Scientists looking to uncover the mysteries of the underwater world have more valuable information thanks to an international team that has produced a list of species confirmed or expected to produce sounds underwater.
Led by Audrey Looby from the University of Florida, the Global Library of Underwater Biological Sounds working group collaborated with the World Register of Marine Species to document 729 mammals (哺乳动物), fishes, and invertebrates (无脊椎动物) that produce active or passive sounds. In addition, the list includes another 21,911 species that are considered to likely produce sounds.
“With more than 70% of the Earth’s surface covered by water, most of the planet’s habitats are aquatic, and there is a misconception that most aquatic organisms are silent. The newly published comprehensive digital database on what animals are known to make sounds is the first of its kind and can revolutionize marine and aquatic science,” the researchers said.
“Listening to underwater sounds can reveal a lot of information about the species that produce them and is useful for a variety of applications, ranging from fisheries management, invasive species detection to assessing human environmental impacts,” said Looby, who also co-created FishSounds, which offers a collection of fish sound production research records.
The team’s research was published in Scientific Data and involved 19 authors from six countries. “Understanding how marine species interact with their environments is of global importance, and this data being freely available is a major step toward that goal,” said Kieran Cox, a member of the research team.
“Most people are familiar with whale or dolphin sounds but are often surprised to learn that many fishes and invertebrates use sounds to communicate, too,” Looby said. “Our database helps demonstrate how widespread underwater sound production really is across a variety of animals, but we still have a lot to learn.”
1. Why is the data listed in paragraph 2?| A．To show the types of biological sounds. |
| B．To show the sum of documents on animals. |
| C．To show the species of underwater animals. |
| D．To show the number of the sound-producing species. |
| A．Many mammals can live in water. | B．Most fishes cannot make sounds. |
| C．Different species can communicate. | D．Ocean animals can’t get onto the land. |
| A．To document ocean animals’ sounds. |
| B．To set up a free database for scientists. |
| C．To learn how ocean animals communicate. |
| D．To publish the team’s research in Scientific Data. |
| A．To call on people to protect ocean animals. |
| B．To introduce the finding of a research team. |
| C．To list the animals that can produce sounds. |
| D．To describe the mysterious underwater world. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Chewing uses a surprising amount of energy. An experiment that looked at the energy use associated with chewing gum (口香糖) found that it can increase bodily energy use by up to 15 per cent.
Adam van Casteren at the University of Manchester in the UK and his colleagues measured energy use in 21 people between 18 and 45 years old as they chewed gum for 15 minutes.
The gum was tasteless and calorie-free. “This way it doesn’t activate the digestive (消化的) system to the same extent as it otherwise would,” says van Casteren. “We wanted to measure just chewing or as close to chewing as we could get.
Each participant (参与者) was asked to chew two types of gum- one soft and the other tough-so they could compare the effects of the gum’s properties (性能) on the participants’ energy uses.
Energy use was measured using a plastic dome (半球形物) covering the participants’ heads. A monitor inside the dome measured oxygen intake and the amount of carbon dioxide released. “You can use this information to figure out how much energy is being used,” says van Casteren.
Before the experiment, the participants had all worn the plastic dome while they sat watching a film in order for the researchers to acquire their base level energy uses. The researchers found that chewing the soft gum raised energy use by about 10 per cent, while chewing the tougher gum increased this use by around 15 per cent. Van Casteren says it’s interesting that a small change in the properties of the gum had such a notable effect on energy use.
He says he expects the energy used to chew real food will be even larger as many foods such as steak and nuts require a lot of effort to break down. “I want to look at how much energy chewing nuts and seeds uses next,” he says.
1. Which aspect of chewing gum does Adam van Casteren study?| A．The taste and calorie of gum. |
| B．The participants of chewing gum. |
| C．The softness and hardness of gum. |
| D．The energy use involved in chewing gum. |
| A．To make chewing healthy. |
| B．To make the study objective. |
| C．To save energy in chewing it. |
| D．To protect the digestive system. |
| A．Researchers use it to fix the participants’ heads. |
| B．To measure oxygen and carbon dioxide in the gum. |
| C．Researchers can use it to collect information. |
| D．To work out the energy used during the research. |
| A．By doing a survey. | B．By giving examples. |
| C．By citing references. | D．By making a comparison. |
【推荐2】Sleeping and learning go hand in hand, which studies have shown for years. Even a brief sleep can improve your memory and sharpen your thinking. But according to a new study the relationship goes deeper than that — it turns out that a sleeping brain can be taught a thing or two, which is contrary to most scientists’ thought.
