Besides relevant theories and keen logic, a scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. It’s vital for his credit as a qualified economist. He must obtain numbers and material both on the resources of consumers and on the efforts that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.
If an economist were asked which of the three groups borrow most——people with rising incomes, stable incomes or declining incomes——he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the past 5 years, the answer was: people with rising incomes. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will hurry to buy. If they expect prices to go down, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is also not always the case. Their expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices. “In a few months,” she said, “we’ll have to pay more for meat and milk. We’ll have less to spend on other things.” Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be hated and buyer’s resistance may be caused. This is shown by the following typical comment of the wife: “I just don’t pay these prices: they are too high.”
Traditional assumptions should be investigated carefully, and factors of time and place should be considered. The investigations mentioned above were carried out in America. Research conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, produced results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most beneficial to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people have become accustomed to considering the current prices “right”, they are likely to buy. Thus, in a society of good economy which maintains consumer confidence, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices with occasional sales or discounts is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology.
1. According to the passage, it is essential for a successful economist to ______.A.know about economic theories |
B.be capable of logical thinking |
C.predict the latest national economy |
D.to understand consumers’ spending habits |
A.people tend to buy more when prices are expected to fall |
B.people tend to buy less when prices are expected to fall |
C.people tend to buy more when prices are expected to rise |
D.people tend to buy less when prices are expected to rise |
A.consumer behaviour may vary in different places |
B.Britain and America share similar saving and spending patterns |
C.Britain is important in economic research |
D.occasional discounts and sales are important |
A.Big discount. |
B.Good consumer confidence. |
C.Steady price. |
D.Positive consumer psychology. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】 Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day’s work was rewarded with £5 in pocket money. She says: “I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with, painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and it was backbreaking work, but I know he was proud of my skills.”
Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end. She adds: “I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures, so, it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.”
With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over that coming weeks, new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long, warm summer days to get jobs done. The average spend per project will be around £823. Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home. Two fifths wish to increase the value of their house. Though DIY has traditionally been seen as male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge.
1. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1?A.An artist. | B.A winner. | C.A specialist. | D.A pioneer. |
A.For a birthday gift. | B.As a treat for her work. |
C.To support her DIY projects. | D.To encourage her to take up a hobby. |
A.By making it look like before. | B.By furnishing it herself. |
C.By splitting the rent with a roommate. | D.By cancelling the rental agreement. |
A.It is becoming more costly. | B.It is getting more time-consuming. |
C.It is turning into a seasonal industry. | D.It is gaining popularity among females. |
【推荐2】Wanted: “Golden taste buds” and a very sweet tooth
What if you’ve got to eat candy all day for your job?
There is a job that can include these duties, which is called being a “taste tester”. The Candy Funhouse is a candy company in Canada. Right now, it is hiring a taste tester. The job’s name is “chief candy officer”.
Candy Funhouse put up an ad for the job. The ad says the chief candy officer will be in charge of “all things fun”, so it’s special. The person who gets this job will have to like eating candy. Do you know how much? More than 100 pieces a day on average!
Even Kids Can Apply
Many people think this job sounds pretty fun. The job is even open to kids! Are you 5 or older? Then you can apply!
Do you want this job? If you say yes, you need “golden taste buds (味蕾)”and “an obvious sweet tooth”, the ad says. You cannot be allergic to anything. You also need ideas about how to sell more candy, or how to make the candy better.
The company wants someone with a great sense of taste, though it will also provide some training.
This is because taste testers need to know a lot about food for their job.
Taste Testing Isn’t Just Eating Candy
As a taste tester for a candy company, you have to know how to talk about taste. You also have to understand different textures (口味). A texture is the way something feels when you eat it. For example, the texture of toast is sharp, firm and fresh. The texture of yoghurt is smooth. All in all, taste testers do more than eat candy. They should be aware of how to make sure their company has high-quality products.
1. What makes the job special?A.Needing a lot of tests. | B.Being full of fun. |
C.Suiting children under 5. | D.Focusing on sweet food. |
A.An entertainer. | B.A salesman. | C.A sweet lover. | D.A career cook. |
A.Telling taste apart. | B.Selling products. |
C.Making things fun. | D.Offering training. |
【推荐3】Are you looking to enter the media industry but not necessarily as an actor? There are various positions in the media—some known and some not so well-known.
