Have you ever been hungry and sleepy and wished you could solve both problems at once? If you were a reindeer (驯鹿) , it would be easy. According to a new research, these talented deer can have a snooze while they eat their food.
Reindeer live in the Arctic and other northern regions where the winters are extremely dark and cold. Food can be rare in winter, so during the warmer months the deer must eat as much as they possibly can.
Like cows, reindeer use a process called rumination (反刍) to break down the tough plant they eat. This process involves passing the food back and forth between their mouth and the four “stomachs”, chewing it repeatedly until all the nutrients (营养) have been absorbed. In summer, all that chewing seems to leave very little time for sleep.
To find out their secret to getting enough rest, scientists fitted four reindeer with devices that monitored their brain waves. While the reindeer were ruminating, their brain waves were similar to the patterns shown during sleep. The animals sat or stood quietly with their eyes closed, and they were less likely than usual to react to. the movements of a neighbouring deer. “They were in a very relaxed state, ” researcher Melanie Furrer said.
The chewing movement made it hard for the researchers to tell whether, the animals’ brain waves were truly in sleep mode. But when they tested the deer again after rumination, the animals' brain activity showed that they felt rested.
If reindeer are kept awake for too long, they need extra “recovery sleep” to catch up. After ruminating, however, the deer did not need as much recovery sleep. Study co-author Gabriela Wagner said that ruminating serves two different purposes at the same time —eating and sleeping.
1. What does the underlined word “snooze” most probably mean?A.Quick drink. | B.Short walk. | C.Light sleep. | D.Bad dream. |
A.To keep awake. | B.To practice chewing. |
C.To taste better plants. | D.To prepare for winter. |
A.They sleep when drinking. | B.They sleep when ruminating. |
C.They sleep when not moving. | D.They sleep when not thinking. |
A.A health magazine. | B.A book review. |
C.A science report. | D.A research plan. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Bird eggs come in a variety of colors, but new research shows that diversity follows a simple pattern — the colder the climate, the darker the egg. Darker eggs take in more heat than lighter ones. This could help developing chicks stay warm while their parents look for food. That's the conclusion of the study.
Biologists have long tried to understand why birds' eggs come in so many shapes and colors. There could be many reasons. The color may help make eggs less likely to be discovered by their natural enemies. The egg shape or color might also somehow protect eggs against bacteria or signal their quality. The shape or color might even help keep an egg warm. “Scientists have discovered some evidence to support all of these assumptions(假设),” says Phillip Wisocki, who worked on the research.
Wisocki and his colleagues turned to collections of birds' eggs in museums. They compiled (汇编) data from 634 species. These represented all but four of the 40 living orders of birds. Then they plotted the data on a global map. The brightness and color of eggshells were closely related to a region's temperature, they showed. That was true even after considering that closely related species can have similarly colored eggs. Birds in the far north — which tends to be colder — had darker, browner eggs. Eggs became lighter and slightly bluer for birds closer to the equator. Egg colors, however, tended to be more varied in the tropics.
Darker eggs may be an adaptation to the cold, the research now suggests. Like a dark car parked in the sun, a dark egg should take in more heat from the sun than a lighter egg. To test this theory, Wisocki's group exposed chicken eggs to direct sunlight and tracked how well they assimilated heat. Some were white. Others were brown or blue. Sure enough, brown eggs warmed faster and cooled more slowly than the lighter eggs.
1. According to the assumptions about birds' egg, their shapes and colors________.A.can reflect the appetites of birds. |
B.are determined by the ages of birds. |
C.aren't the result of natural evolution. |
D.can act as a measure of self-defence. |
A.Museum collections. | B.Color-painted bird eggs. |
C.Their own worldwide search. | D.Birds kept in many regions. |
A.blocked. | B.absorbed. | C.reflected. | D.produced. |
A.How Do Birds Lay Eggs of Different Colors? |
B.When Do Birds Lay Eggs of Different Colors? |
C.Why Are Bird Eggs in Cold Climates Darker Colored? |
D.What Are the Functions of the Different Colors of Bird Eggs? |
【推荐2】According to a new study, human noise is a “major global pollutant” that harms a wider range of animal life than we tend to think. Published in the journal Biology Letters, the study suggests noise pollution not only harms lots of animals, but also threatens the survival of more than 100 different species.