“The brain is not passive while you are sleeping; you can do quite a lot of things while you are asleep,” said Anat Arzi, who researched the sense of smell and also worked on the new study.
Arzi and her coworkers didn’t try to teach the sleeping volunteers any complex information, like new words or facts. Instead, the scientists taught sleeping volunteers to match smells and sounds.
When we smell something nice, we automatically take deep breaths. When we smell something bad, we automatically take short breaths. Arzi and her coworkers based their experiment on these reactions. It is common sense that our senses don’t turn off while we are sleeping.
Once the volunteers fell asleep in the lab, the scientists went to work. They gave the volunteers a whiff (一阵气味) of something pleasant, like shampoo, and at the same time played a particular musical note. The volunteers didn’t wake up, but they did hear — and sniff (用鼻子闻) deeply. Then the scientists gave the volunteers a whiff of somethingrepulsive, like bad fish, and played a different musical note. Again, the volunteers heard and smelled — a short snort (鼻息声) this time — but didn’t wake up.
After just four repetitions, volunteers made a connection between the musical notes and their paired smells. When the scientists played the musical tone that went with good smells, the sleepers breathed in the air deeply — even though there was no good smell to sniff. And when the scientists played the musical tone that went with unpleasant smells, the sleepers breathed in the air briefly — despite there being no bad smell.
1. What did most scientists use to think?| A．Sleep could not improve one’s memory. |
| B．Sleep could not make one think quickly. |
| C．Sleeping and learning were not closely connected. |
| D．A sleeping brain couldn’t learn anything new. |
| A．That our senses don’t stop working while we sleep. |
| B．That people are more influenced by smell than by sound. |
| C．That people may be woken up if they smell something bad. |
| D．That our breathing rate is controlled by the brain. |
| A．Strong. | B．Unpleasant. | C．Unfamiliar. | D．Sweet. |
| A．Learning in sleep. | B．Benefits of a good sleep. |
| C．Smells influence sleep. | D．Music benefits sleep. |
【推荐3】Did you know that birds could be “property owners”, too? In spring, the male robin (知更鸟) looks for a place to build a nest. A tree near a green lawn (草坪)th at has many worms (虫子) suits him best. When he finds the right place, he sings loudly. He tells other birds that this place is his property.
At the same time, other birds are choosing places for their nests. A robin does not mind if swallows nest nearby because swallows eat insects. They leave his worms alone. But other robins are different. They would eat the worm supply he needs for his own family.
When another male robin comes near, the robin owner sings to warn him away. The property owner looks cross and fierce (凶猛的).He raises his head feathers and holds his tail high. If the owner cannot frighten away the new robin, he attacks. The two fight until one is the winner. The new bird often gives up and flies away. So the first bird has defended his property. He now has the right to build a nest in the place.
1. The male robin looks for a place to build a nest ________.| A．near swallows | B．near other male robins |
| C．near a lawn with worms | D．in the woods |
| A．drive away all the other birds | B．do not care where they build their nests |
| C．are careful when choosing a place to nest | D．are not afraid of other birds |
| A．what robins eat | B．robins finding a nesting place |
| C．robins finding friends | D．how robins live with swallows |
【推荐1】Do dogs understand us? Be careful what you say around your dog. It might understand more than you think.
A border collie named Rico recognizes the names of about 200 objects, say researchers in Germany. The dog also appears to be able to learn new words as easily as a 3-year-old child. Its word learning skills are as good as those of parrot or chimpanzee(黑猩猩). In one experiment, the researchers took all 200 items that Rico is supposed to know and divided them into 20 groups of 10 objects. Then the owner told the dog to go and fetch one of the items and bring it back. In four tests, Rico got 37 out of 40 commands right. As the dog couldn't see anyone to get clues, the scientists believe Rico must understand the meanings of certain words. In another experiment, the scientists took one toy that Rico had never seen before and put it in a room with seven toys whose names the dog already knew. The owner then told Rico to fetch the object, using a word the dog had never heard before.
The correct object was chosen in seven out of 10 tests, suggesting that the dog had worked out the answer by process of elimination (排除法) month later, Rico remembered half of the new names, which is even more impressive. Rico is thought to be smarter than the average dog. For one thing, Rico is border collie, a breed (品种) known for its mental abilities. In addition, the 9-year-old dog has been trained to fetch toys by their names since the age of nine months. It's hard to know if all dogs understand at least some of the words we say. Even if they do, they can't talk back. Still it wouldn't hurt to sweet-talk your dog every now and then. You might just get a big wet kiss in return!
