We breathe, eat and drink tiny particles of plastic. But are these in the body harmless. dangerous or somewhere in between? A small study published on Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine raises more questions than it answers about how these hits might affect the heart.
The study involved 257 people who had surgery to clear blocked blood vessels in their necks. Using two methods, researchers found evidence of plastics-mostly invisible nanoplastics — in 150 patients and no evidence of plastics in 107 patients. They followed these people for three years. During that time, 30 or 20% of those with plastics had a heart attack, stroke or died from any cause, compared to 8 or about 8% of those with no evidence of plastics.
The researchers also found more evidence of inflammation (炎症) in the people with the plastic bits in their blood vessels. Inflammation is the body’s response to injury and is thought to raise the risk of heart attacks and stroke.
“I hope that the alarming message will raise the consciousness of citizens, especially governments, to finally become aware of the importance of the health of our planet.” said Dr. Raffaele Marfella of the University of Campania in Italy.
Nevertheless, the study was very small and looked only at people with narrowed arteries (动脉), who were already at risk for heart attack and stroke. The patients with the plastics had more heart disease, diabetes and high cholesterol (胆固醇) than the patients without plastics. They were more likely to be men and more likely to be smokers. The researchers tried to adjust for these risk factors during their statistical analysis, but they may have missed important differences between the groups that could account for the results. This kind of study cannot prove that the plastics caused their problems.
“More research is needed and it is the first report suggesting a connection between microplastics and nanoplastics with disease in humans,” said Dr. Philip Landrigan of Boston College. Other scientists have found plastic bits in the lungs, liver, blood, and breast milk, “It does not prove cause and effect, but it suggests cause and effect,” he said, “And it needs urgently to be either confirmed or disproven (反驳) by other studies done by other investigators in other populations.”
1. What did the study find about the plastics in blood?A.They are visible and detectable. | B.They may raise the risk of serious injuries. |
C.They need to be removed by surgery. | D.They may account for a higher rate of heart attacks. |
A.Immediate action should be taken by government. |
B.Alarming message should be spread widely and quickly. |
C.The awareness of the harm of plastic bits should be enhanced. |
D.Joint efforts must be made to keep healthy physically and mentally. |
A.Limitations. | B.Advantages. | C.Causes. | D.Effects. |
A.Helpful but unrealistic. | B.Pioneering but impractical. |
C.Distinctive but unnecessary. | D.Suggestive but inconclusive. |
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【推荐1】The reason why dominant (占支配地位的) men always seem to rise to the top has been uncovered. Researchers say they are able to make decisions far faster than those with nondom-inant personalities. It could explain why so many top CEOs and politicians are known for their dominant personalities.
The study found high-dominance men respond faster in situations where a choice is needed, regardless of social context. Promptness (敏捷) to respond in high-dominance men was accompanied by a noticeably amplified brain signal. In addition, when the researchers analyzed the EEG (脑电图) images of the high-dominance participants, they identified a higher activity in areas of the brain associated with emotion and behavior, compared to low-dominance participants.
This promptness in decision-making can act as a biomarker for social personalities. “Dominance itself depends partly on the ability to make decisions faster than others. This allows the individual to act first in social situations, which might result in an evolutionary advantage.” the team wrote.
They now hope to link these reading to roles such as CEOs, and to find out if the same differences happen in female. and children. “In the future, it will be important to find out whether even stronger brain signals are observed in particularly dominant individuals, such as CEOs,” said Carmen Sandi of the Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne.
She added, “It will also be relevant to understand whether these differences in promptness to respond and brain signals are also observed in women that differ in dominance and whether they are already present in children. Our findings may open a new research approach using EEG signatures as a measure for social dominance.”
The study involved 240 male students at the University of Lausanne who were sorted into high or low dominance groups by a standard “dominance scoring” questionnaire proved in many former studies.