Video game developer
If you have a love for computer games, you may wish to consider being a video game developer. You will need to be qualified in computer programming languages. When you get promoted to a lead developer and programmer, you will write more complicated codes and manage other programmers.
Sound engineering technician
Are you currently in the audio-visual club? How about being a sound engineering technician? As a sound engineering technician, you operate machines and equipment to record, mix, or reproduce music, voices, and other sound effects. While you would be usually working indoors, you may also need to be outdoors.
Playwright
If you would like to set free the Shakespeare in you, how about a career as a playwright? You will need a formal qualification in playwriting or screenwriting and also understand the creative and technical aspects of theatre such as acting, directing, drama history and literary criticism, lighting, scenery and even costume design.
Film editor
As a film editor, you have to edit raw footages (镜头) in order to capture the on-screen personalities and tell a story. You will work with directors, producers and other film staff to ensure that production goals are achieved. With the use of computer software and digital equipment, you are expected to produce a high-quality finished product.
1. Who should be qualified with computer programming languages?A.A video game developer. |
B.A playwright. |
C.A sound engineering technician. |
D.A film editor. |
A.Techniques of video editing. |
B.Skills of sound editing. |
C.A knowledge of theatre. |
D.A qualification in directing. |
A.To advertise. | B.To inform. |
C.To entertain. | D.To clarify. |
【推荐1】The Chinese government is putting a limit on how much pay its movie stars get. The government says that actors getting very high salaries is bad for society. Government officials say a lot of actors try to avoid paying tax and their love of money is harmful. They said they want to stop “money worship” in society and in the movie industry because money is not the most important thing in life. The government also wants to try and stop a celebrity culture (名人文化) from developing. It says many young people are “blindly chasing celebrities” and turning them into heroes, which is giving people a false idea about what life is really like. The government said movies should benefit society, not movie stars’ bank accounts.
The government has made a set of rules that tell movie production companies how to pay their movie stars. The salaries of actors will be capped at 40 per cent of the total cost of the movie. Furthermore, leading actors will receive no more than 70 per cent of the total wages for the entire cast (演职员). Many Chinese citizens said they support the new rules. They say it is not good for society that “greedy” actors and celebrities are “showing off” their wealth and “Hollywood lifestyles”. One Chinese citizen wrote on social media: “Society has given them too much and they give nothing back. They do not teach young people about the value and importance of community (和谐关系) in China.”
1. Why is the Chinese government limiting the high income of movie stars?A.Because they often show off their wealth. |
B.Because their high salaries are bad for the community in China. |
C.Because too many young people are blindly chasing celebrities. |
D.Because they often avoid paying tax. |
A.40% | B.70% | C.35% | D.28% |
A.Most famous movie stars haven’t paid their tax. |
B.All the Chinese citizens support the new rules. |
C.Many young people have been misled by movie stars. |
D.Social media has given movie stars too much. |
【推荐2】Here's the nine o'clock news.
Prime Minister Abdul Krim of Syria (叙利亚) has said that the danger of war in the Middle East is greater now than in the past two years. His country does not want war, he says, but the Syrian people have waited too long for an end to the troubles with their neighbours. If war comes, says Mr Krim, Syria will be ready.
Ben Kitson, the writer of stories and plays for children, died at his home in California. Mr Kitson was 82. His most famous book of stories, The Gentleman’s House, sold all over the world, in more than twenty-five languages.
Policemen in New York have stopped work. Their leader, Mr Paulo Angeli, says that they will return to work only when they receive more money for working long hours and doing what Mr Angeli calls “the most dangerous job in the city”.
It has been a good year on the farm. The warm, wet spring and the fine summer have been very good for all kinds of food plants. This means that fruit and vegetables will cost less in the shops this year.And now it's time for“Morning Music”.
