When we recall a memory, we bring back specific details about it. But we often also experience a vivid feeling of remembering the event. Memory researchers call these processes objective and subjective memory. A new study shows they can function independently and involve different parts of the brain.
“The study distinguishes between how well we remember and how well we think we remember, and shows that decision making depends primarily on the subjective evaluation of memory evidence,” says psychologist Denis Guetta.
The researchers tested objective and subjective memory. After showing volunteers a series of images of common objects, the researchers showed them pairs of images and asked them to determine which of the two they had seen before. They were asked to rate the memory as “recollected” (vivid and detailed), or “familiar” (lacking detail). Some tests showed similar image pairs, others unrelated pairs. This setup measured objective memory based on recognition and subjective memory based on vividness.
The researchers also used fMRI (功能性磁共振成像) to measure brain activity during this task. The results showed higher levels of objective memory with pairs of similar images, but participants claimed vivid memories more with dissimilar pairs. They were more likely to base their decision about whether to keep or clear an image on memory feeling rather than accuracy. For example, a person could have a vivid memory of going to an event with friends. Some of the actual details of that memory might be a bit off, but they may feel it is a vivid memory, so they might decide to go out with the same people again.
The fMRI data showed that objective and subjective memory engaged varied regions of the brain. The regions involved in subjective experiences were also involved in decision making, supporting the connection between the two processes.
“By understanding how our brains give rise to vivid subjective memories and memory decisions, we are moving a step closer to understanding how we learn to evaluate memory evidence to make effective decisions in the future,” says researcher Analiz William.
1. How does the author introduce the topic of the text?| A．By analyzing problems. | B．By giving examples. |
| C．By interpreting findings. | D．By defining concepts. |
| A．To draw the images they had previously seen. |
| B．To compare details of objects they had been shown. |
| C．To categorize their memory as recollected or familiar. |
| D．To recall specific emotions related to the images shown. |
| A．Both types of memory have great influence on it. |
| B．Our vivid memory helps us make wise decisions. |
| C．It mainly relies on subjective memory evaluation. |
| D．It’s decided by the accuracy of objective memory. |
| A．Optimistic. | B．Tolerant. |
| C．Doubtful. | D．Dismissive. |
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【推荐1】We live in a world where we want everything instantly. In this instant world it is hard to succeed in anything. To achieve your goal you first have to change your life from instantly to persistently(坚持地).
Persistence is the course you need to set. When you change your expectancy from instantly to persistently you will gain an advantage of time that many do not have. Time works against those who live instantly. Opportunities are never seen because when something doesn't happen instantly people move on to the next thing on their list and consider the current goal a failure.
Persistent people have the advantage of time. It allows them to step back, observe and assess the progress of the goal they are pursuing(追求). Some things take longer to develop; some just need to be left there for a while to find their own way.
When you live instantly you gain and lose instantly. Many times you do not know how you got there or how to get back because it is not repeatable.
When you live persistently you learn how things work, how to correct a plan and how to guide it to make it successful. You do not panic because you know you have more than enough time.
Slow down and take time to enjoy the journey. If what you are doing is not fun then stop doing it and do something else.
Everything you do should be in pursuit of a better tomorrow than you had yesterday. You should take time to develop your abilities to reach your goals. Do not get discouraged just because your success is not instant.
Celebrate each step along the way. People who live instantly don't take time to appreciate what they have accomplished. They are just looking for the next thing that they can get instantly.
You must be grateful for the time it takes to reach your goal. Persistence will get you there if you really want to get there.