1. What makes dominant people stand out?A.Their wiser decisions. | B.Their kind personalities. |
C.Their high social status. | D.Their rapidity of responding. |
A.affected | B.adjusted | C.enhanced | D.controlled |
A.Save people's life. | B.Check on more people. |
C.Test the participants' brain. | D.Show the effect of dominance. |
A.It used previous research findings. |
B.It involved some women and children. |
C.It showed how people became CEOs. |
D.It corrected people’s ideas of dominance. |
【推荐2】The benefits of gratitude have long been championed in religious and philosophical thinking. In recent years, the science has been catching up: it shows that people who feel most grateful generally get a psychological boost as a result. They also have greater life satisfaction, fewer visits to the doctor and better sleep. This has led to gratitude becoming part of our daily routine, starting a trend of gratitude journals, in which you record things you are thankful for, and meditation practices in which you focus thoughts on them. However, the benefits of actually expressing this gratitude have received less attention. Now evidence is stacking up that shows turning our inner gratitude into action can make our lives even better.
For instance, a simple thank you can build relationships, even with strangers. Take people who have received a note of thanks for something they have done from a peer they don’t know. They are more likely to share their contact details with that person in an attempt to continue the relationship than people who receive a note that doesn’t contain thanks. A simple thank you seems to signal interpersonal warmth.
Expressing gratitude to a friend also changes your view of that relationship, making it feel stronger. In 2010, Nathaniel Lambert, at Florida State University, and his colleagues found that people who simply thought grateful thoughts about a friend, or even took part in positive interactions with them, didn’t experience the same effects.
But the benefits go further than just strengthening social bonds, they can have an impact on health, too. A study of more than 200 nurses working in two Italian hospitals found that gratitude expressed by patients could protect nurses from burnout. That was especially so in the emergency room, where personal interactions with patients are typically shorter and less rewarding. This positive feedback from patients reduced feelings of exhaustion among nurses, says Mara Martini at the University of Turin, who carried out the work.
1. What do the underline words “stacking up” in paragraph 1 mean?A.disappearing | B.approaching. | C.ringing. | D.increasing. |
A.Building stronger relationships |
B.Sleeping well during the night. |
C.Getting a psychological boost. |
D.Having attractive body shapes. |
A.Nurses should require positive feedback from patients. |
B.Patients should speak out their appreciation to nurses. |
C.Doctors should improve their interpersonal skills |
D.Hospitals should protect nurses from burnout. |
A.Friendship is worth sparing every effort. |
B.Gratitude journals work for people who act. |
C.Positive feedback helps improve health service |
D.Thankfulness in action has unexpected benefits. |
【推荐3】Dreams are pictures, sounds and feelings that happen during sleep. According to modern researches, dreaming is an activity of the brain, which occurs when brainwaves are especially fast. In history people have had many explanations for dreams. In ancient Greece dreaming was thought to be a kind of contact with the gods. Sometimes they were regarded as signs of what may happen in the future.
Over the past centuries, many dream theories have come up. The most famous expert on dreaming was Sigmund Freud, an Austrian doctor, who believed that in dreams we acted out our desires and wishes that couldn’t be satisfied in reality.
Everyone dreams while most of the time we cannot remember our dreams. Even blind people dream. They may see images of events that they have experienced before they became blind. On the other hand, a person who was born blind does not see pictures in dreams, but they can hear, smell and taste in them.
Most people cannot control their dreams. They just happen. Very few people experience lucid dreaming. They know exactly that they are dreaming and can even control what happens in their dreams while they are asleep.
People often have the same dreams over and over again. They may be events in your life that have caused problems which you have not solved yet. Nightmares are dreams that are so terrible that you usually wake up. There is medical treatment for nightmares. You can go to a therapist who tries to find out why you have nightmares and how to deal with them.
Some experts think that dreams are full of symbolic messages that mean something which is deep inside us.
1. What do dreams mean to us according to Freud?A.Ways to contact with the gods. | B.Signs of the future events. |
C.Wishes that cannot be satisfied. | D.Things happening in our life. |
A.Clear. | B.Real. | C.Frequent. | D.Awful. |
A.Lucid dreams and their causes. | B.Blind people and their experiences. |
C.Common dreams and their meanings. | D.Famous experts and their suggestions. |
A.An art magazine. | B.A science newspaper. |
C.A biology textbook. | D.A news report. |
【推荐1】ALIEN invasions, Kungfu, hidden treasure——they’re the topics of a thousand computer games. Now comes a game with a difference: climate change. And the challenge? How to beat it.