1. Abdul Krim has said that ______.A.there is no danger of war in the Middle East. |
B.it is more possible for war to happen now. |
C.the danger of war passed two years ago. |
D.there has been a danger of war for the past two years. |
A.a book Mr Kitson wrote in many languages. |
B.the name of Mr Kitson’s house in California. |
C.the name of Mr Kitson’s most famous book. |
D.a play that Mr Kitson wrote for children. |
A.the most dangerous policeman in New York. |
B.a policeman who receives more money for working longer hours. |
C.the head of the police in New York. |
D.a policeman who leads the strike. |
【推荐3】“My goal is that the City of Atlanta becomes the best place in the United States to raise a family,” says Mayor (市长) Andre Dickens about the capital of Georgia.
Dickens grew up in Atlanta. Recently, he was asked about his main goals for this city of nearly 500,000 people. His focus, he said, is on the youth. For that reason, he told the public officially 2023 is the Year of the Youth.
“Whatever we do, we have to think about young people,” Dickens said. “Atlanta’s young people are our future. Continuing to invest (投资) in future generations puts them on pathways to success that will help us move Atlanta forward together.”
Dickens said that after he put forward the idea of the Year of the Youth, businesses, nonprofits, and other community members all said, “I want to be in on that.”
Businesses offer summer internship (实习) programs. They allow students in Atlanta to get valuable experience in the workplace. Dickens explained that several businesses in the city even made their working environments suitable for young people to join in internships.
Improving education is another key goal. Schools and city leaders have been working together to make their partnership in the service of young people stronger. Toward this end, the city is working to improve educational opportunities, create safe ways to school, and offer after-school activities for free or at little cost.
Dickens also believes that it’s important to invest in early education. Investing in early education, he explained, means that more young people will be able to develop basic skills, stopping them from falling behind later in life.
Dickens is looking forward to positive results. “Everyone’s getting ready to serve the young people over the summer,” he said.
1. Why does Dickens invest in future generations?A.To encourage the development of the city. |
B.To draw more attention to young people. |
C.To attract more youths to Atlanta. |
D.To make Atlanta more famous. |
A.Worried. | B.Supportive. | C.Doubtful. | D.Uncaring. |
A.The importance of internship for the youth. |
B.Dickens’ suggestions to businesses. |
C.How businesses help the youth. |
D.Why businesses offer help. |
A.It builds more schools for early education. |
B.It cooperates with schools and businesses. |
C.It asks more young people for their support. |
D.It helps young people with personal problems. |
Charles Darwin University Bookshop There are some new books in our shop: No Easy Day In No Easy Day, the author Mark Owen takes readers onto the field of battle in America’s ongoing War on Terror and details of the selection and training process in the military. Mark Owen honors the men risking everything for the country. Dropping Acid Dropping Acid is the first book to offer a nontraditional diet to help cure reflux(反酸). Using her extensive research, Dr. Koufman explains why a change in diet can reduce some of the most common symptoms. Her recipes use tasty fats as flavorings and include a variety of dishes that prove living with reflux doesn’t mean living without delicious food. Almost Home Almost Home tells the stories of six remarkable young people from across the United States and Canada as they face life alone on the streets, and offers practical insights into how to prevent homelessness and help homeless youth move to a hopeful future. All the stories inspire us with victories of the human spirit. Some money from the sale of each book will help support kids who benefit from Covenant House’s shelter and services. Daring Greatly In Daring Greatly, Dr. Brown questions everything traditional about vulnerability. Based on twelve years of research, she argues that vulnerability is not weakness, but rather our clearest path to courage, engagement, and meaningful connection. Daring Greatly will spark a new spirit of truth and trust in our organizations, families, schools and communities. |
Please note: Choose your books carefully. All books and packs have a specific ISBN. CDU Bookshop will accept returns for books in new condition and provide credit notes/exchanges for incorrect orders for books purchased from the CDU Bookshop website. We cannot accept returns or exchange books if the book is purchased from another bookseller. |
Trading hours Monday - Friday: 8:30am - 4:00pm (Wednesday: 8:30am - 6:00pm) |
Contact us: Building Red 1.1 - 05 Central Place, Casuarinas campus T:(08) 8946 6497 F:(08) 8946 6656 Bookshop@cdu.edu.au |