1. People who want things instantly will fail in many things because _______.| A．they want greater efficiency |
| B．they don't stick to their goal |
| C．they often change their lifestyle |
| D．they tend to pursue a higher target |
| A．the willpower | B．a target |
| C．a plan | D．an opportunity |
| A．focus more on the result |
| B．work slower than instant people |
| C．will get rewarded for their efforts |
| D．look for the next thing to do immediately when finishing one target |
| A．to blame those who live instantly |
| B．to persuade people to live happily |
| C．to praise those who have succeeded. |
| D．to suggest learning the art of persistence |
【推荐2】Food picked up just a few seconds after being dropped is less likely to contain bacteria than if it is left for longer periods of time,according to the findings of research carried out at Aston University's School of Life and Health Sciences.The findings suggest there may be some scientific basis of the "5-second rule"—the belief about it being fine to eat food that has only had contact with the floor for five seconds or less.Although people have long followed the "5-second rule",until now it was unclear whether it actually helped.
The study,undertaken by final year Biology students and led by Anthony Hilton,Professor of Microbiology at Aston University,monitored the transfer of the common bacteria from a variety of indoor floor types as carpet, cement floor to toast,pasta,biscuit and a sticky sweet when contact was made from 3 to 30 seconds.The results showed that: time is a significant factor in the transfer of bacteria from a floor surface to a piece of food,and the type of flooring the food has been dropped on has an effect,with bacteria least likely to transfer from carpeted surfaces and most likely to transfer from cement flooring surfaces to moist foods making contact for more than 5 seconds. Professor Hilton said,"Consuming food dropped on the floor still carries an infection risk as it very much depends on which bacteria are present on the floor at the time."
The Aston team also carried out a survey of the number of people who employ the “five-second rule”.The survey showed that: 87% of the people surveyed said they would eat food dropped on the floor,or already have done so.55% of those that would,or have eaten food dropped on the floor are women.81% of the women who would eat food from the floor would follow the "5-second rule".Professor Hilton added,"Our study showed that a surprisingly large majority of people are happy to consume dropped food,with women the most likely to do so.But they are also more likely to follow the "5-second rule",which our research has shown to be more than an old wives’ tale."
1. Which kind of food is not used in the study?| A．Toast bread | B．Italian noodles |
| C．Chips | D．Sticky candy |
| A．Puzzled | B．Upset |
| C．Satisfied | D．Astonished |
| A．Most men would follow the "5-second" rule. |
| B．People who would eat food dropped on the floor are in the minority. |
| C．Bacteria are easier to transfer from cement floors than carpeted surfaces. |
| D．Food dropped on the cement floor is less likely to be polluted than that on the carpet. |
| A．The food which is dropped on the floor can be eaten safely. |
| B．The research may provide some scientific evidence to the "5-second rule". |
| C．The bacteria have no negative effect on the safety of food. |
| D．People surveyed in the research are willing to accept the idea. |
【推荐3】While it may sound like something that has crawled (爬) out of your nightmares, cyborg cockroaches (蟑螂) have arrived as friends rather than enemies. Researchers from Japan’s RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research have designed a new remote-controlled insect, equipped with a battery “backpack” that is powered by solar panels.
The cyborg cockroach, which is part insect and part machine, is intended to enter dangerous areas, monitor the environment or undertake search and rescue missions without needing to be recharged.
Famously able to survive a nuclear war, cockroaches have been the inspiration for a number of technologies in recent years. The cockroaches are still alive, but wires attached to their two “cerci” —sensory organs on the end of their stomachs—send electrical impulses that cause the insect to move right or left. A battery is necessary for the sending and receiving of these electrical signals, which needs to be charged up.
While it’s possible to build docking stations for recharging the battery, the need to return and recharge could disrupt time-sensitive missions. The RIKEN team wanted to create a more practical version when it ran out of power. Therefore, they designed an on-board solar cell that could continuously ensure that the cockroach stays charged while it works.
However, cockroaches have a limited surface area available for all the components necessary to move its legs and keep it powered. The solution, published in npj Flexible Electronics, was to design a special “backpack” that could neatly carry both the wireless leg-control module and rechargeable lithium polymer (锂聚合物) battery.
