Some infected animals. |
C.Patients’ awareness of treatment course. | D.The misuse of antibiotics. |
A.Indifferent. | B.Neutral. | C.Pessimistic. | D.Optimistic. |
A.Superbugs — Preventable or not? | B.Antibiotics — Beneficial or not? |
C.Superbugs — Deadly Drug-resistant Bacteria | D.Antibiotics — Major Threats to Human Beings |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Consider the possibility that all human technology started with a mistake — or at least a lack of hand-eye coordination. In a new study published on Friday in Science Advances, Lydia Luncz and Tomos Proffitt, both at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, argue that mistakenly created flakes (薄片) may have been our ancient ancestors’ or other now-extinct early human relatives “first step toward creating the sharp-edged tools that they used to butcher animals and cut edible plants.
To do their research, Luncz and Proffitt traveled to an abandoned oil palm plantation near Thailand’s Phang Nga Bay and collected more than 1, 100 pieces of nut-cracking stones used by a troop of long-tailed macaques (猕猴). Macaques crack open oil palm nuts by placing them on a flat stone and striking their shell with another stone. These monkeys often miss the nut and accidentally break the stones, producing sharp flakes. Luncz and Proffitt analyzed these stones, which revealed a surprising fact: The flakes that the macaques unintentionally produced looked a lot like the oldest stone tools that were intentionally made by hominins (古人类).
Macaques don’t use the sharp flakes they create for anything, Luncz adds, noting that the monkeys have sharp teeth and don’t need cutting tools. The similar ancient stone tools collected from some of the earliest known sites, however, show evidence of being used for cutting tasks. For example, in Oldowan, a site dating between 3.3 million and 1.5 million years ago, researchers analyzed use-wear patterns on the tools and found that some of the flakes showed damage along their edges, indicating that they had been used for cutting. Cut marks on some fossils revealed that hominins had used stone tools for butchering the animals, making it clear that the sharp stone tools were anything but unintentional by-products of other pounding activities.
Despite the findings, to reveal the mechanism for the emergence of flake technology, researchers still need to learn how hominins made the leap from accidentally producing sharp flakes to picking them up and using them. Luncz and Proffitt hope to find the missing link in further studies.
1. What can we learn from paragraph 2?A.The two researchers went to Thailand and collected 1, 100 flakes. |
B.Long-tailed macaques used the flakes to crack open oil palm nuts. |
C.Macaques deliberately produced flakes for cutting by breaking stones. |
D.The flakes produced by macaques were similar to hominins’ stone tools. |
A.To provide specific proof. | B.To clarify a complex concept. |
C.To present an interesting fact. | D.To make a detailed comparison. |
A.Why macaques create flakes. | B.Why hominins used stone tools. |
C.How macaques cut food with flakes. | D.How hominins began using flakes. |
A.A mistake: the origin of human technology. |
B.Flake technology: from macaques to hominins. |
C.Pounding activities: on human evolutionary course. |
D.A missing link: long-tailed macaques create flakes. |
【推荐2】Do you like to drink Coca-Cola? You can thank enslaved Africans. They brought the kola nut — one of the main parts of Coca-Cola — to what is now the United States. They also brought watermelon, black-eyed peas, some peppers and many more. These foods are eaten in the U.S. today. They show how Africans forced into slavery — beginning in the 1500s — influenced the American diet.
History professor Frederick Opie wrote a book about some of the foods that connect Africa and America—Soul Food from Africa to America. He says, “If you know what people eat, you can find out where they’re from.”
Opie explains that people who were bringing enslaved Africans to North America wanted to keep them alive and earn a profit. As a result, Africans on the slave ships were fed food they knew and liked. Those foods landed along with the people. Fruit and vegetables brought from Africa grew well in America. One reason is that enslaved Africans planted their own gardens to help feed themselves. In time, the plants from Africa slowly moved from gardens of the enslaved to those of the wealthy and powerful. For example, the homes of U.S. presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson had gardens planted with seeds from Africa.
Those fruit and vegetables changed the way cooks made foods in America. Take pies as an example. In England, pies were made with meat. African-Americans took the English meat pie and made it with fruit or vegetables, such as sweet potatoes. Yet for the most part, the skilled black chefs have been written out of American history. In fact, both their work and their skill shaped American food. Some ways of cooking that are well-known in the U.S. today were reported in West Africa before 1500. They include deep frying fish and barbecuing meats.
