Economic growth is often considered as a sure way of increasing the well-being of people in low-income countries, and global surveys in recent decades have supported this strategy by showing people in high-income countries tend to report higher levels of life satisfaction than those in low-income countries. This strong connection might suggest that only in rich societies can people be happy. However, a recent study conducted by ICTA-UAB and McGill University in Canada suggests that there may be good reasons to question whether this link is universal.
While most global surveys gather thousands of responses from the citizens of industrial and urban societies, they tend to ignore people in simple-and-tiny societies on the fringe, where social group has a limited number of members and where the exchange of money plays a minimal role in everyday life with natives and local communities depending directly on nature.
The research, published in the scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), consisted of a survey of 2,966 people from local communities in 19 globally distributed sites. Only 64% of surveyed households had any cash income. The results show that “surprisingly, many populations with very low incomes report very high average levels of life satisfaction, with scores similar to those in wealthy countries,” says Eric Galbraith, researcher at ICTA-UAB and McGill University and lead author of the study.
The average life satisfaction score across the studied simple-and-tiny societies was 6.8 on a range of 0-10. Although not all societies reported high satisfaction levels, four of the sites reported average scores higher than 8, despite many of these societies having suffered histories of neglect and control. The results are consistent with the opinion that human societies can support very satisfactory lives for their members without necessarily requiring high degrees of material wealth.
“While the reasons behind these findings remain unclear, the study provides valuable insights into how diverse communities achieve satisfying lives. It offers hope that understanding these factors can help others improve their well-being while addressing sustainability concerns.” Galbraith concludes.
1. What does the research focus on according to the passage?A.The impact of cash income on locals’ well-being. |
B.Income-satisfaction connection in industrial societies. |
C.Economic growth’s concerns in low-income countries. |
D.Relation between wealth and happiness across societies. |
A.Edge. | B.Surface. | C.Horizon. | D.Scene. |
A.To indicate the research’s limitations. |
B.To prove the reliability of the findings. |
C.To emphasize high satisfaction scores. |
D.To show the number of people surveyed. |
A.Unconcerned. | B.Unclear. | C.Promising. | D.Critical. |
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【推荐1】If you have some free time to socialize, do you prefer to spend it with your best friend or partner, or with a larger group of people?
A new study investigated what group size people actually look for and encounter in everyday life. The scientists asked more than 4, 000 people from the U. S. and the Netherlands to report the size of their social groups for a wide variety of activities. For eight different activities (going to a bar, chatting at work, chatting off work, having dinner, going on a holiday, going to a movie theatre, working on a project, playing sports), people reported a group size of two more often than they reported larger group sizes. Interestingly, for about half of these activities, women reported a group size of two significantly more often than men did, suggesting that women prefer a social group size of two even more than men do.
The researchers also used a research technique called real—time experience—sampling in the second part of the study. 274 volunteers were asked seven times a day to report the last social situation they had experienced. The results were clear. Two was the most common group size with 52. 6 percent. Thus, this part of the study also suggested that two is the most common group size in social interactions.
So why do people prefer spending their time with one other person compared to spending their time with larger groups? Researchers explained that in general, social interactions with just one other person allow for more control of the situation, especially when it comes to reciprocity ( 互助). When we interact with just one other person, one's choices directly affect the other person and only that person. Thus, it is easy to distinguish whether there is mutual cooperation (for example, both people take turns paying for dinner) or whether someone acts selfishly (for example, one person never pays the bill). In larger groups, the situation gets much more complicated.
1. What is the new study mainly about?A.What social group size people prefer. |
B.Whom people like to spend time with. |
C.Which activities people choose to kill time. |
D.How people make friends in social activities. |
A.To collect the latest data. |
B.To make their activities last longer. |
C.To know the variety of their activities. |
D.To prove the result of the former study. |
A.The closer relationship. | B.The limited choices. |
C.The sense of control. | D.The selfish intention. |
A.Advanced technology. | B.Social psychology. |
C.Entertainment. | D.Health. |
Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
1. Research shows that people’s physical and mental health ________.
A.relies on the social welfare systems which support them |
B.has much to do with the amount of support they get from others |
C.depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troubles |
D.is closely related to their strength for coping with major changes in their lives |
A.adds up to. |
B.does away with. |
C.lessens the effect of. |
D.Lays the foundation for. |
A.instrumental support |
B.informational support |
C.social companionship |
D.the strengthening of self-respect |
A.it helps strengthen our ties with relatives |
B.it enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakes |
C.it makes our leisure-time activities more enjoyable |
D.it draws our attention away from our worries and troubles |
【推荐3】How to Treat Each Other Well
The following tips can help you enjoy a healthy and satisfying relationship.