Lots of species rely on sound for communication, for example, including many amphibians, birds, insects and mammals which use sound for vital business like finding mates or warning about predators (捕猎者). If noise pollution drowns out enough of these messages. it can threaten survival and the stability of their populations.
On the other hand, noise pollution can make it harder for some predators to find food Bats and owls rely on sound to hunt, for instance, which may not work if noise pollution drowns out the sounds of their prey like insects and mice. Even if noise pollution is mild, it might still force them to spend more time and energy searching for food, which could be enough to cause a decline.
Noise pollution is a well-known risk for whales and dolphins, but it threatens other sea animals, too. The researchers cite fish larvae, which are easily drawn to the sounds of coral reefs (珊瑚礁). This is how they find suitable habitats, but if their journey features too much noise from ships and other human sources, more fish larvae may get lost or move into wrong reefs, potentially reducing their lifespan.
Similarly, noise pollution influences the way animals migrate (迁徙), which in turn can have chain effects for ecosystems along migration routes. Some migrating birds avoid areas with noise pollution, the researchers note, which may change not only where they travel, but also where they establish long-term homes and raise their young. Many ecosystems and non-migrating species have come to depend on the arrival of migrating birds, and many others may be unprepared for their sudden absence, so this could cause a series of ecological changes.
“Noise must be considered as a global pollutant and we need to develop strategies to protect animals from noise for their livelihoods,” says Kunc, the lead author of the study.
1. What is the new study mainly about?A.The sources of noise pollution. | B.The dangers of noise pollution to animals. |
C.Why people should lower noise levels. | D.How animals deal with noise pollution. |
A.They are very sensitive to sound. | B.Their hunting abilities are weakening. |
C.They are easily attracted by sounds. | D.Their populations are sharply declining. |
A.They may abandon their young. | B.They may give up their migration. |
C.They may change their migration routes. | D.They may develop new eating habits. |
A.Measures must be taken to reduce noise pollution. |
B.Noise pollution affects the way animals reproduce. |
C.Migrating animals will die out due to noise pollution. |
D.Nature reserves should be built to stop the loss of habitats. |
【推荐3】Spiders are master builders, expertly turning silk into complex 3D webs that serve as their home and hunting ground. To gain a deeper understanding of their world, scientists have translated the structure of a spider’s web into music.
“The spider lives in an environment of vibrating (振动的) strings,” says Markus Buehler, the project’s principal investigator. “They don’t see very well, so they perceive their surroundings by detecting vibrations, which have different frequencies.” Such vibrations occur, for example, when the spider stretches a strand of silk during construction or when the wind or a trapped fly moves the web.
The researchers scanned a natural spider web to capture 2D cross-sections and reconstructed its 3D network using a mathematical model. They assigned different frequencies of sound to strands of the web, creating musical “notes” that they combined in patterns based on the web’s 3D structure to generate music. Then they made a harp-like (像竖琴的) virtual instrument and played the spider web music in several live performances around the world, creating an inspiring harmony of art and science.
To gain insights into how spiders build webs, the researchers also scanned a web during construction, transforming each stage into music with different sounds. “The spider’s way of ‘printing’ the web is remarkable because no support material is used, as is often needed in current 3D printing methods,” Buehler says. This knowledge could help develop new 3D printers that work like spiders, enabling them to construct complex structures without using additional materials for support.
The team is also interested in learning how to communicate with spiders in their own language. They recorded web vibrations produced when spiders performed different activities, such as building a web, communicating with other spiders or sending signals to admirers. “Now we’re trying to generate signals to basically speak the language of the spider,” Buehler says. “If we expose them to certain patterns of vibrations, can we affect what they do or can we begin to communicate with them? Those are really thrilling ideas, and I believe they could be achieved in the near future.”