1. What can be known from the first two paragraphs?A.Peppers aren’t to most Americans’ taste. |
B.Africans are the real creator of Coca-Cola. |
C.Eating habits generally differ from place to place. |
D.Africans and Americans learn from each other in cooking. |
A.To show African plants were spreading in the U.S. |
B.To confirm Americans enjoyed growing their own gardens. |
C.To explain why African plants could grow well in America. |
D.To prove seeds from Africa were popular with American presidents. |
A.By making comparisons. | B.By listing differences. |
C.By following time order. | D.By giving examples. |
A.Many American Foods Aren’t American at All |
B.How Enslaved Africans Influenced American Diet |
C.The Journey of Slaves: from Africa to America |
D.Why African Foods Can Grasp Americans' Stomachs |
【推荐3】The behaviour of a building’s users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use, according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions by 80 percent by 2050, part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zero-carbon by 2016. But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own — though extremely important—is not enough to achieve such reductions: the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too.
The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency, which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.
“Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything,” explains Katy Janda, a UKERC senior researcher, “consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design.” In other words, old habits die hard, even in the best-designed eco-home.
Another part of the problem is information. Households and bill-payers don’t have the knowledge they need to change their energy-use habits. Without specific information, it’s hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices. Feedback facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors, could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.
Social science research has added a further dimension, suggesting that individuals’ behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted—whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat, for example. Janda argues that education is the key. She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them.
1. As to energy use, the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of________.A.zero-carbon homes | B.the behaviour of building users |
C.sustainable building design | D.the reduction of carbon emissions |
A.the ways | B.their homes | C.developments | D.existing efforts |
A.The importance of changing building users, habits. |
B.The necessity of making a careful building design. |
C.The variety of consumption patterns of building users. |
D.The role of technology in improving energy efficiency. |
A.can be bridged by feedback facilities | B.affects the study on energy monitors |
C.brings about problems for smart meters | D.will be caused by building users’ old habits |
A.The social science research is to be furthered. |
B.The education programme is under discussion. |
C.The behaviour of building users is unpredictable. |
D.The behaviour preference of building users is similar. |
【推荐1】CHICAGO-For working parents and heavily scheduled school kids, family mealtime is out of fashion. But supermarkets are trying to attract families back to the dinner table.
There is a cost if family members have meals apart: research shows that teenagers who don’t eat with their parents face a greater risk of drug and alcohol problems.
“The more often kids have dinner with their parents, the less likely they are to smoke, drink or use drugs.” said Joseph Califano Jr. head of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse which did the research.
Stores are familiar with the idea and will start telling shoppers about the findings and encouraging them to share meals together at home, instead of separately or at restaurants.
The food marketing Institute will give $25.000 to the center and help stores promote the center’s Family Day in September.
Many stores have grab-and-go dinners and recipe cards. Some have kiosks where people can taste a main dish, then pick out side dishes.
“Our members have worked hard to try to have easily prepared food either ready to eat or ready to take home,” said Tim Hammonds, the institute’s president and chief executive.
Los Angeles-based Contessa Premium Foods makes frozen delicious meals, which a family can heat in 10 minutes to 12 minutes. “That’s nearly as fast as a TV dinner,” said president and chief executive John Z.Blazevich, “but is healthier and makes people feel like they actually cooked.”
“The preparation is the hardest part, so we try to combine a variety of tastes and flavours from around the world and make it fast and easy,” he said.
“Eating at home helps keep meals healthy and teaches kids how to eat right. If we can get people back to having family dinners, parents back to being engaged with their kids, it will have a surprising impact,” he said.