This was attached to the top of the insect on its chest, and was 3D printed to fit perfectly to the curved surface of the Madagascar cockroach. It allowed for this electronic device to be stably mounted on the insect for over a month, while leaving space elsewhere on the body to implant the solar panel.
1. What do we know about cyborg cockroaches?| A．They are new-invented and helpful devices. |
| B．They are a new kind of insect. |
| C．They are in fact very unfriendly. |
| D．They are powered by a backpack. |
| A．They can be kept alive with inspiration. |
| B．They are equipped with sensors. |
| C．They do missions near docking stations. |
| D．They carry an on-board solar cell. |
| A．To apply 3D printing to the design perfectly. |
| B．To enlarge the surface available for equipment. |
| C．To fasten the cell and module neatly on cockroaches. |
| D．To ensure the cockroaches return and recharge efficiently. |
| A．Cyborg Cockroaches—No More Nightmares |
| B．Battery “Backpack”—3D Printing in Use |
| C．Battery “Backpack”—Design for Hard Missions |
| D．Cyborg Cockroaches—Rescuers on the Way |
【推荐1】On the 1st of March Bulgarian people celebrate a traditional holiday called Baba Marta and it is related to welcoming the approaching spring. People all over the world meet spring with joy and new hopes but in Bulgaria it is saved as an ancient tradition.
On that day, Bulgarians exchange so-called "Martenitsa" and tell each other, "Chestita Baba Marta!"(Happy Grandma Marta! ). This custom is essentially to wish great health, good luck, and happiness to family and friends. The name "Martenitsa" is taken from the Bulgarian word for March, or, as a legend tells, an angry old lady called Grandma Marta-Baba Marta in Bulgarian.
In Bulgarian folklore Baba Marta is a grumpy old woman who changes her mood very rapidly and it reflects in the changeable March weather. When she is smiling the weather is sunny and warm, but if she gets angry the cold will stay for longer and it may even snow. By wearing the red and white colors of the Martenitsa, they hoped that it will make winter pass faster and bring spring.
The Martenitsa is made of twined red and white threads-woollen, silk, or cotton. The white is a symbol of strength, purity and happiness. The red is associated with health and blood.
When someone gives you a Martenitsa you should wear it either pinned on your clothes, on the hand tied around the wrist, or around your neck until you see, or a fruit tree in blossom for the first time in the season. After that you can tie it on a blossoming tree for fertility. Like kind of amulet, Martenitsa was regarded as a magic power believed to protect folks from "ill fortune", diseases and an evil eye.
The custom of wearing Martenitsa is probably one of the most interesting Bulgarian traditions and it is considered to be unique to Bulgaria. According to one of the many legends, this tradition is also related to the founding of the Bulgarian state in 681 AD.
1. What do we know about Martenitsa?| A．It marks a huge improvement on agriculture. |
| B．It is celebrated by Bulgarian people on May 1st. |
| C．It lasts from March 1st until around the end of May. |
| D．It is a traditional holiday connected with welcoming spring. |
| A．Open-minded. | B．Ill-tempered. | C．Easy-going. | D．Cold-blooded. |
| A．By pinning it on the head. | B．By drawing it on the body. |
| C．By tying it around the wrist. | D．By sticking it on the trousers. |
| A．To promote cultural research. | B．To tell people what to do in spring. |
| C．To introduce a Bulgarian tradition. | D．To show how to make the Martenitsa. |
【推荐2】In Sweden, McDonald’s is building “bee hotels” on the back of its roadside billboards (广告牌) to help save the country’s decreasing bee population. It launched the campaign together with outdoor advertising giant JCDecaux. Six large wooden bee hotels, with drilled holes on the front, first appeared on the back of a north-facing billboard in Jarfalla in September.