Fate of the World, which came out last week, puts the Earth’s future in your hands. In this game, you become the head of an international environmental body. You either save the world from the effects of rising greenhouse gas emissions (排放) or let it die by continuing to use emissions-heavy fossil fuels (矿物燃料).
Created by Oxford-based games developer Red Redemption, Fate of the World uses data from real climate models. “There are a range of options including nuclear power and renewable energy. We are not saying one route is the best route,” Gobion Rowlands, Red Redemption’s founder, told Reuters.
Tom Chatfield, gaming expert and the author of Fun Inc: Why Games Are the 21st Century’s Most Serious Business, told British newspaper The Guardian that computer games are uniquely placed to prepare people to deal with climate change. “Two of the problems with environmental issues are time and geography- getting people to care about people on the other side of the earth and problems far in the future, ” Chatfield told The Guardian. “But if people can feel and see the gradual development of changing climate, it can be a better way of learning than reading lots of scientific articles. ”
1. What does the author mean by saying “Now comes a game with a difference”?A.You can save the world through playing the game. |
B.There are lots of challenges to beat in this game. |
C.We can only use renewable energy in this game. |
D.People can experience the change of climate in this game. |
A.It’s a combination of Kungfu and treasure hunting. |
B.Its data are based on real models. |
C.Thanks to it, the environmental problems have been solved. |
D.We’d better read more scientific papers instead of playing this game. |
A.Neutral. |
B.Favorable. |
C.Disagreed. |
D.Unclear. |
A.Gaming to save nature. |
B.Climate change. |
C.One route is the best. |
D.Fate of the world. |
【推荐2】The annual Global Grad Show in Dubai is never short on ideas. Some are confusing, but others might just change the world. “People are extremely concerned about health and mental health, “Global Grad Show director Tadeu Caravieri said. “People are(also)concerned about how to make the house a place that is civilized for work, for education, for healthcare and food security. “
As ever, the environment was high up the agenda. Dalilah Mansoor and Kaya Tueni, students at the Dubai Institute of Design and Innovation, created “Wastology, “an indoor composting machine that doubles as herb and vegetable grower.
“We’re trying to solve overmuch food waste in the UAE(United Arab Emirates), “said Tueni. “We’re hoping that this small project, conducted at a domestic level, could have a bigger impact globally,” added Mansoor.
Mazyar Etehadi, a student at the same institution, similarly looked to home with “A” seedbot, “his solar-powered robot designed to sow seeds in the desert. “I just wish that there were more plants, more greenery out there, he said.
A’seedbot is about 20 cm long and designed to recharge during the day and work by night. Working autonomously within a set five kilometer radius, its3D-printed legs crawl through sand in search of the right levels of moisture (detected through one of its “eyes”) in which to plant a seed. With built-in collision avoidance, humans are only required to refill the robot.
Caravieri anticipates environmentally conscious innovations will only increase at future GlobalGrad Shows. “I think the conversations that are happening now will have an even bigger impact on the applications in the future years,” he said.
He also argues the show is the perfect catalyst for change. “Global Grad Show has that power. It sparks something in you, “Caravieri said. “You’ll get first motivated; then hopeful that things can change faster than we thought.”
1. What is the author’s attitude to the annual Global Grad Show?A.Doubtful. | B.Favorable. | C.Intolerant. | D.Unclear. |
A.Environment. | B.Education. | C.Healthcare. | D.Food security. |
A.He doubts the change of the Grad Show. |
B.He believes the impact of the applications. |
C.He is optimistic about the future of Grad Show. |
D.He is pessimistic about environmentally conscious innovations. |
A.“A’seedbot”, a solar-powered robot | B.“Wastology,” a machine |
C.Environmental issues at the show | D.The Global Grad Show |
【推荐3】Homes are usually warmed with radiators (暖气片). Some homes are warmed by floor heating. Now, a new way of heating is being developed by using the “wallpaper” on your walls. This wallpaper is not decorative. It actually goes under and not over the wall — electrically heats a room. And this type of heating technology heats objects, even people, instead of the air and this helps you feel warmer.
The electric heating panels which are hidden in the wall are connected to the main electrical panels of your home. Each room can be used independently through an app so you do not have to heat unused rooms. It takes around 20 minutes to heat a room.