1. The reasons why family mealtime is out of fashion are the following EXCEPT ________.A.the parents are busy with work |
B.the children have a little spare time |
C.the children are not fond of family meal |
D.It will take much time to cook and eat at home |
A.gains | B.a sum of money |
C.advantage | D.something you lose |
A.telling the parents the disadvantages of having dinner separately |
B.offering various prepared food to make family cooking fast and easy |
C.taking part in Family Day activities in September |
D.helping housewives prepare their meals at homeI |
A.The efforts that are being made to get people back to having family dinners. |
B.The benefits of having family dinners together. |
C.The changes in American family dinners. |
D.A research done by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. |
【推荐2】The annual celebration of St. Patrick's Day is coming soon to the Canton Tower. St. Patrick's Day is an Irish cultural and religious celebration occurring annually on March 17. The festival celebrates the life of St. Patrick, who helped the poor and taught the Irish people good things, The Lanton lower has become one of, the premier (最初的)party sites for this international and lively event. As part of the celebration, the tower will brighten the night with brilliant light shows. Participants (参加者)are sure to enjoy the festive Irish atmosphere.
As in the past years, camping lovers will gather to spend a night beneath the Canton Tower, The time for the camping adventure will be from 3 p. m. on March 17 to 9 a. m. on March 18. The event offers people a great chance to enjoy this special and free camping site.
Artists will perform a range of music with instruments played typically in Irish folk music, featuring tin whistles and wind pipes. Foodies also will be in for a treat, as the taste of traditional Irish food will surely attract everyone.
To celebrate this festival, dancers dressed in Irish green, the colour of Ireland, will pop up around the Canton Tower. The parade will go along the main streets and thousands of people will watch, waving flags. Good luck if you meet with these "green spirits."
1. What does the underlined word "parade" most probably mean in Paragraph 4?A.A ceremonial group including people marching. |
B.A traditional ceremony that is held every year. |
C.A historical place where people often gather. |
D.A programme specially designed by local people. |
A.It. lies in the birthplace of St. Patrick in Ireland. |
B.It's decorated with brilliant lights at night. |
C.It's been a place to celebrate St. Patrick's Day for long. |
D.It was first built on March 17 as a cultural site. |
A.Artists waving flags. | B.Cooks making Irish food. |
C.Pop stars singing. | D.People in green. |
A.The Canton Tower. | B.St. Patrick's Day. |
C.The Life of St. Patrick. | D.The Irish Tradition. |
【推荐3】Mont Kilimaniaro is among Africa’s most breathtaking sites, but hard times have come to the plains below. Death is all around and it’s tragic to behold. The cause is a lack of rainfall in a land where on the contrary there is still plenty of water. Underground springs fed by snowmelt from the mountain, still create swamps(沼泽). The problem is that the absence of rain means grasses and other essential plants are not growing, and the animals that depend on them are dying from a lack of nutrition.
The elephant herds here are among the most successful in the continent. They’re closely monitored and conservationists have given them names. But even these great beasts are dying too, what is for the smaller ones?
A drought induced hunger. Since the start of June almost 60 elephant deaths have been recorded. More than half calves were killed by starvation due to their mothers’ failure to produce milk. Tolstoy, a male, was named after Russian. He was 5-year-old at the time of his death. And he was one of the greatest tuskers like one of the greatest alive.
Very sad story. There are some of the last relatively undisturbed elephants in Africa. While poaching(偷猎)has been destructive elsewhere,these animals have been largely spared. Right now, however, the problem they face here is a drier climate which poses the greatest threat to their survival.
There are plenty of people here who care deeply about these elephants, but the sad truth is that conservationists are powerless to stop the dying. Only fresh rainfall and new plant growth can do that. We are waiting for the rains. If the rains don’t come before the end of the year, the death rate will only increase.
1. What do we know about Mont Kilimaniaro from the passage?A.Mount Kilimaniaro is the most exciting site in Africa. |
B.Due to a lack of rainfall, grasses can’t grow well there. |
C.All the animals there are dying from a lack of nutrition. |
D.There is little water on the plains of Mont Kilimaniaro. |
A.Caused. | B.Distinguished. | C.Guaranteed. | D.Determined. |
A.Elephants all died from poaching. |
B.Tolstoy was named after Russian. |
C.Animals suffered a lot from hunger. |
D.Tolstoy was one of the greatest tuskers alive. |
A.Poaching: A Danger to Animals |
B.Elephants: Great Beasts Facing Death |
C.Mont Kilimaniaro: A Death Place for Animals |
D.Dry Climate: A Great Threat to Plants and Animals |