1. What do we know about spiders?A.They have good eyesight. |
B.They adapt to surroundings quickly. |
C.They spin a web similar to a musical structure. |
D.They sense the environment through vibrations. |
A.Steps to create spider web music. |
B.Ways to recreate a web’s 3D network. |
C.Challenges of combining music with science. |
D.The potential applications of 3D printing methods. |
A.3D printers can construct complex structures. |
B.Spiders’ vibration patterns vary with activities. |
C.Spiders build webs without using additional materials. |
D.The web-building process can be translated into music. |
A.Hopeful. | B.Doubtful. | C.Uncertain. | D.Disapproving. |
Researchers consider that sleeping on a problem in most cases leads to elucidation(解释). They say when a person enters a phase called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) during sleep, it increases the effect. Such phase takes place right before we awake and according to scientists it helps our brain make links between unrelated subjects.
In the study, led by Professor Sara Mednick, scientists made a conclusion that the REM was “important for assimilating(消化) new information into past experience” in order to find solutions to creative problems.
Prof. Mednick is a psychiatrist at the University of California. Her study involved the analysis of 77 adults. Each participant was given several word-associated creative tasks. All tasks were given in the morning, with participants being shown a number of groups of 3 words, for example: cookie, heart and sixteen. They were asked to come up with a word that would be associated with all three given terms—like sweet. Sometime later, after some participants were allowed to sleep, they were asked to perform the same tasks and some new ones. It is worth mentioning that while some people slept, researchers used brain scans to see the type of sleep each participant entered.
When given the same tasks, participants, who took a nap, were able to give more varied solutions, some of which were much better than they gave earlier. But when given new tasks, researchers found that those who entered REM sleep had a 40 percent better result compared to the performance they showed in the morning.
1. What does “it” refer to in the second paragraph?
A.The effect. | B.REM. | C.Sleep. | D.A problem. |
A.Because REM takes place just after you sleep. |
B.Because REM can store more information. |
C.Because REM can help find creative solutions |
D.Because REM can make a creative invention. |
A.Taking a short nap is good for your thinking during the day. |
B.Sleeping has three processes which is good for creativity. |
C.Each adult was allowed to sleep after the task was given. |
D.REM is a process taking place right after we awake when we nap. |
A.to think of a creative word |
B.to show a group of 3 words |
C.to give participants time to think |
D.to let some participants sleep for a while |
【推荐2】A new study of older adults has found too much daytime napping (小睡) may signal an increasing risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers from Brigham and Women’s Hospital have reported the relationship between the two: too much daytime napping predicts an increased future risk of Alzheimer’s, and a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s speeds up the increase in daytime napping during aging.
“Daytime sleep behaviors of older adults are often ignored, and an agreement for daytime napping in clinical practice and health care is still lacking,” said Peng Li, one of the researchers. “Our team calls for a closer attention to 24-hour sleep patterns—not only nighttime sleep but also daytime nap—for tracking the health of older adults.”
The researchers recognized that all previous studies on Alzheimer’s disease assessed napping within a participant only once, and most of which were subjective and questionnaire-based. In the new study, more than 1000 individuals, with an average age of 81, were provided Actical, a watch-like device, to wear on their wrist for up to 14 days. After napping episodes were identified, the nap duration and frequency were calculated.
The results have suggested that too much daytime napping may signal an increasing risk of Alzheimer’s, and that faster yearly increase in daytime napping may be a sign of worsening or unfavored clinical development of the disease.
Researchers have acknowledged that although the method of the new study has been widely used in sleep field studies, they recognize that polysomnography (多导睡眠记录仪) is the gold standard for sleep scoring. Moreover, the participants studied were older, and therefore, the findings may not be easily translated to younger people. In addition, future studies should test whether a direct intervention in daytime napping can lower the risk of Alzheimer’s.
“We hope to draw more attention to daytime sleep patterns and the importance of patients noting if their sleep schedule changes over time,” said co senior author Kun Hu of the Medical Biodynamics Program. “Sleep changes are critical in shaping the internal changes in the brain.”