1. From paragraph 2 we know that ________.| A．animals are as clever as human beings. |
| B．dogs are smarter than parrots and chimpanzees. |
| C．chimpanzees have very good word learning skills. |
| D．dogs have similar learning abilities as 3-year-old children. |
| A．Rico is smart enough to get all commands right |
| B．Rico can recognize different things including toys |
| C．Rico has developed the ability of learning mathematics |
| D．Rico won't forget the names of objects once recognizing them |
| A．The purpose of the experiments is to show the border collie's mental abilities. |
| B．Rico has a better memory partly because of its proper early training. |
| C．The border collie is world-famous for recognizing objects. |
| D．Rico is born to understand its owner's commands. |
| A．To train your dog. | B．To talk to your dog. |
| C．To be friendly to your dog. | D．To be careful with your dog. |
【推荐2】The CCU(Charity Cycling UK) recently called on to raise awareness(觉察,意识) of dooring after discovering that many people don't know what it is. Dooring is when a driver or passenger opens the door into another road user(typically cyclist) without looking for other road users.
The CCU chief officer Paul told Glou Live: ''Some people seem to see car dooring as a bit of a joke, but it's not and can have serious results. We want to see great awareness made about the dangers of opening your car door carelessly, and people to be encouraged to look before they open. '' Among the 3,000 injuries, 2,009 were cyclists, resulting in five deaths but this might not be the whole of the danger. Not all car dooring incidents will be attended by police, so the CCU has written to call for a public awareness campaign urging(敦促) all car users, not just drivers, to look before opening vehicle doors.
One of the ways the CCU suggests is the ''Dutch reach'', where people leaving a vehicle reach over and use the non-door side hand to open the door. In the Netherlands they are known for practicing a method, known sometimes as the ''Dutch reach'', which we think could be successfully encouraged in the UK. If you're really concerned about opening a door into the path of a cyclist coming behind you, consider using what’s known as the ''Dutch reach'' to open the door. That will naturally turn you in your seat and give you a much better view of what's coming up alongside in the car.
1. Why does the writer mention the figures in Paragraph 2?| A．To cause public concern. | B．To report the terrible accidents. |
| C．To stress the importance of traffic safety. | D．To show the danger of car dooring. |
| A．use the left hand to open the car door | B．open the car door politely |
| C．use the inside hand to open the door | D．sit in your seat |
| A．Drivers are to blame for dooring incidents. |
| B．Many people ignore the car dooring. |
| C．Dooring incidents are all attended by police. |
| D．The ''Dutch reach'' is well received in England. |
【推荐3】Ralph Waldo Emerson once wrote “the only way to have a friend is to be one”, and I totally believe that this is true.
Almost everyone, especially elders, thinks that it’s dangerous to make friends on the Internet. I also thought so at first. However, deep in my heart, I still wanted to give it a try. So last term, I made a new friend who lives thousands of kilometers away.
She and I weren’t meant to become great friends; we just intended to have some simple conversations at first. However, as time passed by, we began to talk heart to heart and we slowly became closer. Our friendship grew stronger through lots of chatting, and I found out that we have a lot in common. It seemed like we were meant to be. For example, we’re both girls with a strong will. During the winter vacation, we encouraged each other to hunt our dreams. It was our mutual (相互的) trust that helped establish our great friendship. I’m sure that it will be one of the best memories of senior high school.
Now, we memorize the vocabulary of the CET-4 together through WeChat and encourage each other not to give up. We even send each other gifts to express our best wishes when festivals come.
How do you define the word “friend”? Views vary from person to person. But in my opinion, true friendship doesn’t mean getting together every day. It means that you know one another’s dreams, and will help each other to make them come true.
Kindness is found everywhere. Our heart doesn’t show a lack of a sense of kindness, but a lack of trust, especially for strangers. Smile at the world and it will smile back.
1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?| A．To show how to make friends. | B．To praise the author’s good friend. |
| C．To make her friend known to us. | D．To introduce the topic of the text. |
| A．Unusual. | B．Dangerous. | C．Magical. | D．Easy. |
| A．She is a very beautiful girl. | B．She needs a lot of encouragement. |
| C．She has a lot in common with her. | D．She is experienced in CET-4. |
| A．One’s dream. | B．Sense of kindness. |
| C．True friendship. | D．Getting together every day. |