With rising prices for home heating, the panels seemed like the right way to go. “It makes me happy that I don’t rely on gas.” Kris Bilski, an early user, said. An estimated 23 million homes in the UK are connected to the gas grid (网) but the government wants to phase out gas-fired boilers by 2035. Home heating is responsible for 17 percent of greenhouse gas emissions so removing fossil fuel-based heating will help the environment.
The new electric heating systems are available for private homes and the company is currently testing the new technology in public housing in some cities. The versions being tested can be installed (安装) while people are still living in the apartment so it makes installation a lot easier.
Heating your home with this type of technology does not heat your water so an additional heating system is required but an energy efficient heater can be used.
While the wallpaper is greener, electricity in the UK is very costly so it is not an economic way to heat homes unless there is a renewable energy source like solar panels used. Still, reducing the dependance on fossil fuels will go a long way to green the UK and help the country meet its climate targets.
1. What is special about the wallpaper compared with radiators?A.It is decorative. | B.It is traditional. |
C.It is unseen. | D.It is more efficient. |
A.Stop using. | B.Improve greatly. |
C.Restore gradually. | D.Finish developing. |
A.It looks beautiful. | B.It’s easy to be fitted. |
C.It heats up instantly. | D.It fits all buildings. |
A.Skeptical. | B.Optimistic. |
C.Enthusiastic. | D.Disapproving. |
【推荐1】A handshake seems to be a normal gesture. In fact, in the 9th century BC, an ancient site during the ruling of Shalmaneser III clearly shows two figures holding hands. The Iliad, usually dated to the 8th century BC, mentions that two characters “taking each other's hands and expressing their loyalty.” Centuries later, Shakespeare once wrote of two characters-who shook hands and swore to be brothers in the book As You Like It. Shaking hands seems to be an ancient custom whose roots have disappeared in the sands of time.
Historians who have studied ancient etiquette books note that the modern handshake did not appear until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used between friends. But what if Shakespeare had written about handshaking hundreds of years earlier?
According to author Torbjorn Lundmark in his Tales of Hi and Bye: Greeting and Parting Rituals Around the World, the problem comes in differing definitions of the handshake. The early handshakes mentioned above were part of making deals or peace; King Shalmaneser III referred to a rebellion in which he signed a treaty with the King of Babylon. In the Iliad, Diomedes and Glaucus shook hands when they realized they were guest-friends, and Diomedes declared: “Let's not try to kill each other." Shakespeare was similarly referencing settlement of a conflict.
The modern handshake as a form of greeting is harder to trace. As a Dutch sociologist Herman Roodenburg—the chief authority for the history of handshaking—wrote in a chapter of an anthology called A Cultural History of Gesture, “More than in any other field, that of the study of gesture is one in which the historian has to make the most of only a few clues”.
One of the earliest clues he cites is a 16th-century German translation of the French writer Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel. When one character meets Gargantua, Rabelais writes, “He was greeted by countless hugs and countless good days. "But according to Roodenburg, the 16th-century German translation added references to shaking hands.
A popular saying suggests that Cleland's statements against bowing were actually a wish to go back to a potentially traditional method of greeting in Europe. As the centuries progressed ,handshaking was replaced by more hierarchical ways of greeting—like bowing. According to Roodenburg, handshaking survived in a few remote places, like in Dutch towns where some would use the gesture to make peace after disagreements. Around the same time, those who valued equality also made us of handshaking. Then, as the Continent's hierarchy was weakened, handshaking became a common practice among people of the same rank, as it is today.
1. Why does the author mention Shakespeare in the first two paragraphs?A.To prove that the history of handshaking is hard to find. |
B.To illustrate that handshaking is a very old custom. |
C.To show readers that handshaking is common in fiction. |
D.To explain the value of handshaking in communication. |
A.The origin of handshaking as a form of greeting is easy to trace. |
B.Citizens usually shake hands to show friendliness in Holland. |
C.It was used only between friends and to reach an agreement. |
D.It is a common practice between people of different social positions. |
A.To explain why handshaking is not as normal as it seems. |
B.To compare the differences between handshaking and other gestures. |
C.To trace the history of the practice of handshaking. |
D.To illustrate various uses of handshaking in difference areas. |
Scientists note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment. They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregivers. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings.