1. What does the new study of older adults show?A.The link between daytime napping and Alzheimer’s. |
B.The causes and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. |
C.The proper amounts of daytime napping. |
D.The ways to improve the quality of sleep. |
A.By asking about the participants’ ideas. |
B.By carrying out a particular questionnaire. |
C.By tracking participants’ sleep with a device. |
D.By assigning participants calculating tasks. |
A.The method of the new study is perfect. |
B.The findings are suitable for all ages. |
C.Further studies should be carried out. |
D.Intervention can reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s. |
A.The patterns of daytime nap. |
B.The way to make sleep schedules. |
C.The causes of brain changes. |
D.The significance of the new study. |
【推荐3】A team of international scientists is due to set off for the world's biggest iceberg in a mission aiming to answer fundamental questions about the impact of climate change in the polar regions. The scientists, led by the British Antarctic Survey(BAS), are trying to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120, 000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.
Last year, part of the Larsen C ice shelf calved(崩解) away, forming a huge iceberg-A68-which is four times bigger than London, and revealing life beneath for the first time. Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light. Marine biologist Dr Katrin Linse from the BAS is leading the mission.
“The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study marine life as it responds to a huge environment change,” she said. “It is important that we get there quickly before the undersea environment changes as sunlight enters the water.”
Professor David Vaughan, science director at the BAs, said, “We need to be bold on this one. Larsen C is a long way south and there's lots of sea ice in the area, but this is important science, so we will try our best to get the team where they need to be. He said climate change had already affected the sea around Antarctica and is warming some coastal waters. “Future warming may make some habitats warm. Where these habitats support unique species that are adapted to love the cold and not the warm, those species are going to either move or die.”
There is growing concern about the possible impact of climate change in the Antarctic. Earlier this month, a report revealed that melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the already fast pace of the sea level rise. The research, published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Mediome, said, “At the current rate, the world's ocean will be, on average, at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.” However, it found that the process is accelerating, and more than three quarters of the acceleration since 1993 is due to melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, the study shows.
1. Why are the scientists eager to go to the iceberg?A.To study how the iceberg was formed. |
B.To study a newly discovered ecosystem. |
C.To explore a new way to prevent climate change. |
D.To explore the geography of the Larsen C ice shelf. |
A.The Larsen C ice shelf. |
B.Climate change in Antarctica. |
C.The A68 iceberg with the ecosystem beneath it. |
D.The condition of animal species in Antarctica. |
A.It is 4 times as big as London. |
B.It is part of an ice shelf in the Arctic. |
C.It will disappear in a very short time. |
D.It has uncovered an unknown ecosystem in Antarctica. |
A.There is no need to worry about climate change in Antarctica. |
B.The ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are melting at a steady rate. |
C.Many creatures living in deep water will die out due to climate change. |
D.By 2100, the sea level will have risen to a much higher level than now. |
【推荐1】“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” But now scientists have given us another warning: too much play with smart phones or computers makes you dull too.
“Many focus on the benefits of digital devices in education but ignore the costs,” said Patricia Greenfield from the University of California, "losing the ability to understand the emotions(情感) of other people is one of the costs."
Greenfield and her research team did an experiment. They worked with 105 children who spend about 4.5 hours in front of screens on a school day. The students were asked to describe the emotions towards the pictures and videos of people who were happy, sad, angry or scared. Then, half of them attended a five﹣day nature and science camp. There they had no smart phones, TV or computers. The other half stayed in school and spent the five days as usual. Five days later, all the children took the test again.
Students who had been to the camp got about 5 percent more answers correct than they had done before the camp. But the other group of students didn't show much improvement.
The study is not perfect in some sense, said the researchers. But scientists say that the study is still a warning for us. “Emotional skills develop in practice and the brain develops through real communication.” said Professor Taylor, a professor at the university of San Francisco.
Researchers talked to 2,000 parents of children aged 2—16 in the UK about what activities their children could do confidently. The results were surprising. Their children could use a tablet (平板电脑)(59%)and work a mobile phone (57%) more confidently than they could tie their shoe laces (鞋带)(53%)!
So, spend more time away from mobile phones and computers if you want to be an understanding friend, and not a member of what the Daily Mail called "Generation Helpless".