Create a foundation of respect. Relationships can be fun and exciting early on. However, it is important to make sure that you and your partner are rooted in respect.
Appreciate each other. A healthy relationship should be one in which you and your partner feel appreciated. Often, relationships are built from many small things added one on top of the other. Find the things your partner does for you and say “thank you”. Instead of focusing on mistakes your partner makes, focus on the ways your partner adds to your life.
Give each other space. Avoid giving up your friends or making your partner give up friends.
A.Spend quality time together. |
B.Support your partner in keeping friendships. |
C.Know that your relationship will likely change. |
D.Act in ways that demand respect from your partner. |
E.Communicate to your partner that you consider the way they feel. |
F.When you notice something, speak out and show your appreciation. |
G.It’s important to have friends and the emotional support they provide. |
【推荐1】Nuclear energy is one of the cleanest power on earth. It is cleaner than any energy source except wind. But that doesn’t necessarily mean nuclear is the long-term solution for the world because nuclear material is perhaps the most poisonous matter on earth. In addition, uranium, the element most commonly used in nuclear reactors, is not in limitless supply. But the biggest problem is nuclear waste.
How can we deal with nuclear waste? The answer is simple—put them somewhere where they can stay, undisturbed, isolated, forever. Finland is building just that. This region is largely lacking in natural disasters. It really doesn’t encounter any natural phenomenon that could damage a nuclear waste storage site, especially if it’s 1, 500 feet underground. Beneath an island on the Finnish Baltic Sea coast, the country is digging. They’ re building the very first permanent nuclear waste storage facility in the world in the stable bedrock 1,500 feet below.
Currently they’ re just finishing their dig down, then very soon they’ll start filling the facility with nuclear waste. They’ll dig long tunnels with small holes in which they’ll place nuclear waste then backfill the tunnels with clay to be left forever.
With this system, there’s near zero risk of nuclear material leaking out into the groundwater and, once it’s filled in the year 2120, it can just be left, forever. Because the material will be so far down and so difficult to get to, no human management will be necessary once completed.
No security, no maintenance, nothing which means it should be truly secure, but before leaving it, Finland needs to fight against one thing—human nature. As curious beings, it’s hard to fight a person’s urge of discovery. If someone finds a mysterious structure from thousands of years ago, it’d just be natural to want to open it up, and that’s a problem for nuclear waste sites.
We essentially did just that with the pyramids in Egypt. These structures were built as the final, permanent resting places and we opened them up because we were curious. Opening the nuclear storage facilities would release radiation into a future civilization, so we have to tell them to leave the sites alone, but that’s easier said than done.
1. Why is Finland building a nuclear storage site deep underground?A.The tunnels there are easy to dig. | B.The supply of uranium is limited. |
C.Modern technology makes it possible. | D.No natural disaster can influence the site. |
A.Being curious. | B.A desire for security. |
C.Being adventurous. | D.A desire for control. |
A.Supportive. | B.Tolerant. | C.Doubtful. | D.Pessimistic. |
A.To arouse people’s curiosity. | B.To predict the site’s development. |
C.To illustrate the author’s concern. | D.To stress the importance of the project. |
【推荐2】“Find your passion!” When discussing future career options or selecting a major in college, your parents often say this. The very expression is meant to inspire. But is it good advice?
“Finding” a passion implies that it already exists and is simply waiting to be discovered. Unfortunately, this idea is not what science tells us.
To study this, researchers use a framework of “fixed” and “growth” mindsets.They argue that encouraging people to “find” their passion may cause them to eventually believe that interests and passions are inborn and relatively unchangeable.
Researchers have revealed that a fixed mindset of interest can decrease creativity. If people believe they are limited to only a few inborn interests and, in consequence, do not explore other areas, they may miss seeing important connections across domains.