1. From the advertisement we learn that ________.
A.the book No Easy Day describes the lives of the terrorists |
B.the book DroppingAcid offers medical solutions to cure reflux |
C.the book Almost Home tells us how to stop homelessness |
D.the book Daring Greatly advises us to struggle for everything |
A.Dr. Koufman uses tasty fats as flavorings in her recipes |
B.Mark Owen speak highly of the men keeping America safe |
C.some money from the sale of Almost Home is donated to Covenant House |
D.Dr. Brown firmly holds a view that vulnerability is just weakness |
A.people can buy books on weekends at CDU Bookshop |
B.some of the books at CDU Bookshop have a specific ISBN |
C.people can buy books from both the CDU Bookshop and its website |
D.books bought from other booksellers can be returned to the CDU Bookshop |
【推荐2】Following Christmas dinner, my family was relaxing around the table. We had all enjoyed traditional turkey and sweet potatoes lightly shining with brown sugar. The good cooking smells still filled the air; and the oven remained warm. My sister, our chef, was enjoying the admiration.
My nephew, never one to sit still for long, began dribbling (运球) his basketball around the table. Upon nearing Dad, he stopped — almost uncertainly. With shaking wrinkled hands, Dad had reached out for the ball. The boy, confused, looked up and over at us.
I watched my father closely to see what he would do. The twinkle in his eyes shone brighter than any Christmas lights. Holding the ball and reaching forward with a playful smile, Dad bounced it and then caught it.
This action was repeated. Gently throwing the ball away, Dad began a game of catch. The ball continued to be passed through eager pairs of outstretched hands. Cries of “Over here!” rang through the warm kitchen. Dad’s active participation was remarkable to me, for he had advanced Alzheimer’s disease, which had robbed him of many memories and the recognition ability. Despite this, Dad clearly recognized the ball and what you could do with it.
In my younger years, playing with Dad was rare. To his credit, Dad worked hard and provided for us. He was very private and never showed nor shared much emotion; his game of choice was chess, which he did eventually teach me how to play. As an adult, I had become a caregiver as Dad declined. Connecting moments between father and son had been few and far between before he took the basketball.
I’m not sure how long we played catch. What I do know is that our game ended all too soon, and it was time to face the reality of dirty dishes piled high on countertops. The moment, though, will certainly last forever.
1. What can we know about the family’s Christmas dinner?A.Dishes were cleaned up. | B.All food was sugar-free. |
C.It was a sweet moment. | D.It was disturbed by the game. |
A.He rarely played basketball. | B.He had severe Alzheimer’s disease. |
C.He had astonishing skills. | D.He played with family members. |
A.He often accompanied kids. | B.He was willing to share feelings. |
C.He forced kids to learn chess. | D.He seldom interacted with kids. |
A.A game of catch | B.A devoted father |
C.A dinner of reunion | D.A bond between father and son |
【推荐3】Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately (不成比例的) squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don’t appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations — trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.
This isn't to be alarmist (杞人忧天的). Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past.The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites (反对技术进步分子) whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms (织布机), but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
The first step, as Erik Bryn and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums — from grammar school to college — should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools (职业学校) should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven’t been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.
Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.
1. Who will be most threatened by automation?A.Leading politicians. | B.Low-wage laborers. |
C.Robot owners. | D.Middle-class workers. |
A.Optimistic. | B.Pessimistic. |
C.Indifferent. | D.Objective. |
A.creative potential | B.job-hunting skills |
C.individual needs | D.cooperative spirit |
A.Teens. | B.Future. |
C.The sound of workers. | D.The revolution of science. |
【推荐1】After attending another parent meeting about my 7-year-old child’s behavior, I didn’t know what to do. It was the second school we had tried for Nathan and, as always, everything was being done for my child’s needs. It was also having bad influence on Nathan. He would come home and say, “Mom, I hate my life. I do not want to live any more.” I was afraid that my son was beginning to suffer from depression(抑郁) and that I was losing him. We needed help.
By the age of seven, Nathan had already had three surgeries (外科手术) for his ears. He was in great pain, which made it difficult for him to learn or pay attention. Despite Nathan’s bad condition, the staff at two former schools seemed as if they didn’t care. They often forgot to deal with his medication(药剂). As a result of many times of ear infections (感染), Nathan had hearing loss. To make things worse, Nathan’s speech was not very good. Children would make fun of him and Nathan began to fall behind in study.