1. According to Professor Greenfield, using digital devices in education leads to .A.getting along well with family members | B.failing to understand other peoples emotions |
C.making more mistakes when taking exams | D.falling far behind others in all schoolwork |
A.are far from perfect | B.are quite surprising |
C.are worth considering | D.need to be improved |
A.Students learned how to describe emotions in the experiment. |
B.Students living without screens did much better in studies. |
C.Too much play with digital devices raised some worries. |
D.Most of the UK children couldn't tie their shoe laces. |
A.Screens harm emotions | B.Here comes a digital world |
C.Stay away from the Internet | D.How people become addicted? |
【推荐2】Prosthetic limbs (义肢) have been around for a long time. The oldest known dates back more than 3,000 years. But prosthetics which behave like the real thing, as well as looking like it, are still very much a work in progress. And a group at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, in China, have just come up with a significant advance — an affordable prosthetic hand that not only responds like a real one to signals from the wearer’s brain, but is also able to signal back to the brain what it is touching and doing.
Gu Guoying and his colleagues describe their invention in Nature Biomedical Engineering. Its fingers are made of rigid tubes, connected to a 3D-printed plastic palm. In contrast to current models, which are electrically powered, Dr Gu’s hand is powered pneumatically by a pump held in a waist bag. This reduces its weight below 300 grams — half that of some current models, and less, indeed, than the weight of a real hand.
The big advance is that it does not require invasive surgery or electronic implants into the residual limb to communicate with the user’s brain. Sensors on the skin record electrical activity from the remaining arm muscles. In an intact arm, this activity would tell those muscles how to operate the hand.
Dr Gu and his colleagues compared the efficacy of their invention with that of existing models using tests including writing, grasping and lifting objects, lifting food to the mouth. Normally, they found, it worked better — particularly for delicate tasks like handling fragile objects, petting a cat and shaking hands.
The other attraction of Dr Gu’s invention is that it is cheap. The components it is made from cost about $500. Existing models may sell for $10,000 or more. If it, or something similar, goes into production, that will permit the transformation of many more of the lives of the 5 million people who have lost a hand, or were born without one, than is possible at the moment.
1. What mainly makes Dr Gu’s prosthetic hand lighter?A.It is held in a waist bag. | B.It is made of 3D-printing plastic. |
C.It is powered in a different way. | D.It has specially designed fingers. |
A.Design. | B.System. |
C.Construction. | D.Performance. |
A.Affordable price. |
B.Smooth operation. |
C.Advanced technology |
D.Striking appearance. |
A.materials | B.advantages |
C.invention process | D.research team |
【推荐3】If you’re someone who has been worrying about the rise of the robots—hold on there just a second, and let them help you impress your friends with some newfound skills in a foreign language. Using artificial intelligence (AI) to help us learn and improve those skills is not new—some of the online language tools we turn to every day are powered by AI.
But as new technologies flood into the market, now is a great time to take advantage of the tech. And according to experts, these tools aren’t replacing teachers—they’re making their lives easier. One of the things that stops some of us from practicing speaking in a new language is a lack of self-confidence. AI can help—chatbots don’t judge you. Of course, teachers don’t either, but for some people, communicating with a bot may erase that fear of failure or shyness.
The latest chatbots use something called natural language processing that allows them to understand human speech or writing, providing a human-like response right away. While chatbots are extremely useful for learners working individually, teachers can also offer course material and ask an AI system to produce personalized textbooks for groups of students. The AI can also provide feedback (反馈) in seconds—gone are the days of waiting a week for work to be graded.
Past online language tools and games were able to tell you when you were wrong, but they weren’t always able to explain why. Now, not only has that changed, but the explanations are detailed and immediate. But this is not to underestimate the role of the teacher, who can use the technology to help learn more about the strengths and shortcomings of their students and personalize their teaching.
So, if you want to impress your friends with your perfect speech, don’t be afraid of AI. Just think of it as a useful tool for both teachers and language learners, which will give you more time and space to enjoy learning something new!
1. What is the main idea of the article?A.The dangers of Al-robots. |
B.The history of online language tools. |
C.The benefits of AI in language learning. |
D.The role of teachers in the modern classroom. |
A.Because bots grade work faster. |
B.Because bots provide textbooks. |
C.Because bots are more knowledgeable. |
D.Because bots may remove the fear of failure or shyness. |
A.It saves time for teachers. | B.It reduces the cost of education. |
C.It meets individual students’ needs. | D.It provides detailed lesson plans. |
A.weakness. | B.awareness. | C.witness. | D.darkness. |