One study shows that babies can learn before they are born. The researchers placed a tape recorder on the stomach of a pregnant woman. Then, they played a recording of a short story. On the day the baby was born,the researchers attempted to find if he knew the sounds of the story repeated while in his mother. They did this by placing a device in the mouth of the newborn baby.
The baby would hear the story if he moved his mouth one way. If the baby moved his mouth the other way, he would hear a different story. The researchers say the baby clearly liked the story he heard before he was born. They say the baby would move his mouth so he could hear the story again and again.
Another study shows how mothers can strongly influence social development and language skills in their children.
Researchers studied the children from the age of one month to three years. The researchers attempted to measure the sensitivity of the mothers. The women were considered sensitive if they supported their children’s activities and did not interfere unnecessarily. They tested the children for thinking and language development when they were three years old. Also, the researchers observed the women for signs of depression.
The children of depressed women did not do as well in tests as the children of women who did not suffer from depression. The children of depressed women did poorly in tests of language skills and understanding what they hear.
These children also were less cooperative and had more problems dealing with other people. The researchers noted that the sensitivity of the mothers was important to the intelligence development of their children. Children did better when their mothers were caring, even when they suffered from depression.
1. According to the passage,which of the following is NOT the factor that influences the intelligence development in babies?
A.The environment. | B.Mother’s sensitivity. |
C.Their peers (同龄人). | D.Education before birth. |
A.To prove that babies can learn before they are born. |
B.To prove that babies can learn on the first day they are born. |
C.To show mothers can strongly influence the intelligence development in their babies |
D.To indicate early education has a deep effect on the babies’ language skills. |
A.The children of depressed mothers who cared little for their children. |
B.The children of women who did not suffer from depression. |
C.The children of depressed but caring mothers. |
D.Children with high communication abilities. |
A.Scientific findings about how babies develop before birth. |
B.Scientific findings about how the environment has an effect on babies’ intelligence. |
C.A study shows babies are not able to learn things until they are born or six months old. |
D.Scientific findings about how intelligence develops in babies. |
【推荐3】Zhang Fan, 36, a movie visual effects designer who returned to Beijing from New Zealand for work last year, was surprised by the improvement to the city’s air quality. “I remember the smell in the air and the frequent smoggy days before I left in 2013, after getting a job offer from a film company in New Zealand, ” he said. Last year, a Chinese company offered Zhang a more promising position, so he returned, saying that he could find more opportunities in his line of work in Beijing than elsewhere. In addition to rapid economic development in the Chinese capital, he said the most impressive change is the local air quality. “People discussed air pollution a lot when I was in Beijing previously. Now, it seems that the topic has disappeared completely, as every day is good in terms of air quality,” Zhang said. “The sky in Beijing these days is so clear. ”
On Jan. 4, the municipal authorities in Beijing announced a comprehensive success in improving air quality, with the city’s annual average concentration of PM2. 5 in the air, falling to 33 micrograms per cubic meter, and ozone (臭氧) concentration dropping to 149 mcg per cu m last year.
Yu Jianhua, spokesman for the Beijing Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau, said at a news conference, “This is a milestone for Beijing’s hard work in fighting air pollution and also means that the city has met its air quality target outlined in the 14th Five-Year Plan(2021-25) ahead of schedule. Beijing has demonstrated to the world over the past 20 years that a mega city with a rapidly increasing GDP, vehicle count, population and energy consumption can move forward to cut air pollution effectively. The PM2.5 reduction over the past few years has surpassed that of developed countries during the same period.
According to the Bureau, the city’s average concentration of PM2.5 dropped by 63 percent last year from 2013, an average annual reduction of about 8 percent. The city experienced 288 days of good air quality last year—up from 112 days in 2013—and just eight days of heavy air pollution. This achievement is clear to see and exciting, but it has not been easy work.
1. Why did Zhang Fan returned to Beijing?A.He was tired of his life abroad. | B.He has a deep affection for the city. |
C.The city’s air quality has improved. | D.A golden chance was offered to him. |
A.By using examples. | B.By using figures. |
C.By offering experimental findings. | D.By citing personal experience. |
A.Huge. | B.Rich. | C.Civilized. | D.Noted. |
A.Business. | B.Fashion. | C.Environment. | D.Entertainment. |