Evidently, people can do a lot to embrace a growth mindset of interest. First, realize that your interests and passions aren’t pre-existing. Take an active role in developing your passions. Second, practise positive self-talk. When you lack interest in a new task, pay attention to your inner dialogue.
A.So can a growth mindset of interest be taught? |
B.Instead passions, like interests, are developed. |
C.People who think this have a fixed mindset of interest. |
D.Of course, not every activity will become a burning passion. |
E.As such,seeing interests as fixed limits their creative potential. |
F.Don’t expect that pursuing new interests will always be easy or exciting. |
G.Replace self-critical thoughts with positive ones that encourage growth and learning. |
【推荐3】Digital reading appears to be destroying habits of “deep reading”. Astonishing numbers of people with years of schooling are in effect illiterate. This month’s Ljubljana Manifesto (宣言) explains: “The digital field may promote more reading than ever in history, but it also offers many temptations to read in a superficial and scattered (零散的) manner — or even not to read at all. This increasingly endangers higher-level reading.”
That’s frightening, because “higher-level reading” has been essential to civilization. It enabled the enlightenment and an international increase in empathy. Without it, we would suffer a lot. As the Ljubljana Manifesto notes, “as much as one-third of Europeans struggle even with lower-level reading skills.” More than one-fifth of adults in the US “fall into the illiterate/functionally illiterate category”. Separately, post-pandemic reading scores for American 13-year-olds are the lowest in decades. And the Washington-based Center for Global Development recently estimated that literacy in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa among those with five years of schooling has decreased by 10% this past half century.
Experts in the Ljubljana Manifesto record the demerits of digital reading: “Recent studies of various kinds indicate a decline of critical and conscious reading, slow reading, non-strategic reading and long-form reading.” When you read a book on paper, you can be entirely inside the experience, absorb hundreds of pages of details thoroughly and begin to capture the world’s complexity. Online, says Maryanne Wolf of UCLA, we are “skimming, scanning, scrolling”. The medium is the message: doing deep reading on your phone is as hard as playing tennis with your phone. Recently, a bright 11-year-old told me I was wasting time on books: he absorbed more information faster from Wikipedia. He had a point. But digital readers also absorb more misinformation and seldom absorb fine perspectives.
In short, as professors from Northwestern University foresaw in 2005, we are returning to the days when only an elite (精英) “reading class” consumes long texts, which is worrying.
1. What can we learn about digital reading from paragraph 1?A.Digital reading has solved the problem of illiteracy. |
B.Digital reading has lessened the practice of deep reading. |
C.Digital reading has made deep reading accessible to wider readers. |
D.Digital reading has aroused a greater appreciation for deep reading. |
A.To display the popularity of digital reading. |
B.To highlight the advantages of deep reading. |
C.To present the unfavorable situation of literacy. |
D.To stress the illiterate’s lower-level reading skills. |
A.Effects. | B.Depths. | C.Features. | D.Drawbacks. |
A.Advantages of digital reading. | B.Benefits of higher-level reading. |
C.Ways to encourage digital reading. | D.Measures to practice deep reading. |
【推荐1】Our world is full of unsung real-life heroes, who show up in times of disaster at great sacrifice to themselves, who raise funds to support those in need and who save lives. My sister never talks about the pain she bears, neither does she talk about her achievements. So today. I share this story, to praise my beautiful sister, an unsung hero.
Kim, my sister, was born with a growth hormone deficiency (激素缺乏). From an early age she received daily injections (注射) to help her grow. I didn’t know how she ended the pain. Doctors said her brain wouldn’t develop normally and she wouldn’t do something. But she proved them all wrong!
Kim’s volunteer work started at the age of nine in primary school. Every day Kim assisted the special needs class during her lunch breaks. She helped entertain, feed the students and continued her work with the children until she left primary school.
Because of her height, my sister would get pushed in the corridors (走廊), but that didn’t stop her from helping others. Kim later trained as a youth worker at the local church and eventually became a Sunday school teacher and the kids loved her.
As she grew into an adult, she continued to help people and even started a school holiday program for disabled children, which has been running for twenty years. She used her yearly leave to look after these children and refused to take money for it.