When I first set foot into Ripley House Charter School, I knew this was the school for my son. It felt positive from the moment I entered. From the start, Mrs. Elsen and her staff heard my concern over Nathan. Mrs. Elsen dealt with my concern, not with empty words but with action.
That day, Nathan came home from his first day of school saying, “Mom, I love school!” By the end of the week he was saying, “Mom, I like my life. I have a good life.” Ripley House Charter School gave me my son back and saved our lives. Thank you for giving me back what we had lost—HOPE.
1. From the beginning, we can learn that_______.A.the author felt helpless about his son |
B.the author often attended the class meeting |
C.Nathan had been in great depression |
D.no school would like to accept Nathan |
A.hearing loss |
B.lack of attention |
C.being unable to speak |
D.falling behind in his study |
A.Negative | B.Concerned |
C.Doubtful | D.Grateful |
【推荐2】Your future in the performing arts doesn't have to be a dream. For over 50 years, AMDA has launched some of the most successful careers in theatre, film and television, AMDA creates industry professionals who don't just wait for life to happen-they stage their own career path. Now it's your turn.
Program description
At AMDA,we believe a performer must perform. From the first day, you'll find many performance opportunities in the three core areas of acting, musical theatre and dance, both in and out of the class-room ,as well as individual voice lessons. Over the course of your four semesters, you'll also improve your performance technique through an intensive curriculum (课程) that focuses on both basic and advanced concepts in acting, musical theatre and dance. Finally, through courses in career preparation, you'll learn how to apply all of this training to a successful career on stage and screen.
Philosophy and mission
AMDA is committed to providing a splendid performing arts education to a diverse community of creative artists, AMDA serves as both school and stage, where students are given the support and opportunity to identify their own personal objectives and to develop and improve their own distinctive artistic voices. AMDA tries to create an environment for students to develop the skills, confidence, imagination, and power to contribute to their community as artists, business people, lifelong learners, and hard-working citizens of the world. Above all,,AMDA wants to teach students that commitment and passion are the marks of a successful and joyous career.
Registration
6305 Yucca Street Los Angeles
800 -367 -7908
https: //www. amda. edu. com
1. What is the first paragraph meant to do?
A.To attract the reader's attention. |
B.To show AMDA’s great achievements. |
C.To show the long history of AMDA. |
D.To make a brief introduction about AMDA. |
A.acting | B.dancing |
C.playing a new instrument | D.improving their voice |
A.a travel magazine | B.a university website |
C.a theatre’s notice | D.an advertisement |
【推荐3】Life in 2060
Let us suppose it is now about A.D. 2060. Let’s make believe (假装;虚构) it is about sixty years from now. Of course, things have changed and life is very different.
Voyages to the moon are being made every day. It is as easy to take a holiday on the moon today as it was for the people in 1960 to take a holiday in Europe. At a number of scenic spots on the moon, many hotels have been built. The hotels are air-conditioned, naturally. In order that everyone can enjoy the beautiful scenery on the moon, every room has at least one picture window. Everything imaginable is provided for entertainment (娱乐) of young and old.
What are people eating now? People are still eating food. They haven’t yet started to take on heir (继承) supply of energy directly as electrical current or as nuclear power. They may some day. But many foods now come in pill form, and the food that goes into the pill continues to come mainly from green plants.
Since there are several times as many people in the world today as there were a hundred years ago, most of our planet’s surface has to be filled. The deserts are irrigated with water and crops are no longer destroyed by pests. The harvest is always good.
Farming, of course, is very highly developed. Very few people have to work on the farm. It is possible to run the farm by just pushing a few buttons now and then.
People are now largely vegetarians (素食者). You see, as the number of people increases, the number of animal decreases. Therefore, the people have to be vegetarians and we are healthier both in our bodies and in our minds, and we know the causes and cure of disease and pain, and it is possible to get rid of diseases. No one has to be ill any more.
Such would be our life in 2060.
1. When was the passage written?A.In about A.D. 2060. | B.In about 1960. |
C.In about 2000. | D.In about 2004. |
A.Many tourists. | B.Many other animals. |
C.Many plants. | D.A sea. |
A.Biscuits in pill form. | B.Foods in pill form. |
C.Foods in water form. | D.Foods in gas form. |
A.there are fewer population | B.there are more pests |
C.there is less water | D.the crops are getting better |