“Without pollination (授粉) from bees, a third of the food we eat would be threatened.” McDonald’s said. But it turns out that at least 30 percent of the country’s wild bee population is endangered, according to the fast-food chain. A big problem is that they lack places to live. Based on data released by Chalmers University of Technology, we know Sweden owns 274 species of bees, of which 37 species are bumblebees, and more than a third are decreasing or face the risk of decreasing. Their natural habitats have been damaged by factors including the changes of agricultural activities and fast urbanization (城市化). Fortunately, most bees are able to survive in urban habitats, like the bee hotels.
Every McDonald’s authorized restaurant in Sweden will be allowed to order their own bee hotel billboards and design the messages by themselves, as the fast-food chain says. It is their hope that the number of hotels could grow to a greater extent in the near future. Great efforts in addition to that have been made by the company. On World Bee Day, May 20, it introduced “the world’s smallest McDonald’s”. McHive, which could function as an actual beehive (蜂箱). Designed by set designer Nilsson himself, the creation was sold for $10,000 at a charity fundraiser held for Ronald McDonald House Charities.
Beehives can be found on the rooftops of some McDonald’s restaurants in Sweden, too. This took place in certain areas but is now followed by an increasing number of participants. More McDonald’s restaurants are making an effort to improve the living conditions of wild bees by removing the grass round their restaurants to grow flowers and plants instead.
1. According to the passage, the challenge that wild bees are facing is ________| A．the fast process of industry. |
| B．the world's Large amount of trash. |
| C．the rapid development of urbanization. |
| D．the sharp growth of population. |
| A．By providing shelters for bees. |
| B．By offering food to bees. |
| C．By advertising rescue activities. |
| D．By putting up more billboards. |
| A．Wild bees in danger |
| B．The loss of bees’ habitats |
| C．McDonald’s bee hotels |
| D．The protection of wild bees |
【推荐3】Kenya has been at the forefront (前沿) of the global war on plastic since the government banned single-use plastics in protected areas in June 2020. Unfortunately, the preventive measures have barely received attention. Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer waste continue to get dumped into landfills daily. However, if 29-year-old Nzambi Matee has her way, the unsightly plastic heaps will soon be transformed into colorful bricks.
The materials engineer’s seeking to find a practical solution to control plastic pollution began in 2017. She quit her job and set up a small lab in her mother’s backyard. It took her nine months to produce the first brick and even longer to convince a partner to help build the machinery to make them. But the determined eco-entrepreneur was confident in her idea and did not give up.
She says, “I wanted to use my education to handle plastic waste pollution. But I was very clear that the solution had to be practical, sustainable, and affordable. The best way to do this was by channeling the waste into the construction space and finding the most efficient and affordable material to build homes.” Her company produces over 1,500 bricks a day. The pavers are made using a mix of plastic products that cannot be reprocessed or recycled.
The collected plastic is mixed with sand, heated at very high temperatures, and compressed (压缩) into bricks that vary in color and thickness. The resulting product is stronger, lighter, and about 30 percent cheaper than concrete bricks. More importantly, it helps repurpose the lowest quality of plastic. “There is that waste they cannot process anymore; they cannot recycle. That is what we get.” Matee says.
Matee is not nearly done. Her dream is to reduce the mountain of trash to just a hill by increasing production and expanding her offerings. She says, “The more we recycle the plastic, the more we produce affordable housing, the more we created more employment for the youth.”
1. What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 1 imply?| A．Matee’s method can be effective if adopted. | B．Matee’s idea has been widely accepted. |
| C．Colorful bricks are in huge demand. | D．Plastic waste hasn’t attracted enough attention. |
| A．Generous and ambitious. | B．Confident and grateful. |
| C．Creative and resolved. | D．Optimistic and modest. |
| A．to build cheaper houses. | B．to support the government. |
| C．to create job opportunities. | D．to tackle plastic pollution. |
| A．Kenya: Pioneer in Banning Plastic Single-use Plastics |
| B．Nzambi Matee: Innovator in Solving Plastic Waste |
| C．Mix of Plastic Products: A New Construction Material |
| D．Plastic Recycling: A Creative Solution to Pollution |