My sister constantly deals with hardships, reoccurring health problems and continuous pains due to her condition. Yet, every morning she gets up, she never says “What can I take from this world”. She says, “Thank you Lord. I am alive. I have air in my lungs — now how may I be of service.” This is how she lives.
1. What is the function of The first paragraph?A.To explain a fact. | B.To introduce a topic. |
C.To make a suggestion. | D.To make a comparison. |
A.She worked full-time as a teacher in a school. |
B.She ran a school holiday program to make money. |
C.Her brain didn’t develop normally as doctors said. |
D.She constantly helped others despite many difficulties. |
A.Caring and tough. | B.Gifted and confident. |
C.Brave and clever. | D.Outgoing and creative. |
A.Unsung Real-life Heroes | B.My Sister, an Unsung Hero |
C.My Sister’s Volunteer Work | D.Kim’s Hardships and Achievements |
In discussion of technological changes,the Internet gets most of the attention these days. But the change in medicine can be the real technological event of our times. How long can humans live? Human brains were known to decide the final death. Cells(细胞) are the basic units of all living things,and until recently,scientists were sure that the life of cells could not go much beyond 120 years because the basic materials of cells,such as those of brain cells,would not last forever. But the upper limits will be broken by new medicine. Sometime between 2050 and 2100,medicine will have advanced to the point at which every 10 years or so,people will be able to take medicine to repair their organs(器官). The medicine,made up of the basic building materials of life,will build new brain cells,heart cells,and so on-in much the same way our bodies make new skin cells to take the place of old ones.
It is exciting to imagine that the advance in technology may be changing the most basic condition of human existence,but many technical problems still must be cleared up on the way to this wonderful future.
1. According to the passage,human death is now mainly caused by ________.
A.diseases and aging | B.accidents and war |
C.accidents and aging | D.heart disease and war |
A.the Internet | B.medicine |
C.brain cells | D.human organs |
A.heart disease will be far away from us |
B.human brains can decide the final death |
C.the basic materials of cells will last forever |
D.human organs can be repaired by new medicine |
A.Over 100 years. |
B.More than 120 years. |
C.About 150 years. |
D.The passage doesn’t tell us. |
【推荐3】In a new study of more than 50,000 Korean adolescents, those who used a smartphone for more than 4 hours per day had higher rates of adverse mental health and substance use. Jin Hwa Moon and Jong Ho Cha of Hanyang University Medical Center, Korea, and colleagues presented these findings in the open-access journal PLOS ONE on December 6, 2023.
Previous research has shown that smartphone use among adolescents has increased in recent years, and that this usage may be associated with higher risk of adverse health, such as psychiatric disorders (精神紊乱), sleep issues, and eye-related problems.
However, growing evidence suggests that at least some daily internet usage may be associated with better physical and mental health for adolescents.
To deepen understanding of the relationship between adolescents ‘use of smartphones and health, Moon, Cha and colleagues analyzed data on more than 50,000 adolescent participants in 2017 and in 2020. The data included the approximate number of daily hours each participant spent on a smartphone as well as various health measures.
The researchers found that in 2020, the percentage of adolescents in the study who used a smartphone more than 2 hours per day was 85.7 percent — up from 64.3 percent in 2017. Adolescents who used a smartphone for more than 4 hours per day had higher rates of stress, thoughts of suicide, and substance use than those with usage below 4 hours per day. However, adolescents that used a smartphone 1-2 hours per day encountered fewer problems than adolescents who did not use a smartphone at all.
The authors note that this study does not confirm a causal relationship between smartphone use and adverse health outcomes. However, the findings could help inform usage guidelines for adolescents—especially if daily usage continues to rise.
1. What does the underlined word “adverse” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.Related. | B.Negative. | C.Favorable. | D.Positive. |
A.Smartphone use is harmful to teenagers. |
B.A growing number of teenagers use smartphones. |
C.A proper amount of smartphone use is beneficial. |
D.The more use of smartphones, the higher risks of men tal health. |
A.By comparing different studies. | B.By studying adolescents’ health. |
C.By analyzing previous information. | D.By collecting data from participants. |
A.Smartphone use among teenagers on the rise. |
B.Smartphone use accounting for poor mental health. |
C.Right smartphone use leading to fewer problems in teenagers. |
D.Overuse of smartphones linked to mental health risks in teenagers. |